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KENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAA
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2010}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Infobox country|native_name = ''Jamhuri ya Kenya''
|conventional_long_name = Republic of Kenya
|common_name = Kenya
|image_flag = Flag of Kenya.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Kenya.svg
|national_motto = "[[Harambee]]"{{nbsp|2}}<small>([[Swahili language|Swahili]])<br/>"Let us all pull together"</small>
|image_map = Kenya (orthographic projection).svg
|national_anthem = ''[[Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu]]''<small><br/>"O God of All Creation"</small>
|official_languages = [[Swahili language|Swahili]], English<ref>Constitution (1998) art. 53 "the official languages of the National Assembly shall be Kiswahili and English and the business of the National Assembly may be conducted in either or both languages."</ref>
|other languages = gKĩkũyũ, Luhya, Luo, Maasai, Meru, Embu, Arabic, Somali, Hindi and numerous others.
|demonym = Kenyan
|capital = [[Nairobi]]
|latd=1 |latm=16 |latNS=S |longd=36 |longm=48 |longEW=E
|government_type = [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[Republic]]
|leader_title1 = [[President of Kenya|President]]
|leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Kenya|Prime Minister]]
|leader_name1 = [[Mwai Kibaki]]
|leader_name2 = [[Raila Odinga]]
|largest_city = Nairobi
|area_km2 = 580,367
|area_sq_mi = 224,080 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|area_rank = 47th
|area_magnitude = 1 E11
|percent_water = 2.3
|population_estimate = 41,070,934<ref name=cia/>
|population_estimate_year = 2011
|population_estimate_rank = 33rd
|population_census = 38,610,097<ref>[http://www.knbs.or.ke/Census%20Results/KNBS%20Brochure.pdf Official 2009 census results.]</ref>
|population_census_year = 2009
|population_density_km2 = 67.2
|population_density_sq_mi = 174.1 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|population_density_rank = 140th
|GDP_PPP_year = 2010
|GDP_PPP_rank =
|GDP_PPP = $66.032 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=664&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=69&pr.y=14 |title=Kenya|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=30 April 2011}}</ref>
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,661<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
|GDP_nominal = $32.163 billion<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_nominal_year = 2010
|GDP_nominal_rank =
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $809<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
|HDI_year = 2010
|HDI = {{increase}} 0.470<ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2010|year=2010|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=4 November 2010}}{{dead link|date=May 2011}}</ref>
|HDI_rank = 128th
|HDI_category = <span style="color:#e0584e;">low</span>
|FSI = 91.3 {{increase}} 2.7
|FSI_year = 2007
|FSI_rank = 31st
|FSI_category = <span style="color:#f00;">Alert</span>
|sovereignty_type = [[Independence]]
|sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]]
|established_event1 = Date
|established_date1 = 12 December 1963
|established_event2 = Republic declared
|established_date2 = 12 December 1964
|currency = [[Kenyan shilling]]
|currency_code = KES
|time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]]
|utc_offset = +3
|time_zone_DST = ''not observed''
|utc_offset_DST = +3
|drives_on = left
|cctld = [[.ke]]
|calling_code = [[+254]]
|footnotes = 1. According to [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ke.html cia.gov], estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex, than would otherwise be expected.<ref name=cia/>
}}
'''Kenya''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|k|ɛ|n|j|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|iː|n|j|ə}}), officially the '''Republic of Kenya''', is a country in East Africa. Lying along the [[Indian Ocean]] to its southeast and at the [[equator]], it is bordered by [[Somalia]] to the northeast, [[Ethiopia]] to the north, [[South Sudan]] to the northwest, [[Uganda]] to the west and [[Tanzania]] to the south. [[Lake Victoria]] is situated to the southwest, and is shared with Uganda and Tanzania. With its capital city in [[Nairobi]], Kenya has numerous [[wildlife reserve]]s containing thousands of animal species. It has a land area of 580,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> and a population of nearly 39&nbsp;million,<ref name="KenPop">Google, [http://www.google.com/publicdata?ds=wb-wdi&met=sp_pop_totl&idim=country:KEN&dl=en&hl=en&q=kenya+population Public data]. Retrieved 29 June 2010.</ref> representing many different peoples and cultures.<ref>A. C. Keith, ''A map book of Eastern Africa, Zambia ad Malawi'', (Macmillan Books for Africa), p.13.</ref> The country is named after [[Mount Kenya]], a significant landmark and second among [[highest mountain peaks of Africa|Africa's highest mountain peaks]].

Kenya is a country of 47 [[Districts of Kenya|districts]], each with its own government semi-autonomous to the central government in the capital, [[Nairobi]]. The country's [[Geography of Kenya|geography]] is as diverse as its [[Demographics of Kenya|people]]. It has a long coastline along the Indian Ocean but inland the landscape changes to [[savannah]] grasslands, arid and semi-arid bushes. The central regions and the western parts have forests and mountains while the northern regions are near [[desert]] landscapes.

As part of [[East Africa]], Kenya has seen human habitation since the [[Lower Paleolithic]] period. The [[Bantu expansion]] reached the area by the first millennium AD, and the borders of the modern state comprise the crossroads of the [[Nilo-Saharan]], the [[Afro-Asiatic]] and the [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] linguistic areals of Africa, making Kenya a truly [[multi-ethnic state]]. European and Arab presence in [[Mombasa]] dates to the Early Modern period, but [[European exploration of Africa|European exploration]] of the interior began only in the 19th century. The [[British Empire]] established the [[East Africa Protectorate]] in 1895, known from 1920 as the [[Kenya Colony]]. The independent Republic of Kenya was founded in December 1963.

Kenya's capital, Nairobi is a major commercial hub. The [[economy of Kenya]] is the largest by [[GDP]] in East and Central Africa. The country traditionally produces world renowned tea and coffee, and has more recently become a major exporter of fresh flowers to Europe. The [[service industry]] is driven by the [[Telecommunications in Kenya|telecommunications sector]]. Kenya is also a major and world-renowned [[athletics (sport)|athletics]] powerhouse producing such world champions as [[Paul Tergat]] and, most recently, [[David Rudisha]].

==Etymology==
{{Further|[[List of Names on Mount Kenya|Names on Mount Kenya]]}}

The word ''Kenya''', {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɛ|n|j|ə}}, originates from the [[Kikuyu language|Kikuyu]], [[Embu people|Embu]] and [[Kamba language|Kamba]] names for [[Mount Kenya]], "''Kirinyaga''", "''Kirinyaa''" and "''Kiinyaa''". The English meaning of the words, in all three languages, is "place with ostriches" – in reference to the black and white plumage of male [[ostrich]]es. From a distance the snow-capped peak of the mountain looks like the white feathers of a male ostrich. Prehistoric volcanic eruptions of Mount Kenya (now [[Extinct Volcano|extinct]]) may have resulted in its association with divinity and [[creation myth|creation]] among the indigenous Kikuyu-related ethic groups who are the original native inhabitants of the vast agricultural land surrounding Mount Kenya.

In the 19th Century, the German explorer [[Ludwig Krapf]] recorded the name as both ''Kenia'' and ''Kegnia'' believed by some to be a corruption of the Kamba version.<ref name=Krapf>{{cite book
| last=Krapf | first=Johann Ludwig | authorlink=Johann Ludwig Krapf
| title= Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa
| year=1860 | publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd | location=London
| isbn= }}</ref><ref name=krapf_452>{{cite journal
| last=Krapf | first=Johann Ludwig
| authorlink = Johann Ludwig Krapf | date = 13 May 1850
| title = Extract from Krapf's diary
| journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer
| volume=i | page=452}}</ref><ref name=foottit>{{cite book
| last = Foottit | first = Claire | origyear=2004
| title = Kenya | series = The Brade Travel Guide
| year=2006 | publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd
| isbn=1-84162-066-1}}</ref>
Others say that this was—on the contrary—a very precise notation of a correct African pronunciation {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɛ|n|j|ə}}.<ref>{{cite journal
| author=B. J. Ratcliffe | title=The Spelling of Kenya
| journal=Journal of the Royal African Society | pages=42–44
| volume= 42| issue = 166 | year=1943 | month=January | jstor=717465}}</ref> During the colonial period, the name was pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|iː|n|j|ə}}. That pronunciation has been abandoned since independence in favour of the African version.<ref name=oed_kenya>{{OED|Kenya}}</ref>

==Geography and climate==
{{Main|Geography of Kenya|Climate of Kenya}}
{{See also|Environmental issues in Kenya}}
[[File:Pt Thomson Batian Nelion Mt Kenya.JPG|thumb|[[Mount Kenya]] is the highest peak in Kenya at {{convert|5199|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="rough_guide_map">{{cite map| publisher=Rough Guides Ltd.| title = Kenya and Northern Tanzania | edition =9th| year = 2006| cartography =World Mapping Project| scale =1:900,000| series = The Rough Guide Map| isbn = 1-84353-359-6}}</ref> Kenya is named after the mountain.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times|articlename=British East Africa Annexed--"Kenya Colony" |author=Reuter |section=News|day_of_week=Thursday|date=8 July 1920|page_number=13|issue=42457|column=C}}</ref>]]
At {{convert|580367|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref name=cia>{{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |authorlink=Central Intelligence Agency |publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|title=Kenya |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ke.html |year=2009|accessdate=23 January 2010}}</ref> Kenya is the world's forty-seventh largest country (after [[Madagascar]]). It lies between latitudes [[5th parallel north|5°N]] and [[5th parallel south|5°S]], and longitudes [[34th meridian east|34°]] and [[42nd meridian east|42°E]].
From the coast on the Indian Ocean, the low plains rise to central highlands. The highlands are bisected by the [[Great Rift Valley]]; a fertile plateau lies in the east. The Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa. The highlands are the site of the highest point in Kenya (and the second highest in Africa): [[Mount Kenya]], which reaches {{convert|5199|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} and is the site of glaciers. [[Mount Kilimanjaro]] ({{convert|5895|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=s}}) can be seen from Kenya to the South of the Tanzanian border.<ref name="rough_guide_map"/>

Kenya's climate varies from [[tropical]] along the coast to temperate inland to [[arid]] in the north and northeast parts of the country. The country receives a great deal of sunshine all the year round, and summer clothes are worn throughout the year. It is usually cool at night and early in the morning inland at higher elevations. The "long rains" season occurs from March/April to May/June. The "short rains" season occurs from October to November/December. The rainfall is sometimes heavy and often falls in the afternoons and evenings. The temperature remains high throughout these months of tropical rain. The hottest period is February and March, leading into the season of the long rains, and the coldest is in July and August.

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
|+ {{resize|110%|Average annual temperatures}}
!colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"| City
! Elevation (m) !! Max (°C) !! Min (°C)
|-
|align="left" | Mombasa{{nbsp|2}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{Smaller|coastal town}}
| 17 || 30.3 || 22.4
|-
|align="left" | Nairobi
| style="text-align:center;"| {{Smaller|capital city}}
| 1,661 || 25.2 || 13.6
|-
|align="left" | Eldoret
| style="text-align:center;"|
| 2,085 || 23.6 || 9.5
|-
|align="left" | Lodwar
| style="text-align:center;"| {{Smaller|dry north plainlands}}
| 506 || 34.8 || 23.7
|-
|align="left" | Mandera
| style="text-align:center;"| {{Smaller|dry north plainlands}}
| 506 || 34.8 || 25.7
|}

[[File:Giraffe - Skyline - Nairobi - Park.jpg|thumb|A [[giraffe]] at [[Nairobi National Park]], with Nairobi's skyline in background]]
Kenya has considerable land area of [[wildlife]] habitat, including the [[Masai Mara]], where [[Blue Wildebeest]] and other [[bovid]]s participate in a large scale annual migration. Up to 250,000 {{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} blue wildebeest perish each year in the long and arduous movement to find forage in the dry season. {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} The [[Big Five Game|"Big Five"]] animals of Africa can be found in Kenya and in the Masai Mara in particular: the [[lion]], [[leopard]], [[African buffalo|buffalo]], [[rhinoceros]] and [[elephant]]. A significant population of other wild animals, reptiles and birds can be found in the [[List of national parks of Kenya|national parks]] and game reserves in the country. The annual [[wikt:migration|animal migration]] – especially migration of the [[wildebeest]] – occurs between June and September with millions of animals taking part.

Kenya is the setting for one of the Natural Wonders of the World – the great [[wildebeest]] [[animal migration|migration]]. 11.5 million ungulates migrate a distance of 1,800 miles from the [[Serengeti]] in neighbouring [[Tanzania]] to the [[Masai Mara]] in Kenya, in a constant clockwise fashion – searching for food and water supplies

==History==
{{Main|History of Kenya}}

===Prehistory===
[[File:Spinosaurus BW2.png|thumb|left|The African theropod ''[[Spinosaurus]]'' was the largest known carnivorous dinosaur.]]
[[Prehistoric reptile|Giant crocodile]] fossils have been discovered in Kenya, dating from the [[Mesozoic Era]], over 200&nbsp;million years ago. The fossils were found in an excavation conducted by a team from the [[University of Utah]] and the [[National Museums of Kenya]] in July–August 2004 at Lokitaung Gorge, near [[Lake Turkana]].<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200503/s1320324.htm Kenya's first dinosaur dig yields fossil wealth], ''ABC News Online'', 10 March 2005</ref>

Fossils found in East Africa suggest that primates roamed the area more than 20&nbsp;million years ago. Recent finds near Kenya's Lake Turkana indicate that [[hominids]] such as ''[[Homo habilis]]'' (1.8 and 2.5&nbsp;million years ago) and ''[[Homo erectus]]'' (1.8&nbsp;million to 350 000 years ago) are possible direct ancestors of modern ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' and lived in Kenya during the [[Pleistocene]] epoch. In 1984 one particular discovery made at [[Lake Turkana]] by famous palaeoanthropologist [[Richard Leakey]] and [[Kamoya Kimeu]] was the skeleton of a [[Turkana boy]] belonging to ''Homo erectus'' from 1.6&nbsp;million years ago. Previous research on early hominids is particularly identified with [[Mary Leakey]] and [[Louis Leakey]], who were responsible for the preliminary archaeological research at [[Olorgesailie]] and [[Hyrax Hill]]. Later work at the former was undertaken by [[Glynn Isaac]]. {{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

Kenya has been [[wikt:inhabit|inhabit]]ed by people for as long as [[human history]] has existed. The country is believed by archeologists like Richard Leakey to be the cradle of mankind. Because of its long history with humanity, Kenya boasts of one of the greatest varieties of cultures and languages in Africa. Before the initial contact with Europeans, the name Kenya had not been assigned to the country, however just as it is today, Kenya had a great [[ethno-linguistic]] and rich cultural diversity carried on from its long past. {{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

===Pre-colonial history===
The first inhabitants of present-day Kenya were [[hunter-gatherer]] groups, akin to the modern [[Khoisan]] speakers.<ref name="EhretC18">C. Ehret, ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800,'' University Press of Virginia. 2002.</ref> These people were later replaced by agropastoralist [[Cushitic]] speakers from the [[Horn of Africa]].<ref name="EhretHRSC">C. Ehret, ''The historical reconstruction of Southern Cushitic phonology and vocabulary'', Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5, Bd. (Reimer, Berlin, 1980), pp. 407.</ref> During the early [[Holocene]] the regional climate shifted from dry to wetter climatic conditions, this provided an opportunity for the development of cultural traditions, such as [[agriculture]] and [[herding]], in a more favorable environment.<ref name=EhretC18/>

Around 500 BC [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilotic]] speaking [[pastoralism|pastoralists]] (ancestral to Kenya's Nilotic speakers) started migrating from present-day Southern Sudan into Kenya.<ref name="EhretCHS">C. Ehret, ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds. (British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, 1983), pp. 19–48.</ref><ref name="AmbroseALR">S.H. Ambrose, (1982). ''Archaeological and linguistic reconstructions of history in East Africa.'' In Ehert, C., and Posnansky, M. (eds.), The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history, University of California Press.</ref><ref name="AmbroseSG">S.H. Ambrose, ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 7.2, 11 (1986).</ref> Nilotic groups in Kenya include the [[Samburu people|Samburu]], [[Luo (family of ethnic groups)|Luo]], [[Turkana people|Turkana]], [[Maasai people|Maasai]].<ref name="ILO">International Labour Office, ''Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: emerging trends'', (International Labour Organization: 2000), pp.55.</ref>

By the first millennium AD, [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] speaking [[farmer]]s moved into the region.<ref name="EhretACA">C. Ehret, ''An African Classical Age : Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400.'', (University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville,
1998), pp. xvii, 354.</ref> The Bantus originated in [[West Africa]] along the [[Benue River]] in what is now eastern [[Nigeria]] and western [[Cameroon]].<ref name="WayneSmith">C. Wayne Smith, ''Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology.'', pp 132.</ref> The Bantu migration brought new developments in agriculture and [[History of ferrous metallurgy|iron working]] to the region.<ref name=WayneSmith/> Bantu groups in Kenya include the [[Kikuyu people|Kikuyu]], [[Luhya people|Luhya]], [[Kamba people|Kamba]], [[Gusii people|Kisii]], and [[Mijikenda peoples|Mijikenda]] among others.

Arab traders began frequenting the Kenya coast around the 1st century AD. Kenya's proximity to the [[Arabian Peninsula]] invited [[colonization]], and Arab and [[Iranian peoples|Persian]] settlements sprouted along the coast by the 8th century. Some of the "Arabs", like in much of East Africa, were [[Afro-Arab]]s.

The Kenyan coast had served host to communities of [[ironwork]]ers and communities of subsistence farmers, hunters and fishers who supported the economy with agriculture, fishing, metal production and trade with foreign countries.<ref name="pbs.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wonders/fr_e2.htm |title=Wonders of the African World |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] |date= |accessdate=16 April 2010}}</ref> Around the 6th or 9th century AD Kenya switched to a maritime-based economy and began to specialize in shipbuilding to travel south by sea to other port cities such as [[Kilwa Masoko]] and Shanga along the East African coast. [[Mombasa]] became the major port city of pre-colonial Kenya in the Middle Ages and was used to trade with other African port cities, Persia, Arab traders, Yemen and even India.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22&lpg=PA22&dq=Mombasa,+medieval+trade,+India |title=Hybrid Urbanism By Nezar Al-Sayyad |publisher=Books.google.com |date= 30 March 2001|accessdate=16 April 2010|isbn=9780275966126|author1=Alsayyad, Nezar}}</ref> Fifteenth-century Portuguese voyager [[Duarte Barbosa]] claimed, "Mombasa is a place of great traffic and has a good harbour in which there are always moored small craft of many kinds and also great ships, both of which are bound from Sofala and others which come from Cambay and Melinde and others which sail to the island of Zanzibar."<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=Mombasa,+medieval+trade |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan By Shanti Sadiq Ali |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=16 April 2010|isbn=9788125004851|author1=Ali, Shanti Sadiq|year=1996}}</ref>

In the centuries preceding colonization, the Swahili coast of Kenya was part of the east African region which traded with the Arab world and India especially for [[ivory]] and [[slavery|slaves]] (the [[Ameru]] tribe is said to have originated from slaves escaping from Arab lands some time around the year 1700). Initially these traders came mainly from [[Arab states]], but later many came from [[Zanzibar]] (such as [[Tippu Tip]]).<ref>[http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast]. Nationalgeographic.com.</ref> Close to 90% of the population on the Kenya coast was enslaved.<ref>"[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies Slavery (sociology)]". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref>

[[Swahili language|Swahili]], a Bantu language with Arabic, [[Persian language|Persian]], and other Middle Eastern and South Asian [[loanword]]s, later developed as a ''[[lingua franca]]'' for trade between the different peoples.<ref name="pbs.org"/>

Throughout the centuries the Kenyan Coast has played host to many merchants and explorers. Among the cities that line the Kenyan coast is the City of Malindi. It has remained an important Swahili settlement since the 14th century and once rivaled Mombasa for dominance in this part of East Africa. Malindi has traditionally been a friendly port city for foreign powers. In 1414, the Arab Sultan of Malindi initiated diplomatic relations with [[Ming Dynasty]] China during the voyages of the explorer [[Zheng He]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sultan/expl2_01.html |title=Sultan of Malinda, PBS |publisher=Pbs.org |date= |accessdate=16 April 2010}}</ref> Malindi authorities welcomed Portuguese explorer,
[[Vasco da Gama]], in 1498.

===Colonial history===
{{Main|History of Kenya#Colonial history}}
[[File:Kenya-relief-map-towns.jpg|thumb|300px|Seaport [[Mombasa]], below [[Malindi]], has railway to [[Nairobi]] (centre), south of [[Naivasha]] & [[Nyeri]].]]
The colonial history of Kenya dates from the establishment of a [[German Empire|German]] protectorate over the Sultan of [[Zanzibar]]'s coastal possessions in 1885, followed by the arrival of the [[Imperial British East Africa Company]] in 1888. Incipient imperial rivalry was forestalled when Germany handed its coastal holdings to Britain in 1890. This followed the building of the [[Uganda Railway|Kenya–Uganda railway]] passing through the country. This was resisted by some tribes&nbsp;— notably the [[Nandi people|Nandi]] led by ''[[Orkoiyot]]'' [[Koitalel Arap Samoei]] for ten years from 1895 to 1905&nbsp;— still the British eventually built the railway. The ''Nandi'' were the first tribe to be put in a native reserve to stop them from disrupting the building of the railway. During the railway construction era, there was a significant inflow of Indian peoples, who provided the bulk of the skilled manpower required for construction.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005">[[R. Mugo Gatheru]], ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970'' (2005)</ref>

While building the railroad through [[Tsavo]], a number of the Indian railway workers and local African labourers were attacked by two lions known as the [[Tsavo maneaters]]. They and most of their descendants later remained in Kenya and formed the core of several distinct Indian communities such as the [[Ismailism|Ismaili Muslim]] and [[Sikh]] communities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |title=Ismaili muslim |publisher=Magicalkenya.com |date= |accessdate=16 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Dr. Orville Boyd Jenkins |url=http://orvillejenkins.com/profiles/sikh.html |title=Sikh |publisher=Orvillejenkins.com |date= |accessdate=16 April 2010}}</ref>

At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the governors of [[British East Africa]] (as the Protectorate was generally known) and [[German East Africa]] agreed a truce in an attempt to keep the young colonies out of direct hostilities. [[Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck|Lt Col Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck]] took command of the German military forces, determined to tie down as many British resources as possible. Completely cut off from Germany, von Lettow conducted an effective [[guerrilla warfare|guerilla warfare]] campaign, living off the land, capturing British supplies, and remaining undefeated. He eventually surrendered in [[Zambia]] eleven days after the Armistice was signed in 1918. To chase von Lettow the British deployed the [[British Indian Army]] troops from India and then needed large numbers of porters to overcome the formidable logistics of transporting supplies far into the interior by foot. The [[Carrier Corps]] was formed and ultimately mobilised over 400,000 Africans, contributing to their long-term politicisation.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005"/>

During the early part of the 20th century, the interior central highlands were settled by British and other European farmers, who became wealthy farming [[coffee]] and tea.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "We Want Our Country"]. Time. 5 November 1965.</ref> (One depiction of this period of change from one colonist's perspective is found in the memoir "[[Out of Africa]]" by Danish author Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke, published in 1937.) By the 1930s, approximately 30,000 white settlers lived in the area and gained a political voice because of their contribution to the market economy. The area was already home to over a million members of the [[Kikuyu people|Kikuyu]] people, most of whom had no land claims in European terms, and lived as itinerant farmers. To protect their interests, the settlers banned the growing of coffee, introduced a hut tax, and the landless were granted less and less land in exchange for their labour. A massive exodus to the cities ensued as their ability to provide a living from the land dwindled.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005"/> By the 1950s, the white population numbered 80,000.<ref>"''[http://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false Kenya]''". Matthew Firestone (2009). p.28. ISBN 1741047730</ref>

[[File:Kurve bei Mombasa.jpg|thumb|left|Kenya–Uganda railway near [[Mombasa]], about 1899]]
From October 1952 to December 1959, Kenya was under a state of emergency arising from the [[Mau Mau Uprising|Mau Mau rebellion]] against British rule. The governor requested and obtained British and African troops, including the [[King's African Rifles]]. The British began [[counter-insurgency]] operations; in May 1953 General Sir [[George Erskine]] took charge as commander-in-chief of the colony's armed forces in May 1953, with the personal backing of [[Winston Churchill]].<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993">Wunyabari O. Maloba, ''Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of Peasant Revolt'' (1993)</ref>

The capture of Warũhiũ Itote (aka [[General China]]) on 15 January 1954, and the subsequent interrogation led to a better understanding of the Mau Mau command structure. [[Mau Mau Uprising#British gain the initiative|Operation Anvil]] opened on 24 April 1954, after weeks of planning by the army with the approval of the War Council. The operation effectively placed Nairobi under military siege, and the occupants were screened and the Mau Mau supporters moved to [[detention camp]]s. The Home Guard formed the core of the government's strategy as it was composed of loyalist Africans, not foreign forces like the [[British Army]] and [[King's African Rifles]]. By the end of the emergency, the Home Guard had killed 4686 Mau Mau, amounting to 42% of the total insurgents. The capture of [[Dedan Kimathi]] on 21 October 1956, in [[Nyeri]] signified the ultimate defeat of the [[Mau Mau]] and essentially ended the military offensive.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993"/> During this period, substantial governmental changes to land tenure occurred, the most important of which was the [[Swynnerton Plan]], which was used to both reward loyalists and punish Mau Mau.

===Post-colonial history===
The first direct elections for Africans to the Legislative Council took place in 1957. Despite British hopes of handing power to "moderate" African rivals, it was the [[Kenya African National Union]] (KANU) of Jomo Kenyatta that formed a government shortly before Kenya became independent on 12 December 1963, on the same day forming the first Constitution of Kenya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kenyadocex.com/political.html |title=Political – Welcome to THE Kenya Document Exchange |publisher=Kenyadocex.com |date= |accessdate=1 August 2010}}</ref> During the same year, the Kenyan army fought the [[Shifta War]] against ethnic [[Somali people|Somalis]] who wanted Kenya's [[Northern Frontier District|NFD]] joined with the Republic of [[Somalia]]. The Shifta War officially ended with the signature of the Arusha Memorandum in October, 1967, but relative insecurity prevailed through 1969.<ref name="Hogg1986">{{cite journal | last1 = Hogg | first1 = Richard | year = 1986 | title = The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya | url = http://www.jstor.org/stable/1160687 | journal = Africa: Journal of the International African Institute | volume = 56 | issue = 3 | pages = 319–333 }}</ref><ref name="Howell1968">{{cite journal | last1 = Howell | first1 = John | year = 1968 | title = An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy | url = http://www.jstor.org/stable/158675 | journal = The Journal of Modern African Studies | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | month = May | pages = 29–48 }}</ref> To discourage further invasions, Kenya signed a defence pact with [[Ethiopia]] in 1969, which is still in effect.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1992/BHK.htm |title=Post-Independence Low Intensity Conflict In Kenya |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |date= |accessdate=16 April 2010}}</ref>

On 12 December 1964 the Republic of Kenya was proclaimed, and [[Jomo Kenyatta]] became Kenya's first president.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya at the United Nations |author=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kenya to the United Nations |url=http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |year=2002 |publisher=Consulate General of Kenya in New York |accessdate=15 February 2010}}</ref> At Kenyatta's death in 1978, [[Daniel arap Moi]] became President. Daniel arap Moi retained the Presidency, being unopposed in elections held in 1979, 1983 ([[snap election]]s) and 1988, all of which were held under the single party constitution. The 1983 elections were held a year early, and were a direct result of [[1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt|an abortive military coup attempt]] on 1 August 1982.

The abortive coup was masterminded by a lowly ranked Air Force serviceman, Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka and was staged mainly by enlisted men in the Air Force. The attempt was quickly suppressed by Loyalist forces led by the Army, the General Service Unit (GSU)&nbsp;— a paramilitary wing of the police&nbsp;— and later the regular police, but not without civilian casualties. This event led to the disbanding of the entire Air Force and a large number of its former members were either dismissed or court-martialled.

The election held in 1988 saw the advent of the ''mlolongo'' (queuing) system, where voters were supposed to line up behind their favoured candidates instead of a secret ballot.<ref>Many Voters Stay Home as Kenya Drops Secret Ballot in Parliamentary Election http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html :The 'Washington Post''Article date:25 February 1988 Author:Blaine Harden</ref> This was seen as the climax of a very undemocratic regime and it led to widespread agitation for constitutional reform. Several contentious clauses, including one that allowed for only one political party were changed in the following years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |title=kenya.html |publisher=Religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu |date= |accessdate=16 April 2010}}</ref> In democratic, multiparty elections in 1992 and 1997, Daniel arap Moi won re-election. In 2002, Moi was constitutionally barred from running, and [[Mwai Kibaki|Mwai Kǐbakǐ]], running for the opposition coalition "National Rainbow Coalition"&nbsp;— [[National Rainbow Coalition|NARC]], was elected President. Anderson (2003) reports the elections were judged free and fair by local and international observers, and seemed to mark a turning point in Kenya's democratic evolution.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Anderson | first1 = David M. | year = 2003 | title = Kenya's Elections 2002 – The Dawning of a New Era? | url = | journal = African Affairs | volume = 102 | issue = 407| pages = 331–342 }}</ref>

==Politics==
{{Main|Politics of Kenya}}
[[File:Mwai Kibaki, October 2003.jpg|thumb|Current president [[Mwai Kibaki]]]]

Kenya is a [[presidential system|presidential]] [[representative democracy|representative democratic]] [[republic]], whereby the President is both the [[head of state]] and [[head of government]], and of a [[multi-party system]]. [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the [[government]] and the [[National Assembly of Kenya|National Assembly]]. The [[Judiciary]] is independent of the executive and the legislature. There was growing concern especially during former president Daniel arap Moi's tenure that the executive was increasingly meddling with the affairs of the judiciary. {{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

Kenya has maintained remarkable stability despite changes in its political system and crises in neighbouring countries. A cross-party parliamentary reform initiative in the autumn of 1997 revised some oppressive laws inherited from the colonial era that had been used to limit freedom of speech and assembly. This improved public freedoms and contributed to generally credible national elections in December 1997. {{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

In December 2002, Kenyans held democratic and open elections, most of which were judged free and fair by international observers. The 2002 elections marked an important turning point in Kenya's democratic evolution in that power was transferred peacefully from the [[Kenya African Union]] (KANU), which had ruled the country since independence to the [[National Rainbow Coalition]] (Narc), a coalition of political parties.

Under the presidency of [[Mwai Kibaki]], the new ruling coalition promised to focus its efforts on generating economic growth, combating corruption, improving education, and rewriting its constitution. A few of these promises have been met. There is free primary education. In 2007 the government issued a statement declaring that from 2008, secondary education would be heavily subsidised, with the government footing all tuition fees. {{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}

===2007 elections===
{{Main|Kenyan presidential election, 2007|}}

The latest general elections were held on 27 December 2007. In them, President Kibaki under the [[Party of National Unity (Kenya)|Party of National Unity]] ran for re-election against the main opposition party, the [[Orange Democratic Movement]] (ODM). The elections were seen to have been flawed with international observers saying that they were below international standards. After a split which would take a crucial 8% of the votes away from the ODM to the newly formed [[Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya]] (ODM-K)'s candidate, [[Kalonzo Musyoka]], the race tightened between ODM candidate [[Raila Odinga]] and [[Kibaki]]. As the count came in to the Electoral Commission of Kenya (ECK) headquarters, Odinga was shown to have a slight, and then substantial lead as the results from his strongholds came in early. As the ECK continued to count the votes, Kibaki closed the gap and then overtook his opponent by a substantial margin after votes from his stronghold arrived later. This led to protests and open discrediting of the ECK for complicity and to Odinga declaring himself the "people's president" and calling for a recount.<ref>Kenya election violence threatens its economic gains http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/language_tips/auvideo/2008-01/07/content_6375707.htm</ref>

The protests escalated into violence and destruction of property, almost 1,000 people were killed and nearly 600,000 displaced.<ref name="reuters">"[http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSL0743589._CH_.2400 Up to 1,000 killed in Kenya crisis – Odinga]". Reuters. 7 January 2008.</ref><ref>"[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=68&art_id=nw20080113081804606C678503 Kenya death toll hits 693: report]". IOL: News for South Africa and the World. 13 January 2008.</ref><ref name=ODI>Samir Elhawary (2008) [http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=1522&title=crisis-kenya-land-displacement Crisis in Kenya: land, displacement and the search for 'durable solutions'] [[Overseas Development Institute]]</ref> The dispute caused underlying tensions over land and its distribution to re-erupt, as it had in the 1992 and 1997 elections.<ref name=ODI/> Hundreds of thousands were forced off their land to relatives elsewhere in the country and some claim weapons are being bought in the region, perhaps in anticipation of the 2012 elections.<ref name=ODI/>

A group of eminent persons of Africa, led by former United Nations secretary-general [[Kofi Annan]], brokered a peaceful solution to the political stalemate.

===2008===
[[File:Raila Odinga, 2009 World Economic Forum on Africa-1.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Current prime minister [[Raila Odinga]]]]
On 28 February 2008, Kibaki and Odinga signed an agreement on the formation of a [[coalition]] government in which Odinga would become Kenya's second prime Minister. Under the deal, the president would appoint cabinet ministers from both [[Party of National Unity (Kenya)|PNU]] and [[Orange Democratic Movement|ODM]] camps depending on each party's strength in [[Parliament]]. The agreement stipulated that the cabinet would include a [[vice-president]] and two deputy [[Prime Ministers]]. After being debated and passed by Parliament, the coalition would hold until the end of the current Parliament or if either of the parties withdraws from the deal before then. {{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

The new office of the PM will have [[power (sociology)|power]] and [[authority]] to co-ordinate and supervise the functions of the Government and will be occupied by an elected [[Member of Parliament|MP]] who will be the leader of the party or coalition with majority members in [[Parliament]]. The world watched Annan and his UN-backed panel and African Union chairman Jakaya Kikwete as they brought together the erstwhile rivals to the signing ceremony, beamed live on [[nation]]al TV from the steps of [[Nairobi]]'s [[Harambee]] House. On 29 February 2008, representatives of [[Party of National Unity (Kenya)|PNU]] and [[Orange Democratic Movement|ODM]] began working on the finer details of the power-sharing agreement.<ref>[http://classic-web.archive.org/web/20080305205228/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/02/29/us.kenya.ap/index.html 'Hope is back' for Kenya – CNN.com] at edition.cnn.com</ref> Kenyan lawmakers unanimously approved a power-sharing deal 18 March 2008, aimed at salvaging a country usually seen as one of the most stable and prosperous in Africa. The deal brought Kibaki's PNU and Odinga's ODM together and heralded the formation of the [[grand coalition]], in which the two political parties would share power equally.<ref>Kenyan MPs pass power-share law english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/111A3F40-0FD9-4DCB-ACB0-822D1E3A09EA.htm Al Jazeera English 18 March</ref>

===Grand coalition===
On 13 April 2008, President Kibaki named a [[grand coalition]] cabinet of 41 [[minister (government)|Ministers]]- including the prime minister and his two deputies. The cabinet, which included 50 Assistant Ministers, was sworn in at the State House in Nairobi on Thursday, 17 April 2008 in the presence of Dr. [[Kofi Annan]] and other invited dignitaries.

A constitutional change was considered that would eliminate the position of Prime Minister<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8486238.stm |title=Kenya MPs opt to scrap prime minister position |publisher=BBC News |date=28 January 2010 |accessdate=16 April 2010}}</ref> and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President. A [[Kenyan constitutional referendum, 2010|referendum]] to vote on the [[Proposed Constitution of Kenya, 2010|proposed constitution]] was held on 4 August 2010, and the new constitution passed by a wide margin.<ref name="bbc20100805">{{cite news
| title = Kenyans back change to constitution in referendum
| work=BBC
| date = 5 August 2010
| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-10876635
| accessdate = 6 August 2010}}</ref> Among other things, the new constitution delegates more power to local governments and gives Kenyans a [[bill of rights]].<ref name="Gettleman">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/06/world/africa/06kenya.html?_r=1|title=Kenyans Approve New Constitution |publisher=The New York Times |date=5 August 2010 |accessdate=11 August 2010 | first=Jeffrey | last=Gettleman}}</ref> It was promulgated on 27 August 2010 at a euphoric ceremony in Nairobi's [[Uhuru Park]], accompanied by a 21-gun salute. The event was graced by a number of African leaders and praised by the international community. As of that day the new constitution, heralding the Second Republic, came into force.

==Administrative Regions==
{{Main|Provinces of Kenya|Districts of Kenya|Divisions of Kenya}}
[[File:Kenya Provinces numbered.svg|260px|thumb|Provinces of Kenya]]

Kenya is currently divided into 47 semi-autonomous counties each having its own semi-autonomous government headed by an elected governor. Under the old constitution, Kenya comprised eight [[Provinces of Kenya|provinces]] each headed by a Provincial Commissioner (centrally appointed by the president). The provinces (''mkoa'' singular ''mikoa'' plural in [[Swahili language|Swahili]]) were subdivided into [[Districts of Kenya|districts]] (''[[wilaya]]''). There were 69 districts as of 1999 census. Districts are then subdivided into 497 [[Divisions of Kenya|divisions]] (''taarafa''). The divisions are then subdivided into 2,427 [[Locations of Kenya|locations]] (''mtaa'') and then 6,612 sublocations (''mtaa mdogo'').<ref>Central Bureaus of Statistics (Kenya): [http://www.cartesia.org/geodoc/icc2005/pdf/oral/TEMA26/Session%203/ODHIAMBO%20E.A.pdf Census cartography: The Kenyan Experience]</ref> The City of Nairobi enjoys the status of a full administrative province. The government supervises administration of districts and provinces. The provinces are:

<div style="width:50%; -moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
# [[Central Province (Kenya)|Central]]
# [[Coast Province|Coast]]
# [[Eastern Province (Kenya)|Eastern]]
# [[Nairobi Province|Nairobi]]
# [[North Eastern Province (Kenya)|North Eastern]]
# [[Nyanza Province|Nyanza]]
# [[Rift Valley Province|Rift Valley]]
# [[Western Province (Kenya)|Western]]
</div>

Under the current Kenya constitution local government authorities are not recognized. However, under old constitution local governance in Kenya was practised through [[Local authorities of Kenya|local authorities]]. Many urban centres host city, municipal or town councils. Local authorities in rural areas are known as county councils. Local councillors are elected by civic elections, held alongside general elections.

Constituencies are an electoral subdivision. An Interim Boundaries commission was formed in year 2010 to review the constituencies and in its report. It recommended creation of additional 80 constituencies. Currently, there are 210 [[Constituencies of Kenya|Constituencies in Kenya]].<ref>Kenya Roads Board [http://web.archive.org/web/20080113052023/http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency funding under the RMLF]</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Kenyan 20 Shilling Note.jpg|thumb|20 shilling note from 1994, depicting then-President Daniel arap Moi]]
{{Main|Economy of Kenya}}

Kenya's economy is [[market-based]], with a few state-owned infrastructure enterprises, and maintains a liberalized external trade system. The country is generally perceived as Eastern and Central Africa's hub for financial, communication and [[Transport in Kenya|transportation]] services. As of May 2010, economic prospects are positive with 4–5% GDP growth expected, largely because of expansions in tourism, [[Telecommunications in Kenya|telecommunications]], transport, construction and a recovery in agriculture. The [[World Bank]] predicts growth of 4% in 2010 and a potential of 4.9% growth in 2011.<ref name=WorldBanki>{{cite web|url= http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/KENYAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:22600594~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:356509,00.html|title=Kenya Economic Update|publisher=The [[World Bank]]|author=Fengler, Wolfgang |accessdate=11 June 2010}}</ref>

In March 1996, the Presidents of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda re-established the [[East African Community]] (EAC). The EAC's objectives include harmonizing tariffs and customs regimes, free movement of people, and improving regional infrastructures. In March 2004, the three East African countries signed a [[Customs union|Customs Union Agreement]].

===Finance and investment===
Kenya is East and Central Africa's hub for Financial services. The Nairobi Stock Exchange (NSE) is ranked 4th in Africa in terms of Market capitalization. {{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

The Kenya banking system is supervised by the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK). As of late July 2004, the system consisted of 43 commercial banks (down from 48 in 2001), several non-bank financial institutions, including mortgage companies, four savings and loan associations, and several score foreign-exchange bureaus.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/>

===Tourism===
{{Main|Tourism in Kenya}}
[[File:Kenya safari.jpg|thumb|Tourists on a safari in Kenya]]

Kenya's services sector, which contributes about 63 percent of GDP, is dominated by tourism. The tourism sector has exhibited steady growth in most years since independence and by the late 1980s had become the country's principal source of foreign exchange. Tourists, the largest number from Germany and the United Kingdom, are attracted mainly to the coastal beaches and the [[game reserve]]s, notably, the expansive [[Tsavo National Park]] (20,808 square kilometers) in the southeast. Tourism has seen a substantial revival over the past several years and is the major contributor to the pick-up in the country's economic growth.

Tourism is now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earning sector, followed by flowers, tea, and coffee. In 2006 tourism generated US$803&nbsp;million, up from US$699&nbsp;million the previous year.

===Agriculture===
{{Main|Agriculture in Kenya}}
[[File:Cultivation.jpg|Cultivation on the slopes of [[Mount Kenya]]|upright|thumb]]
Agriculture is the second largest contributor to Kenya's [[gross domestic product]] (GDP), after the service sector. In 2005 agriculture, including [[forestry]] and [[fishing]], accounted for about 24 percent of GDP, as well as for 18 percent of wage employment and 50 percent of revenue from exports. The principal cash crops are tea, horticultural produce, and [[coffee]]; horticultural produce and tea are the main growth sectors and the two most valuable of all of Kenya's exports. The production of major food staples such as [[Maize|corn]] is subject to sharp weather-related fluctuations. Production downturns periodically necessitate food aid—for example, in 2004 aid for 1.8&nbsp;million people because of one of Kenya's intermittent [[droughts]]. {{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}

Tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat are grown in the fertile highlands, one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa. [[Livestock]] predominates in the semi-arid savanna to the north and east. [[Coconuts]], [[pineapples]], [[cashew nuts]], [[cotton]], [[sugarcane]], [[sisal]], and [[Maize|corn]] are grown in the lower-lying areas.

===Industry and manufacturing===
Although Kenya is the most industrially developed country in East Africa, [[manufacturing]] still accounts for only 14 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). Industrial activity, concentrated around the three largest urban centers, [[Nairobi]], [[Mombasa]], and [[Kisumu]], is dominated by food-processing industries such as grain milling, beer production, and sugarcane crushing, and the fabrication of consumer goods, e.g., vehicles from kits. There is a vibrant and fast growing cement production industry. {{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} Kenya has an [[oil refinery]] that processes imported crude petroleum into petroleum products, mainly for the domestic market. In addition, a substantial and expanding [[informal sector]] engages in small-scale manufacturing of household goods, motor-vehicle parts, and farm implements. {{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

Kenya's inclusion among the beneficiaries of the U.S. Government's African Growth and Opportunity Act ([[AGOA]]) has given a boost to manufacturing in recent years. Since AGOA took effect in 2000, Kenya's clothing sales to the United States increased from US$44&nbsp;million to US$270&nbsp;million (2006). {{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} Other initiatives to strengthen manufacturing have been the new government's favorable tax measures, including the removal of duty on capital equipment and other raw materials. {{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}

===Energy===
The largest share of Kenya's electricity supply comes from hydroelectric stations at dams along the upper [[Tana River (Kenya)|Tana River]], as well as the [[Turkwel Gorge Dam]] in the west. A petroleum-fired plant on the coast, geothermal facilities at [[Olkaria]] (near Nairobi), and electricity imported from [[Uganda]] make up the rest of the supply. Kenya's installed capacity stood at 1,142 [[megawatts]] a year between 2001 and 2003. The state-owned Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen), established in 1997 under the name of Kenya Power Company, handles the generation of electricity, while the Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC), which is slated for privatization, handles transmission and distribution. Shortfalls of electricity occur periodically, when [[drought]] reduces water flow. To become energy sufficient, Kenya is already building capacity to produce nuclear power by year 2020. {{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

Kenya has yet to find [[hydrocarbon]] reserves on its territory, despite several decades of intermittent exploration. Kenya currently imports all crude petroleum requirements. Petroleum accounts for 20 to 25 percent of the national import bill. {{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

===Vision 2030===
In 2007, the Kenyan government unveiled [[Kenya Vision 2030|Vision 2030]], which is an economic [[blueprint]] which is believed to have the potential of putting the country in the same league as the [[Four Asian Tigers|Asian Economic Tigers]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+ style="line-height:0.8em;"| {{resize|120%|Economic summary}}
|-
!style="text-align:left;"| GDP
| $17.43&nbsp;billion (2005) at Market Price. $ 41.36&nbsp;billion (Purchasing Power Parity, 2006)
There exists an informal economy that is never counted as part of the official GDP figures.
|-
!style="text-align:left;"| Annual growth rate
| 5.8% (2005): 2006 = 6.1% : Estimate for 2007 = 7.2%
|-
!style="text-align:left;"| Per capita income
| Per Capita Income (PPP)= $1,200
|-
!style="text-align:left;"| Natural resources
| Wildlife, land (5% [[arable land|arable]])
|-
!style="text-align:left;"| Agricultural&nbsp;produce{{nbsp|2}}
| tea, [[coffee]], [[sugarcane]], horticultural products, [[Maize|corn]], [[wheat]], [[rice]], [[sisal]], pineapples, [[pyrethrum]], dairy products, meat and meat products, hides, skins
|-
!style="text-align:left;"| Industry
| petroleum products, grain and sugar milling, cement, beer, soft drinks, textiles, vehicle assembly, paper and light manufacturing, tourism
|}

{{Out of date|date=February 2010}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+ style="line-height:0.8em;"| Trade in 2002
|-
!style="text-align:left;"| Exports
| $2.2&nbsp;billion
| tea, coffee, horticultural products, petroleum products, cement, pyrethrum, soda ash, sisal, hides and skins, fluorspar
|-
!style="text-align:left;"| Major markets (2006)<ref name=cia/>
|colspan="2"| [[Uganda]], United Kingdom, [[Tanzania]], Netherlands, United States, Pakistan
|-
!style="text-align:left;"| Imports
| $3.2&nbsp;billion
| machinery, vehicles, crude petroleum, iron and steel, resins and plastic materials, refined petroleum products, pharmaceuticals, paper and paper products, fertilizers, wheat
|-
!style="text-align:left;"| Major&nbsp;suppliers{{nbsp|2}}
|colspan="2"| United Kingdom, Japan, South Africa, Germany, [[United Arab Emirates]], Italy, India, France, United States, [[Saudi Arabia]]
|}

===Oil exploration===
Early in 2006 Chinese President [[Hu Jintao]] signed an oil exploration contract with Kenya, the latest in a series of deals designed to keep Africa's natural resources flowing to China's rapidly expanding economy.

The deal allowed for China's state-controlled offshore oil and gas company, [[China National Offshore Oil Corporation|CNOOC]], to prospect for oil in Kenya, which is just beginning to drill its first exploratory wells on the borders of Sudan and Somalia and in coastal waters. No oil has been discovered yet, and there has been no formal estimate of the possible reserves.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a51a39d2-280c-11db-b25c-0000779e2340.html|title=China's scramble for Africa finds a welcome in Kenya |last=Barber |first=Lionel |coauthors=Andrew England|date=10 August 2006|work=Financial Times |accessdate=27 June 2008}}</ref>

===Donor relations===
Since independence, Kenya, a nonaligned country, has seen both substantial foreign investment and significant amounts of development aid, some from Russia, some from China and others from the West.

Kenya's development assistance has come from increasingly diverse sources in recent years with China taking an increasingly more prominent role than the west. The share of funding provided by the United Kingdom has fallen significantly, while that of multilateral agencies, particularly the [[World Bank]] and the [[European Development Fund]], has increased. The most active investors currently are the Chinese.

===Criticism and challenges===
The economy's heavy dependence on rain-fed [[agriculture]] and the [[tourism]] sector leaves it vulnerable to cycles of [[boom and bust]]. The agricultural sector directly and indirectly employs nearly 70 percent of the country's 38&nbsp;million people. Half of the sector's output remains [[subsistence]] production.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |publisher=Library of Congress |work=Federal Research Division|title=Country Profile: Kenya |date=June 2007 |accessdate=23 April 2011}}</ref>

Poor [[governance]] and [[Corruption in Kenya|corruption]] have had a negative impact on growth, making it expensive to do business in Kenya. According to [[Transparency International]], Kenya ranks poorly in the corruption perception index.<ref>{{cite web|title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2010 Results|url=http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/results|publisher=Transparency International|accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref>

[[HIV/AIDS]] continues to pose a long term risk to the economy. The government has implemented awareness programmes to control its spread. [[Antiretroviral drug]]s are available at government subsidized rates. {{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}

Despite early disillusionment of western donors with the government, the economy has seen a broad-based expansion, led by strong performance in [[tourism]] and [[Telecommunications in Kenya|telecommunications]], and acceptable post-drought results in agriculture, especially the vital tea sector.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/> Kenya's economy grew by more than 7% in 2007 and its foreign debt was greatly reduced.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/>

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Kenya}}

Kenya's population has rapidly increased over the past several decades, and consequently it is relatively young. Some 73% of Kenyans are under 30.<ref>"[http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0114/p17s01-wmgn.html Why a new president may slow population growth]". Csmonitor.com. 14 January 2008.</ref> In 80 years, Kenya's population has grown from 2.9&nbsp;million to 37&nbsp;million.<ref>"[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/17/opinion/17iht-edheinsohn.1.9292632.html Exploding population]". The New York Times. 7 January 2008.</ref>

Kenya is a country of great ethnic diversity. Most Kenyans are bilingual in English and [[Swahili language|Swahili]]. A large percentage speak the mother tongue of their ethnic tribe.

; Ethnic groups: [[Kikuyu people|Kikuyu]] 22%, [[Luhya people|Luhya]] 14%, [[Luo (family of ethnic groups)|Luo]] 13%, [[Kalenjin people|Kalenjin]] 12%, [[Kamba people|Kamba]] 11%, [[Gusii people|Kisii]] 6%, [[Ameru|Meru]] 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European, and Arab) 1%.<ref name=cia/>

===Population of major cities===
{{See also|List of cities in Kenya}}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!City!!Population
|-
| [[Nairobi]] ||2 940 911
|-
| [[Mombasa]] ||707 400
|-
| [[Nakuru]] ||337 200
|-
| [[Kisumu]] ||273 400
|-
| [[Eldoret]] ||249 100
|-
| [[Meru, Kenya|Meru]] ||273 000
|-
| [[Nyeri]] ||179 500
|-
| [[Machakos]] ||140 900
|}

It is noteworthy that the Dadaab refugee camp complex in northern Kenya currently houses almost 500,000 people (http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/search?page=search&docid=4e579df59&query=dadaab). Were it considered a city, Dadaab would be Kenya's 3rd largest.

===Religion===
{{Main|Religion in Kenya}}
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Kenya<ref name=cia/>
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=religion
|right1=percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Protestant]]|Blue|45}}
{{bar percent|[[Roman Catholic]]|Blue|33}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|Green|10}}
{{bar percent|[[Indigenous peoples|Indigenous]]|Yellow|10}}
{{bar percent|[[Other]]|Black|2}}
}}

The vast majority of Kenyans are Christian with 45% regarding themselves as [[Protestant]] and 33% as [[Catholic Church in Kenya|Roman Catholic]].
Sizeable minorities of other faiths do exist ([[Islam in Kenya|Muslim]] 10%, [[African traditional religion|indigenous beliefs]] 10%), but estimates for the percentage of the population that adheres to Islam or indigenous beliefs vary widely.<ref name=cia/> Sixty percent of the Muslim population lives in Coast Province, comprising 50 percent of the total population there. Western areas of Coast Province are mostly Christian. The upper part of Eastern Province is home to 10 percent of the country's Muslims, where they are the majority religious group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108374.htm |title=U.S. Department of State |publisher=State.gov |date= |accessdate=16 April 2010}}</ref> In addition, there is a fairly large Hindu population in Kenya (around 500,000), who have integrated well with the community and play a key role in Kenya's economy, as well as a minority group of [[Baha'is]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html |title=Largest Baha'i Communities |publisher=Adherents.com |date= |accessdate=26 June 2010}}</ref>

===Health===
{{Main|Health in Kenya}}
There are 3–5 births per woman on average.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/> Life expectancy is estimated at between 47 and 55 years.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/> There is a large number of HIV-positive people in Kenya. [[Maternal mortality]] is high, partly because of [[female genital cutting|female genital mutilation]].<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/>

==Education==
{{Main|Education in Kenya}}
[[File:US Navy 101117-N-7241L-004 U.S. Navy Lt. Perry Choi, 3rd from right, team leader for Maritime Civil Affairs Team (MCAT) 205.jpg|thumb|250 px|School children in a classroom.]]
Kenya's [[education]] system consists of early childhood education, primary, secondary and college. Early childhood education takes at least three years, primary eight years, secondary four and university four or six years depending on the course. Preschooling, which targets children from age three to five, is an integral component of the education system and is a key requirement for admission to Standard One (First Grade). At the end of primary education, pupils sit the [[Kenya Certificate of Primary Education]] (KCPE), which determines those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training. Primary school age is 6/7-13/14 years. For those who proceed to secondary level, there is a national examination at the end of Form Four&nbsp;– the [[Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education]] (KCSE), which determines those proceeding to the universities, other professional training or employment. The Joint Admission Board (JAB) is responsible for selecting students joining the public universities. Other than the public schools, there are many private schools in the country, mainly in urban areas. Similarly, there are a number of [[international school]]s catering for various overseas educational systems.

===Historical background===
Independent Kenya's first system of [[education]] was introduced by British colonists.<ref name="edu">{{cite web|title=Education|url=http://www.information.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=57&Itemid=183|work=Ministry of Information and Communications|publisher=Government of Kenya|accessdate=23 April 2011}}</ref> After Kenya's independence on 12 December 1963, an authority named the Ominde Commission was formed to introduce changes that would reflect the nation's sovereignty. The commission focused on [[Cultural identity|identity]] and [[wikt:unity|unity]], which were critical issues at the time. Changes in the subject content of history and geography were made to reflect national cohesion. Between 1964 and 1985, the 7–4–2–3 system was adopted&nbsp;– seven years of primary, four years of lower secondary, two years of upper secondary, and three years of university. All schools had a common [[curriculum]].<ref name="edu"/>

In 1981, the Presidential Working Party on the Second University was commissioned to look at both the possibilities of setting up a second university in Kenya as well as the reforming of the entire education system.<ref name="edu"/> The committee recommended that the 7–4–2–3 system be changed to an 8–4–4 system (eight years in primary, four years in secondary, and four years in university education). The table under Present-day education in Kenya below shows the structure of the 8–4–4 system. Although the 7–4–2–3 system theoretically ended with the introduction of the new 8–4–4 system in 1985, the last batch of students from the former system graduated from Kenyan Universities in 1992.<ref name="edu"/>

===Present-day education in Kenya===
[[File:MSc student at Kenyatta University.jpg|thumb|right|An [[MSc]] student at [[Kenyatta University]] in Nairobi]]
The current 8–4–4 system was launched in January 1985.<ref name="ferre">{{cite journal| last=Ferre | first=Celine | year=2009 | month=February | title=Age at First Child: Does Education Delay Fertility Timing? The Case of Kenya | publisher=World Bank | series=Policy Research Working Paper | issue=4833 |url=http://library1.nida.ac.th/worldbankf/fulltext/wps04833.pdf}}</ref><ref name="eshiwani">{{cite journal| last=Eshiwani | first=G.S. | year=1990 | title=Implementing Educational Policies in Kenya | publisher=World Bank | series=Africa Technical Department Series Discussion Paper | issue=85 |url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2000/01/11/000178830_98101903573855/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf}}</ref> It put more emphasis on vocational subjects on the assumption that the new structure would enable school dropouts at all levels either to be self-employed or to secure [[employment]] in the informal sector.

In January 2003, the Government of Kenya announced the introduction of free primary education. As a result, primary school enrollment increased by about 70%. Secondary and tertiary education enrollment has not increased proportionally because payment is still required for attendance.

In class eight of primary school the Kenya Certificate of Primary Examination (K.C.P.E.) is written. The result of this examination is needed for placement at secondary school. In form four of secondary schools the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Examination (K.C.S.E.) is written. Students sit [[examinations]] in eight subjects.

In 2007 the government issued a statement declaring that from 2008, secondary education would be heavily subsidized, with the government footing all tuition fees.

==Culture==
[[File:Maasai tribe.jpg|thumb| Dressed up [[Maasai people|Maasai]] warriors]]
[[File:Kenyan man.jpg|thumb|upright|A Maasai man in traditional attire]]
{{Main|Culture of Kenya}}

Kenya is a diverse country. Notable peoples include the [[Swahili people|Swahili]] on the coast, [[pastoralism|pastoralist]] communities in the north, and several different communities in the central and western regions. The [[Maasai people|Maasai]] culture is well known because of tourism, despite being a minor percentage of the Kenyan population. They are renowned for their elaborate upper body adornment and jewelry.

Kenya has an extensive music, television and theatre scene.

===Literature===
{{Main|Literature of Kenya}}

[[Ngugi wa Thiong'o]] is one of the best known writers of Kenya. His book, ''[[Weep Not, Child]]'' is an illustration of life in Kenya during the British occupation. This is a story about the effects of the Mau Mau on the lives of black Kenyans. Its combination of themes—[[colonialism]], education, and love—helped to make it one of the best-known novels in Africa.

[[M.G. Vassanji]]'s 2003 novel ''The In-Between World of Vikram Lall'' won the [[Scotiabank Giller Prize|Giller Prize]] in 2003. It is the fictional memoir of a Kenyan of Indian heritage and his family as they adjust to the changing political climates in colonial and post-colonial Kenya.

Since 2003, the literary journal ''[[Kwani?]]'' has been publishing Kenyan contemporary literature.

===Music===
{{Main|Music of Kenya}}

===Sports===
{{Main|Sport in Kenya}}
Kenya is active in several sports, among them [[cricket]], [[rallying]], [[football (soccer)]], [[rugby union]] and [[boxing]]. But the country is known chiefly for its dominance in Middle-distance and [[Long-distance track event|long-distance]] [[athletics (sport)|athletics]]. Kenya has consistently produced Olympic and [[Commonwealth Games]] champions in various distance events, especially in 800&nbsp;m, 1,500&nbsp;m, 3,000&nbsp;m steeplechase, 5,000&nbsp;m, 10,000&nbsp;m and the marathons. Kenyan athletes (particularly [[Kalenjin people|Kalenjin]]) continue to dominate the world of distance running, although competition from [[Morocco]] and [[Ethiopia]] has reduced this supremacy. Kenya's best-known athletes included the four-time women's [[Boston Marathon]] winner and two-time world champion [[Catherine Ndereba]], former [[Marathon (sport)|Marathon]] world record-holder [[Paul Tergat]], and [[John Ngugi]].

Kenya won several medals during the Beijing Olympics, 5 gold, 5 silver and 4 bronze, making it Africa's most successful Nation in the 2008 Olympics. New athletes gained attention, such as [[Pamela Jelimo]], the women's 800m gold medalist who went ahead to win the [[IAAF Golden League]] jackpot, and [[Samuel Wanjiru]] who won the men's marathon.

Retired Olympic and Commonwealth Games champion [[Kipchoge Keino]] helped usher in Kenya's ongoing distance dynasty in the 1970s and was followed by Commonwealth Champion [[Henry Rono]]'s spectacular string of world record performances.

Lately, there has been controversy in Kenyan athletics circles, with the defection of a number of Kenyan athletes to represent other countries, chiefly [[Bahrain]] and [[Qatar]].<ref name="IAAF">IAAF: [http://www.iaaf.org/newsfiles/42196.pdf Changes of Allegiance 1998 to 2005]{{dead link|date=December 2010}}</ref> The Kenyan Ministry of Sports has tried to stop the defections, but they have continued anyway, with [[Bernard Lagat]] the latest, choosing to represent the United States.<ref name="IAAF"/> Most of these defections occur because of economic or financial factors. Some elite Kenyan runners who cannot qualify for their country's strong national team find it easier to qualify by running for other countries.

Kenya has been a dominant force in women's [[volleyball]] within Africa, with both the clubs and the national team winning various continental championships in the past decade. {{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} The women's team has competed at the Olympics and [[Volleyball World Championship|World Championships]] but without any notable success.

Cricket is another popular and the most successful team sport. [[Kenyan cricket team|Kenya]] has competed in the [[Cricket World Cup]] since [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]]. They upset some of the World's best teams and reached semi-finals of the [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003 tournament]]. They won the inaugural World Cricket League Division 1 hosted in Nairobi and participated in the World T20. Their current captain is [[Steve Tikolo]]. They participated in [[ICC Cricket World Cup 2011]].

Kenya is represented by [[Lucas Onyango]] as a professional [[rugby league]] player who plays with [[Oldham Roughyeds]]. Besides the former [[Super League|European Super League]] team, he has played for [[Widnes Vikings]] and [[rugby union]] with [[Sale Sharks]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/sports/rugby/-/1106/629940/-/xq30p7z/-/index.html |title=Nakuru upset KCB in Kenya Cup |publisher=Nation.co.ke |date= |accessdate=16 April 2010}}</ref>

[[Rugby union]] is increasing in popularity. It is popular in Kenya especially with the annual [[Safari Sevens]] tournament. [[Kenya national rugby union team (sevens)|Kenya sevens team]] ranked 9th in IRB Sevens World Series for the 2006 season.

[[Kenya national football team|Kenya]] was a regional power in soccer but its dominance has been eroded by wrangles within the [[Kenya Football Federation]].<ref>New Vision, 3 June 2004: [http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/30/364022 Wrangles land Kenya indefinite FIFA ban]</ref> This has led to a suspension by [[FIFA]] which was lifted in March, 2007.

In the motor [[rallying]] arena, Kenya is home to the world famous [[Safari Rally]], commonly acknowledged as one of the toughest rallies in the world,<ref>The Auto Channel, 21 July 2001: [http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2001/07/22/025841.html FIA RALLY: Delecour takes points finish on Safari Rally debut]</ref> and a part of the [[World Rally Championship]] for many years until its exclusion after the 2002 event owing to financial difficulties. Some of the best rally drivers in the world have taken part in and won the rally, such as [[Björn Waldegård]], [[Hannu Mikkola]], [[Tommi Makinen]], [[Shekhar Mehta]], [[Carlos Sainz]] and [[Colin McRae]]. Though the rally still runs annually as part of the Africa rally championship, the organisers are hoping to be allowed to rejoin the World Rally championship in the next couple of years.

==See also==
{{Main|Outline of Kenya|Index of Kenya-related articles}}
{{Portal|Kenya}}
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Foreign relations of Kenya]]
* [[Languages of Kenya]]
* [[List of diplomatic missions of Kenya]]
* [[List of Kenyans]]
* [[List of World War II prisoner of war camps in Kenya]]
* [[Military of Kenya]]
{{Colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* Barsby, Jane. ''Kenya'' (Culture Smart!: a quick guide to customs and etiquette) (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1857333497 excerpt and text search]
* Bindloss, Joe. ''Kenya'' (Country Guide) (2009) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1741047730 excerpt and text search]
* DK. ''Kenya'' (Eyewitness Travel Guide) (2009) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0756653703 excerpt and text search]
* Gatheru, R. Mugo. ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970.'' McFarland, 2005. 236 pp.
* Haugerud, Angelique. ''The Culture of Politics in Modern Kenya.'' Cambridge U. Press, 1995. 266 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0521595908 excerpt and text search]
* {{cite web|last=Hoorweg|first=Jan|title=Kenya Coast bibliography |url=http://www.ascleiden.nl/Publications/Bibliographies/KenyaCoast/ |publisher=[[Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden]]|accessdate=23 April 2011|date=27 January 2010}}
* {{cite book| last = Kimaiyo| first = Towett J.| title = Ogiek Land Cases and Historical Injustices, 1902–2004| publisher=Ogiek Welfare Council | year = 2004 | location = Nakuru, Kenya | url = http://www.geocities.com/OgiekLand/| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071029164155/http://www.geocities.com/OgiekLand/| archivedate = 29 October 2007}}
* Maxon, Robert M. and Ofcansky, Thomas P. ''Historical Dictionary of Kenya.'' (2nd ed. Scarecrow, 2000). 449 pp
* Mwaura, Ndirangu. ''Kenya Today: Breaking the Yoke of Colonialism in Africa.'' Algora, 2005. 238 pp.
* Ndege, George Oduor. ''Health, State, and Society in Kenya.'' U. of Rochester Press, 2001. 224 pp.
* Ochieng, William R., ed. ''Themes in Kenyan History.'' Ohio U. Press, 1991. 261 pp.
* Ochieng, William R., ed. ''A Modern History of Kenya: In Honour of Professor B. A. Ogot.'' Nairobi, Kenya: Evans Brothers, 1989. 259 pp.
* Ogot, B. A. ''Historical dictionary of Kenya'' (1981)
* Parkinson, Tom, and Matt Phillips. ''Lonely Planet Kenya'' (2006) [http://www.amazon.ca/dp/1740597435 except and text search]
* Pinkney, Robert. ''The International Politics of East Africa.'' Manchester U. Pr., 2001. 242 pp. compares Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania.
* Press, Robert M. ''Peaceful Resistance: Advancing Human Rights and Democratic Freedoms.'' Ashgate, 2006. 227 pp.
* ''Rough Guide To Kenya'' (8th ed. 2006)

==External links==
{{InterWiki|Swahili language|code=sw}}
{{Sister project links}}
; Government
*[http://www.communication.go.ke/ Government Spokeperson] Office of the Government Spokesperson of the Republic of Kenya.
*[http://www.kenya.go.ke/ Government of Kenya] Official site.
*[http://www.kenyalaw.org/ Kenya Law Reports] Kenyan Legislation, Case Law, Official Gazette Notices and legal Info.
*[http://www.statehousekenya.go.ke/ State House Kenya] Official site State House, Kenya.
*[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-k/kenya.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members]

; General
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1024563.stm Country Profile] from [[BBC News]]
*[http://www.kenya.info/ Republic of Kenya General Info]
*[http://www.britannica.com/nations/Kenya Kenya] from the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
*{{CIA World Factbook link|ke|Kenya}}
*[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/kenya.htm Kenya] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
*{{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Kenya}}
*{{cite web|title=Kenya|url=http://reliefweb.int/taxonomy/term/131|work=Countries + Disasters|publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]}}
*{{Wikia|solarcooking|Solar Cookers World Network|Kenya}}
*{{Wikiatlas|Kenya}}

; Media
* [http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/kenya/kenyanews.html Kenya news media] list from [[Stanford University]]

; Tourism
*[http://www.magicalkenya.com/ Kenya Tourist Board (Magical Kenya)] ''official travel and tourism guide''
*{{Wikitravel}}

; History
*[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Kenya_Colony 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica on the Kenya Colony]
*[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Abyssinia#Army 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica on the 1908 Demarcation of the Ethiopian-Kenyan Border]

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[[zh:肯尼亚]]

Revision as of 13:27, 30 August 2011

KENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAAKENNNYYAAAAA

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