Pano-Tacanan languages

Pano-Tacanan (also Pano-Takana, Pano-Takánan, Pano-Tacana, Páno-Takána) is a family of languages spoken in Peru, western Brazil, Bolivia and northern Paraguay.

Family division

Pano-Tacanan consists of 2 major branches, Panoan and Tacanan, which are generally considered to be genetically related according to Kaufman (1990, 1994) (although he does list it as a "stock" instead of a "family"). There are 33 Pano-Tacanan languages. (Note: the list below does not show internal branching.)

I. Panoan

1. Kaxararí (a.k.a. Kashararí)

2. Kulino (a.k.a. Culino) (†)

3. Nocamán (a.k.a. Nokamán) (†)

4. Cashibo (a.k.a. Cacataibo, Kashibo)

5. Pánobo (†)

6. Huariapano (a.k.a. Pano, Waripano) (†)

7. Shipibo (a.k.a. Shipibo-Conibo, Shipibo-Konibo)

8. Capanahua (a.k.a. Kapanawa)

9. Marubo (a.k.a. Marobo)

10. Waninnawa

11. Remo (a.k.a. Sakuya, Kukini) (†)

12. Tuxinawa (a.k.a. Tushinawa) (†)

13. Amahuaca (a.k.a. Amawaka)

14. Isconahua (a.k.a. Iscobakebo, Iskonawa)

15. Cashinahua (a.k.a. Kashinawa, Kaxinawa, Tuxinawa)

16. Sharanawa (a.k.a. Marinahua, Mastanahua, Parquenahua)

17. Yaminahua (a.k.a. Yaminawa)

18. Atsahuaca (a.k.a. Yamiaca, Atsawaka-Yamiaka) (†)

19. Parannawa (†)

20. Puinaua (a.k.a. Poyanawa)

21. Xipinahua (a.k.a. Shipinawa) (†)

22. Karipuna

23. Pacahuara (a.k.a. Pacaguara, Pakaguara)

24. Chácobo (a.k.a. Chákobo)

25. Shaninawa (a.k.a. Xaninaua, Shanenawa, Xanenaua)

26. Sensi (†)

27. Mayoruna-Matsés (a.k.a. Matse, Matis, Majoruna)

II. Tacanan

28. Tacana (a.k.a. Tupamasa, Takana)

29. Reyesano (a.k.a. San Borjano, Maropa)

30. Araona (a.k.a. Carina, Cavina)

31. Cavineña (a.k.a. Kavinenya)

32. Ese’ejja (a.k.a. Ese’eha, Tiatinagua, Chama, Huarayo, Guacanawa, Chuncho, Eseʔexa)

33. Toromona (†)

Most Panoan languages are spoken in either Peru or western Brazil; a few are in Bolivia. All Tacanan languages are spoken in Bolivia (Ese’ejja is also spoken in Peru). Panoan has considerable sub-branching.

Kulino, Nocamán, Pánobo, Huariapano, Remo, Tuxinawa, Atsahuaca, Parannawa, Xipinahua, Sensi, and Toromona are now extinct (a total of 11 languages).

11 identified languages in the family,

External links

• Ethnologue: Panoan
• Ethnologue: Tacanan
• Proel: Familia Pano-Tacanana
• Proel: Familia Panoana
• Proel: Familia Tacanana

Bibliography

• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
• Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com).
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13-67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-2927-0414-3.
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46-76). London: Routledge.