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Betsy Ross presenting the first American flag to George Washington, by Edward Percy Moran.

Betsy Ross (January 1, 1752 – January 30, 1836) is widely credited with making the first American flag.^[1]^[2] There is, however, no credible historical evidence that the story is true.^[3]

Early life

Betsy Ross was born Elizabeth Griscom to Samuel Griscom and the former Rebecca James in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on January 1, 1752, the eighth of seventeen children.^[4] She grew up in a household where the plain dress and strict discipline of the Society of Friends dominated her life.^[5] She learned to sew from her great-aunt Sarah Elizabeth Ann Griscom.^[5] Her great-grandfather Andrew Griscom, a Quaker carpenter, emmigrated in 1680 from England.^[6]

After she finished her schooling at a Quaker public school, her father apprenticed her to an upholsterer named William Webster.^[5]^[7] At this job, she fell in love with fellow apprentice John Ross, who was the son of Aeneas Ross (and Sarah Leach), an assistant rector at (Episcopal) Christ Church. The couple eloped in 1773 when she was 21 at Hugg's Tavern in Gloucester City, New Jersey.^[8] The marriage caused a split from her family and meant her expulsion from the Quaker congregation. The young couple soon started their own upholstery business and joined Christ Church, where their fellow congregants included George Washington and his family.^[4] Betsy and John Ross had no children.

Revolutionary War

The American Revolutionary War broke out when the two had been married for two years. As a member of the local militia, John Ross was assigned to guard munitions and was killed by a gunpowder explosion. The 24 year old Betsy worked in the upholstery business repairing uniforms and making tents and blankets and stuffed paper tube cartridges with musket balls in 1779 for the Continental Army.^[9]

There is speculation that Betsy was the "beautiful young widow" who distracted Carl von Donop in Mount Holly, New Jersey, after the battle of Battle of Iron Works Hill, thus keeping his forces out of the Battle of Trenton. ^[10]

On June 15, 1777, she married her second husband, mariner Joseph Ashburn. Ashburn's ship was captured by a British frigate in 1780. He was charged with treason and imprisoned in England. While Ashburn was imprisoned, their first daughter, Zilla, died at nine months of age and their second daughter, Eliza, was born. Ashburn died of an unknown illness in a British jail.^{[citation needed]}

In May 1783, she married an old friend, John Claypoole. The couple had five daughters. With the birth of their second daughter, they moved to a larger house on Second Street. After two decades of poor health, Claypoole died in 1817. Ross continued the upholstery business for 10 more years.^[5] Upon retirement, she moved in with her daughter, Susanna, in Abington.^{[citation needed]}

Ross, by then completely blind, spent her last three years living with her daughter, Jane, in Philadelphia. On Saturday, January 30, 1836, Ross died in her sleep at the age of 84.^{[citation needed]}

Although it is one of the most visited tourist sites in Philadelphia,^[11] the claim that Ross once lived at the Betsy Ross House is a matter of dispute.^[12]

Burials

Ross's body was first buried at the Quaker burial ground on South 5th Street. Twenty years later, her remains were exhumed and reburied in the Mt. Moriah Cemetery in the Cobbs Creek Park section of Philadelphia. In preparation for the United States Bicentennial, the city ordered the remains moved to the courtyard of the Betsy Ross House in 1975; however, workers found no remains under her tombstone. Bones found elsewhere in the family plot were deemed to be hers and were re-interred in the current grave visited by tourists at the Betsy Ross House.^[13]

Betsy Ross postage stamp

On January 1, 1952, the U.S. Post Office issued a stamp to honor the 200th anniversary of her birth. It shows her presenting the new flag to George Washington, Robert Morris, and George Ross. The design was taken from a painting by Charles H. Weisberger, one of the founders and first secretary of the Memorial Association.^{[citation needed]}

Myth and memory

Research conducted by the Smithsonian National Museum of America History notes that the story of Betsy Ross making the first American flag for General George Washington entered into American consciousness about the time of the 1876 centennial celebrations.^[14] In 1870 Ross's grandson, William J. Canby, presented a paper to the Historical Society of Pennsylvania in which he claimed that his grandmother had "made with her hands the first flag" of the United States.^[15] Canby said he first obtained this information from his aunt Clarissa Sydney (Claypoole) Wilson in 1857, twenty years after Betsy Ross's death. Canby dates the historic episode based on Washington's journey to Philadelphia, in late Spring 1776, a year before Congress passed the Flag Act.^[16]

In the 2008 book The Star-Spangled Banner: The Making of an American Icon, Smithsonian experts point out that Canby's recounting of the event appealed to Americans eager for stories about the revolution and its heroes and heroines. Betsy Ross was promoted as a patriotic role model for young girls and a symbol of women's contributions to American history.^[17] This line of enquiry is further explored by award-winning historian Laurel Thatcher Ulrich in a 2007 article "How Betsy Ross Became Famous: Oral Tradition, Nationalism, and the Invention of History."^[18] Ross biographer Marla Miller points out, however, that even if one accepts Canby's presentation, Betsy Ross was merely one of several flag makers in Philadelphia, and her only contribution to the design was to change the 6-pointed stars to the easier 5-pointed stars.^[19]

References

^ Gene Langley, "The legend and truth of Betsy Ross" The Christian Science Monitor 94.141 (6/14/2002): 22.
^ Lucinda Snyder Whitehurst, "Review of The Life and Times of Betsy Ross and The Life and Times of Nathan Hale," School Library Journal 53.7 (Jul 2007).
^ Marc Leepson, "Five myths about the American flag", The Washington Post, June 12, 2011, p. B2.
^ ^a ^b Independence Hall Association. Betsy Ross: Her Life. Accessed 11 March 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d William C. Kashatus, "Seamstress for a Revolution," American History, 37.3 (Aug 2002).
^ Betsy Ross: Her Life
^ Kashatus, William C. ushistory.org, June 2005, "Seamstress for a Revolution". Accessed 2 February 2010.
^ Betsy Ross at History Resource Center, by George H. Genzmer. Website accessed 1 June 2009
^ Laurel Thatcher Ulrich (May 7, 2010). "Book Review - Betsy Ross and the Making of America - By Marla R. Miller - NYTimes.com". The New York Times. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
^ Fischer, David Hackett (2004). Washington's Crossing. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517034-2.
^ Andrew Carr, "The Betsy Ross House," American History 37.3 (Aug 2002): 23.
^ "Was This Her House?" at UShistory.org.
^ Philadelphia Inquirer, "Corrections", November 22, 2005.
^ The Star-Spangled Banner, Lonn Taylor, Kathleen M. Kendrick, and Jeffery L Brodie. Smithsonian Books/Collins Publishing (New York:2008
^ Buescher, John. "All Wrapped up in the Flag" Teachinghistory.org, accessed August 21, 2011.
^ "The History of the Flag of the United States" by William Canby
^ What About Betsy Ross, pp.68–69
^ http://common-place.org/vol-08/no-01/ulrich
^ Miller, 176

External links

Flag: An American Biography website
Betsy Ross Homepage from ushistory.org
"Betsy Ross". Find a Grave. Retrieved August 11, 2010.

Template:Persondata

[1] Gene Langley, "The legend and truth of Betsy Ross" The Christian Science Monitor 94.141 (6/14/2002): 22.

[2] Lucinda Snyder Whitehurst, "Review of The Life and Times of Betsy Ross and The Life and Times of Nathan Hale," School Library Journal 53.7 (Jul 2007).

[3] Marc Leepson, "Five myths about the American flag", The Washington Post, June 12, 2011, p. B2.

[ushistory-4] Independence Hall Association. Betsy Ross: Her Life. Accessed 11 March 2008.

[Kash-5] William C. Kashatus, "Seamstress for a Revolution," American History, 37.3 (Aug 2002).

[6] Betsy Ross: Her Life

[7] Kashatus, William C. ushistory.org, June 2005, "Seamstress for a Revolution". Accessed 2 February 2010.

[8] Betsy Ross at History Resource Center, by George H. Genzmer. Website accessed 1 June 2009

[9] Laurel Thatcher Ulrich (May 7, 2010). "Book Review - Betsy Ross and the Making of America - By Marla R. Miller - NYTimes.com". The New York Times. Retrieved February 6, 2011.

[Fischer-10] Fischer, David Hackett (2004). Washington's Crossing. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517034-2.

[11] Andrew Carr, "The Betsy Ross House," American History 37.3 (Aug 2002): 23.

[12] "Was This Her House?" at UShistory.org.

[13] Philadelphia Inquirer, "Corrections", November 22, 2005.

[14] The Star-Spangled Banner, Lonn Taylor, Kathleen M. Kendrick, and Jeffery L Brodie. Smithsonian Books/Collins Publishing (New York:2008

[15] Buescher, John. "All Wrapped up in the Flag" Teachinghistory.org, accessed August 21, 2011.

[16] "The History of the Flag of the United States" by William Canby

[17] What About Betsy Ross, pp.68–69

[18] ttp://common-place.org/vol-08/no-01/ulrich

[19] Miller, 176

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@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 Although it is one of the most visited tourist sites in Philadelphia,<ref>Andrew Carr, "The Betsy Ross House," ''American History'' 37.3 (Aug 2002): 23.</ref> the claim that Ross once lived at the [[Betsy Ross House]] is a matter of dispute.<ref>[http://www.ushistory.org/betsy/prove239.html "Was This Her House?"] at UShistory.org.</ref>
+==Burials==
- Don't believe everything they say in here because I'm the best person in this whole world. see i can do any thing here so go to different website!
+Ross's body was first buried at the Quaker burial ground on South 5th Street. Twenty years later, her remains were exhumed and reburied in the [[Mount Moriah Cemetery (Philadelphia)|Mt. Moriah Cemetery]] in the [[Cobbs Creek, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Cobbs Creek Park]] section of Philadelphia. In preparation for the [[United States Bicentennial]], the city ordered the remains moved to the courtyard of the [[Betsy Ross House]] in 1975; however, workers found no remains under her tombstone. Bones found elsewhere in the family plot were deemed to be hers and were re-interred in the current grave visited by tourists at the Betsy Ross House.<ref>[[Philadelphia Inquirer]], [http://www.philly.com/mld/philly/news/local/corrections/13230319.htm "Corrections"], November 22, 2005.</ref>
 ==Betsy Ross postage stamp==