Jump to content

John C. Colt: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
KennethSides (talk | contribs)
1,909 edits
Line 48: Line 48:
Lane, Wheeler, and an employee of Loud examined Adams' ledgers for any transactions involving Colt and went to the mayor of New York City, [[Robert H. Morris (mayor)|Robert Hunter Morris]], with the evidence.<ref name=Schechter125>{{Harv|Schechter|2010|p=125}}</ref> Other witnesses said that Adams was last seen entering Colt's apartment on September 17 and that Colt had a crate delivered by a carman the next day.<ref name=Lawson455>{{Harv|Lawson|1914|p=455}}</ref> The mayor asked the Superintendent of Carts, William Godfrey, to locate the carman in question and find out the location of the crate. Godfrey found Barstow who told him the parcel had been delivered to a freighter named the ''Kalamazoo''.<ref name=Schechter130>{{Harv|Schechter|2010|p=130}}</ref>
Lane, Wheeler, and an employee of Loud examined Adams' ledgers for any transactions involving Colt and went to the mayor of New York City, [[Robert H. Morris (mayor)|Robert Hunter Morris]], with the evidence.<ref name=Schechter125>{{Harv|Schechter|2010|p=125}}</ref> Other witnesses said that Adams was last seen entering Colt's apartment on September 17 and that Colt had a crate delivered by a carman the next day.<ref name=Lawson455>{{Harv|Lawson|1914|p=455}}</ref> The mayor asked the Superintendent of Carts, William Godfrey, to locate the carman in question and find out the location of the crate. Godfrey found Barstow who told him the parcel had been delivered to a freighter named the ''Kalamazoo''.<ref name=Schechter130>{{Harv|Schechter|2010|p=130}}</ref>


The ''Kalamazoo'' was still in port because a storm had prevented it from sailing. New York Police and the Mayor of New York boarded the ship with the carman who delivered the crate and asked if it was still in the cargo hold. The decomposing body had begun to give off a strong odor that ship hands had assumed was a poison put out to kill rats. When asked to open the crate, [[stevedore]]s complied and the contents were a decapitated naked male corpse wrapped in a shop awning and packed with salt. A scar on the body's leg and a single gold ring identified the body as Adams.<ref name=Lawson455/>
The ''Kalamazoo'' was still in port because a storm had prevented it from sailing. New York Police and the Mayor of New York boarded the ship with the carman who had delivered the crate and asked if it was still in the cargo hold. The decomposing body had begun to give off a strong odor that ship hands had assumed was a poison put out to kill rats. When asked to open the crate, [[stevedore]]s complied and the contents were a decapitated naked male corpse wrapped in a shop awning and packed with salt. A scar on the body's leg and a single gold ring identified the body as Adams.<ref name=Lawson455/>


==Arrest and trial==
==Arrest and trial==

Revision as of 16:17, 31 October 2011

John Caldwell Colt
Born(1810-03-01)March 1, 1810
Hartford, Connecticut, United States
StatusDead
DiedNovember 18, 1842(1842-11-18) (aged 32)
New York City
SpouseCaroline Henshaw
ChildrenSam Colt
Parent(s)Christopher Colt, Sarah Colt née Caldwell
Criminal chargeMurder
PenaltyDeath

John Caldwell Colt (March 1, 1810 – November 18, 1842), the brother of Samuel Colt, was a fur-trader, book keeper, law clerk, and teacher. He became an authority on Double-entry bookkeeping system and published a textbook on the subject. He was convicted of the murder of a printer named Samuel Adams, to whom Colt owed money over publication of a bookkeeping textbook. The trial became a sensation in the New York Press. Colt was found guilty and sentenced to hang in 1842, but committed suicide on the morning of his execution.[1]

Conspiracy theories began about the suicide, with some holding that Colt had in fact escaped from prison and staged a body to look like his own. One publication alleged that a family member had smuggled the knife used in the suicide into his cell. Others stated that Colt was living in California with his wife, Caroline.[1] None of these allegations were ever proven.[2] Edgar Allen Poe based his short story, The Oblong Box partly on this murder.[3]

Early life

John Colt was born in Hartford, Connecticut, to Christopher Colt, a farmer who had moved his family to Hartford when he changed professions and became a businessman, and Sarah Colt née Caldwell, who died when Colt was eleven years old. Christopher Colt was remarried two years later to Olive Sergeant. The Colt family included eight siblings: five boys and three girls. Two of the sisters died in childhood and the other, Sarah Ann, committed suicide later in life, by taking arsenic.[4]

Colt worked as an assistant book keeper at age 14 for the Union ManufacturingCompany in Marlborough, Connecticut. He left the job and moved to Albany, New York in less than a year. He returned to Hartford and studied in an Academy for three months. In 1827 he found employment as a math teacher at a ladies seminary in Baltimore, Maryland for a year. In 1828 he became a supervisory engineer for a canal near Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. The following year his sister, Sarah Ann committed suicide and in despair, Colt enlisted in the United States Marine Corps. His orders were for a Mediterranean cruise on the U.S.S. Constitution; illness prevented him from serving on the ship and he worked as a clerk in Norfolk, Virginia for Colonel Anderson.[5]

Colt spent three months as a Marine and was disillusioned with the military lifestyle and still very ill. He forged a letter in the name of "George Hamilton" a farmer from Ware, Massachusetts stating that his underage son had falsely enlisted in the name of John Colt. Colt mailed the letter to his brother James and asked him to mail it to Colonel Anderson from Ware. Anderson discharged Colt within days of receiving the letter, citing Colt's "illness" as the reason.[5]

Upon his discharge, Colt spent a year as a law clerk for his cousin, Dudley Selden. At the same time he became a river boat gambler and was challenged to a duel over a shared mistress. He travelled to Vermont in 1830 as a debate coach for the University of Vermont, Burlington, however he left after a year due to symptoms of tuberculosis. Colt then travelled to the Great Lakes for relief of the disease and bought a farm in Michigan on Gooden's Lake, however tubercular symptoms surfaced again and he soon left for Cincinnati, Ohio, where he became a teacher of one of the first Correspondence courses in America, center of a Bohemian circle and counted John Howard Payne and Hiram Powers among his friends.[6]

From there he attempted many business ventures throughout the United States: land speculator in Texas, soap manufacturer in New York, Grocery wholesaler in Georgia, fur trader, dry-goods merchant in Florida, and even an organizer of Mardi Gras masquerade balls in New Orleans.[7]

Double-entry book keeping

While teaching in Louisville in 1834, Colt began lecturing on "Italian Book-keeping", or double-entry book keeping.[8] He toured the United States giving a series of lectures on the topic and by 1837 began writing a textbook on the subject.[9]

His text book:The Italian science of double-entry book-keeping: simplified, arranged and methodized received praise and glowing reviews. Colt had the book published in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Cincinnati. By 1839 over 200 schools were using the textbook. Colt dropped "Italian" from the title for the second edition and included transcripts of his lectures in the newer editions, the book went through 45 printings and was in publication until 1855.[10][11][12]

Shortly after publishing the first edition of his textbook, Colt went into partnership with the publisher, Nathan G. Burgess as Colt, Burgess & Co. The new firm almost went bankrupt after publishing An Introduction into the Origin of Antiquities in America by John Delafield Jr. The scholarship of the text was dubious and the book was available by subscription only. Hoping for a better market for Delafield's book, Colt moved to 14 Cortland Street in Manhattan, New York in 1839. The office doubled as Colt's residence and Colt made his own shipping crates for the books within it.[13]

Murder of Samuel Adams

Authorities open the crate containing the body of Adams, – Sutton 1874

On September 17, 1841, a New York printer named Samuel Adams went to collect a debt from John Colt, over some textbooks that Adams had printed for him. The two disagreed over the final amount owed, sources indicate that it was a discrepancy of $1.35.[14] According to Colt, Adams began choking him with his cravat. In self-defense, Colt reached for what he thought was a hammer to fend him off, but the weapon turned out to be a hatchet.[15] Colt struck Adams 4 or 5 times with the weapon, causing Adams to drop to the floor.[15]

Colt realized he had killed Adams and cleaned up the blood. On the morning of September 18, Colt placed Adams' corpse into a large shipping crate and packed it with salt. He then addressed it to a phony address in New Orleans, and hired a car-man named Barstow to deliver it to a ship named the Kalamazoo scheduled to leave the next morning.[16]

After being missing for over 24 hours, Adams' family began searching the city for him, placing notices in several newspapers such as the New York Courier and Enquirer and the New York Weekly Tribune notifying people he was missing. A neighbor of Colt's, Asa H. Wheeler, told Adams' father-in-law, Joseph Lane that he had heard noises in Colt's office that sounded like a fight followed by a crash to the floor. Peering in the keyhole he saw someone "bending over something on the floor", later he secured a key from the landlord and saw a large packing crate was missing and the floor had been scrubbed. On September 22, 1841, Colt visited Adams' print shop inquiring about the status of his books and the whereabouts of Adams.[17][18] Adams' bookbinder, Charles Wells, told Colt that Adams was last seen going to see Colt. Colt made no reply to this allegation and excused himself.[19]

Lane, Wheeler, and an employee of Loud examined Adams' ledgers for any transactions involving Colt and went to the mayor of New York City, Robert Hunter Morris, with the evidence.[20] Other witnesses said that Adams was last seen entering Colt's apartment on September 17 and that Colt had a crate delivered by a carman the next day.[21] The mayor asked the Superintendent of Carts, William Godfrey, to locate the carman in question and find out the location of the crate. Godfrey found Barstow who told him the parcel had been delivered to a freighter named the Kalamazoo.[22]

The Kalamazoo was still in port because a storm had prevented it from sailing. New York Police and the Mayor of New York boarded the ship with the carman who had delivered the crate and asked if it was still in the cargo hold. The decomposing body had begun to give off a strong odor that ship hands had assumed was a poison put out to kill rats. When asked to open the crate, stevedores complied and the contents were a decapitated naked male corpse wrapped in a shop awning and packed with salt. A scar on the body's leg and a single gold ring identified the body as Adams.[21]

Arrest and trial

Colt was arrested on September 23 by New York Police and the city's mayor.[17] Adams' gold pocketwatch engraved with an image of the US Capitol was found among his possessions.[23] The trial began on January 13, 1842. Colt was represented by a team of three attorneys led by his cousin, whom he had clerked under: Dudley Selden; his other lawyers were John Morrill and Robert Emmett; the three were paid in stock from Samuel Colt's new company: Patent Arms Manufacturing Company of Paterson, New Jersey.[24] The Chief Prosecutor at the trial was James R. Whiting, the New York County District Attorney. The judge who presided was William Kent.[25]

The Colt-Adams Murder trial dominated the popular press at the time,[3] due in part to the nature of the crime, and Colt's cohabitating with a pregnant woman to whom he was not married, Caroline Henshaw.[26] The story eclipsed coverage of another murder in New York, that of Mary Rogers as the press depicted Colt as a former professional riverboat gambler who had public affairs with women and a common-law wife who committed perjury to enlist and exit the Marines.[27] However it was mostly due to John Colt being related to Samuel Colt.[28][29] Coverage appeared in New York papers such as The Sun, which incorrectly posted a picture of P.T. Barnum that it had purchased from the Albany Evening Atlas as a picture of Adams.[30] As the trial went on religious magazines such as The Catholic Herald, Evangelical Magazine, Episcopal Recorder and Gospel Advocate, used the story to demonstrate "lack of morality in the home" or other beliefs.[31] Throughout the trial Colt was repeatedly "Found guilty of cold-blooded murder" in the New York press.[32] The October 30 issue of the weekly Tribune quoted James Colt, then practicing law in St Louis as saying "insanity is hereditary in our family".[32] James Gordon Bennett wrote lengthy editorials in the New York Herald about Colt's "confidence, assurance, and impudence" and that his "limitless potential has been undermined by a want of moral and religious culture".[33] The major exception was The Knickerbocker in which Lewis Gaylord Clark reported the murder as a "misfortunate accident".[31] Colt's lawyers continually petitioned Judge Kent to forbid press coverage, but Kent refused them saying, "The Court has done everything to prevent the jury from being influenced from without".[32]

Colt was incorrectly believed to have used one of his brother's revolvers in Adams' murder

Halfway through the trial, allegations were made by Whiting that Adams had been murdered with a Colt Paterson revolver as opposed to a hatchet.[34] Several witnesses were called in to testify including Sam Colt, himself who eventually demonstrated shooting his revolver in the courtroom.[35] Over Selden's objections, Whiting had the coroner, David L. Rogers, bring Adams' skull and the hatchet into the courtroom to show the jury the direction and number of strikes made. John Colt was reported as "covering his face" at this demonstration.[34][36][37]

Colt admitted he had killed Adams and was planning to confess before he was arrested. He attested that he acted in self-defense.[38]

I then sat down, for I felt weak and sick. After sitting a few minutes, and seeing so much blood, I think I went and looked at poor Adams, who breathed quite loud for several minutes, then threw his arms out and was silent. I recollect at this time taking him by the hand, which seemed lifeless, and a horrid thrill came over me, that I had killed him. – John C. Colt[39]

Colt said his first thought was to burn down the building to destroy the evidence, but reconsidered as a number of people lived in the building and rather than "cause more carnage" he reconsidered. He then decided to dispose of the body in a large packing crate and wrapped it in an awning and bound it with rope. After scrubbing the floor he threw Adams' clothing into a nearby outdoor privy. He then stopped at the Washington bathhouse on Pearl Street to wash the blood from his clothes and hands.[32]

Closing arguments were made on January 23, Selden's argument was that Colt had acted in "self-defence" as Adams had been choking him and Colt's only means to defend himself was to grab a nearby weapon. His reason for hiding the body was out of temporary insanity.[38] Whiting countered in a two-hour long rebuttal that the killing was premeditated, he pointed to Colt's demeanor at the trial, the taking of Adams' watch, a hatchet left out in plain view, and Colt's method of disposing the body as not the actions of an innocent man acting in self-defense.[40] Judge Kent instructed the jury that since Colt had confessed to the murder that they were to determine whether the charge should be murder or manslaughter and remarked on Colt's "careless air" demonstrated throughout the trial in the courtroom.[24] The jury was disturbed by Colt's demeanor throughout the trial agreeing with the judge that Colt appeared stoic, unremorseful, and callous when describing his disposal of Adams' body.[26] On January 24 after deliberating for over 10 hours, the jury found Colt guilty of willful murder.[41]

Colt's team requested an appeal and argued the case on May 5, 1842 asking for a new trial as the jury at the previous was misinformed; on May 12 a new trial was denied so the lawyers appealed to the State Supreme Court located in Utica, New York. The State Supreme Court heard the case on July 16, 1842 and upheld the earlier court's decision. Colt's sentencing date was scheduled for September 27, 1842.[41] Undaunted, Colt's lawyers recruited Rogers, the surgeon who performed Adams' autopsy "to investigate the probable relative position and actions" of Colt and Adams during their struggle.[42] By analyzing the number, shape, and position of the wounds and the blood splatter; Rogers deduced that the two "grappled face to face within a foot-and-a-half of each other" and "Adams was in an erect position at the time the fatal blows were inflicted.[42] The report was submitted to Governor William H. Seward in the hope of securing a pardon for Colt.[42] Seward was overwhelmed with requests asking for a pardon for Colt, including 36 lawyers who visited him personally in Albany as well as Judges and attorneys close to Seward such as JudgeAmbrose Spencer and former Attorney General Willis Hall.[43] Seward, in the end could not pardon Colt, as he felt the attempted cover-up of the crime and Colt's demeanor throughout the trial were not the actions of a "penitent man".[44]

The prisoner has forgotten his victim, heaped insult upon his humble and bereaved family, defied the court, denounced the jury, and presented himself before the executive as an injured, not a penitent man. – William H. Seward[44]

Marriage and death

Depiction of Colt's wedding from an 1874 text

On September 28, 1842, after exhausting his final appeal, Colt was sentenced to death by hanging and remanded to New York City's infamous prison, The Tombs. His sentence was to be carried out on November 14, 1842. Colt asked that he be allowed to marry Caroline Henshaw on the morning of his hanging. While imprisoned, Colt lived luxuriously in his prison cell, receiving daily visits from friends and family, smoking Cuban cigars, sleeping in an actual bed instead of a mound of straw and wearing silk dressing gowns inside and a seal skin overcoat for his daily walks in the prison yard. His cell contained the latest novels, a gilded bird cage with a canary and fresh flowers brought to him every day by Henshaw.[45][46] He dined on meals from local hotels such as quail on toast, game pates, reed birds, and ortolans.[46] Several attempts were made to break him out of the prison and were foiled.[47] A doctor was hired who claimed he could resuscitate Colt from the hanging, believing Colt's neck to be of such thickness that strangulation would be impossible.[48]

In the morning of November 14, 1842, Colt and Henshaw were married in the prison in a small ceremony conducted by Rev Henry Anthon, an Episcopal Minister, and witnessed by Sam Colt and John Howard Payne. After the ceremony and a few hours before the scheduled execution, a fire broke out in the Tombs. After the fire was extinguished, Colt's body was found in his cell. He had stabbed himself in the heart with a clasp knife, believed to have been smuggled to him by a family member.[49] His body was taken by Rev Anthon and buried in the churchyard of St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery.[2]

Aftermath

As the trial had made headlines in the daily newspapers, so did Colt's death. Theories were put forth by newspaper men that Colt had killed another prisoner and escaped during the fire.[50] One newspaper account said that Colt had fled to California with his wife, as did a book published by a former New York Chief of Police.[51] A man named Samuel M. Everett claimed he met John Colt (or a man who looked identical) in the Santa Clara Valley in California in 1852, the account was published in Pearson's Magazine.[52] Harold Schechter, a researcher and author of two books about John Colt dismisses this as "an outlandish tale" and a "product of folklore, not fact".[53] A New York Times article written in 1880 said that Caroline Henshaw was watched by private detectives for years after Colt's death and no sign was ever seen of him alive.[54] None of these speculations of Colt's escape were proved to be true.[2]

It has been said that Caroline Henshaw married Sam Colt in Scotland while Colt met her in Europe and that the son she bore was Samuel Colt's and not John Colt's.[55] Colt's biographer, William Edwards, wrote that John's marriage to Caroline was a way to legitimize her son, Samuel; as Sam felt she was not fit to be the wife of an industrialist and divorce was a social stigma at the time.[55] After Sam Colt's death in 1862, Caroline's son Samuel produced a valid marriage license showing that Caroline and Sam Colt were married in Scotland in 1838 and this document made him an heir to the Colt Manufacturing Company.[55]

References in literature

Author Herman Melville made an extended allusion to the case in his short story Bartleby the Scrivener. In that story, the narrator restrains his anger toward Bartleby, his unrelentingly difficult employee, by reflecting upon "the tragedy of the unfortunate Adams and the still more unfortunate Colt and how poor Colt, being dreadfully incensed by Adams ... was unawares hurled into his fatal act."[56][57]

Edgar Allen Poe's The Oblong Box, published in 1844, which tells of the shipboard transport of a corpse in a wooden box packed with salt, may have been inspired by Colt's method of disposing of Adams' corpse, which Schecter calls "the single most macabre element of the Colt case."[3][58][59][60]

Bibliography

  • Dunphy, Thomas (1867). Remarkable trials of all countries. Diossy & Cockroft. pp. 226–310. Retrieved October 6, 2011. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Edwards, William B. (1953). The Story of Colt"s Revolver: The Biography of Col. Samuel Colt. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Company. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Lawson, John Davison, ed. (1914). "The Trial of John C. Colt for the Murder of Samuel Adams". American state trials: a collection of the important and interesting criminal trials which have taken place in the United States from the beginning of our government to the present day. Thomas Law Books. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Schechter, Harold (2010). Killer Colt: Murder, Disgrace, and the Making of an American Legend. Random House. ISBN 9780345476814. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Tucher, Andie (1994). Froth and Scum: Truth, Beauty, Goodness, and the Ax Murder in America's First Mass Medium. The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0807844724. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

References

  1. ^ a b "The Suicide or Escape of a Condemned Millionaire". New York Magazine. 21 (45): 42. 1988. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
  2. ^ a b c "That Was New York: The Tombs--I". The New Yorker. August 30, 1941. Retrieved October 8, 2011. {{cite journal}}: |first= missing |last= (help); Missing pipe in: |first= (help)
  3. ^ a b c Walsh, John (1968). "Poe the detective: the curious circumstances behind The mystery of Marie Roget". Literary Criticism. Rutgers University Press: 2. The Oblong Box" (not a story of crime as Poe told it) is based in part on the murder of the printer Samuel Adams by John C. Colt— which succeeded the death of Mary Rogers as the leading sensational topic for the American press
  4. ^ (Schechter 2010, p. 36)
  5. ^ a b (Edwards 1914, pp. 165–166)
  6. ^ (Schechter 2010, p. 198)
  7. ^ (Schechter 2010, p. 55)
  8. ^ "John C. Colt". Dividend. 5. Graduate School of Business Administration, University of Michigan.: 27–29 1973.
  9. ^ Colt, John Caldwell (1838). The Italian science of double-entry book-keeping: simplified, arranged and methodized. N. G. Burgess & Co.
  10. ^ Colt, John Caldwell (1839). The science of double-entry book-keeping: simplified, arranged and methodized (2 ed.). N. G. Burgess & Co.
  11. ^ (Schechter 2010, p. 81)
  12. ^ Goldberg, Louis (1985). "John Caldwell Colt: A Notorious Accountant". The Accounting Historians Journal. 12 (1): 121–130. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ (Schechter 2010, p. 83)
  14. ^ Edwards, Charles (1867). Pleasantries about courts and lawyers of the state of New York. Richardson & company. p. 320. But the remainder as he had it , fifty-seven dollars and fifteen cents, should have been fifty-five dollars and eighty cents. This last sum I insisted upon being the amount I owed him for his last printing, which he denied. You will see, for the paltry sum of one dollar and thirty-five cents the quarrel ensued.
  15. ^ a b (Tucher 1994, p. 101)
  16. ^ (Lawson 1914, p. 460)
  17. ^ a b (Tucher 1994, pp. 99–100)
  18. ^ (Lawson 1914, p. 467)
  19. ^ (Schechter 2010, p. 126)
  20. ^ (Schechter 2010, p. 125)
  21. ^ a b (Lawson 1914, p. 455)
  22. ^ (Schechter 2010, p. 130)
  23. ^ (Dunphy 1867, p. 294)
  24. ^ a b (Tucher 1994, p. 105)
  25. ^ (Schechter 2010, p. 129)
  26. ^ a b (Tucher 1994, p. 104)
  27. ^ Tucker, Barbara M. (2008). Industrializing antebellum America: the rise of manufacturing entrepreneurs in the early republic. Macmillan. p. 30. ISBN 9781403984807. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ (Dunphy 1867, p. 228)
  29. ^ Houze, Herbert G. (2006). Samuel Colt: arms, art, and invention. Yale University Press. p. 66. ISBN 9780300111330. Given the lurid details of the murder, which included John Colt's involvement with an attractive and very pregnant woman, the press coverage was immense. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |Editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ (Schechter 2010, p. 239)
  31. ^ a b (Schechter 2010, p. 234)
  32. ^ a b c d (Tucher 1994, p. 102)
  33. ^ (Schechter 2010, p. 260)
  34. ^ a b (Lawson 1914, pp. 471–472)
  35. ^ (Tucher 1994, p. 246)
  36. ^ "Trial of John C. Colt for the Murder of Samuel Adams". New York: The Sun. January 31, 1842. p. 1.
  37. ^ "Colt Case". New York: New York Herald. p. 1. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |fate= ignored (help)
  38. ^ a b (Lawson 1914, p. 485)
  39. ^ (Schechter 2010, p. 205)
  40. ^ (Dunphy 1867, p. 279)
  41. ^ a b (Lawson 1914, pp. 507–508)
  42. ^ a b c (Schechter 2010, p. 248)
  43. ^ (Schechter 2010, p. 268)
  44. ^ a b (Schechter 2010, p. 271)
  45. ^ (Schechter 2010, p. 245)
  46. ^ a b (Edwards 1953, p. 180)
  47. ^ (Schechter 2010, p. 284)
  48. ^ (Dunphy 1867, p. 305)
  49. ^ (Lawson 1914, p. 511)
  50. ^ Bunyan, Patrick (1999). All Around the Town: Amazing Manhattan Facts and Curiosities. Fordham University Press. p. 92. ISBN 9780823219414.
  51. ^ Walling, George Washington (1887). Recollections Of A New York Chief Of Police. Caxton book concern, limited. p. 26. I have heard it declared over and over again, by those in a position to know, that Colt did not commit suicide; that the body found in his cell when the Tombs caught fire was only a corpse prepared for the purpose, and that he escaped in the confusion. The coroner, it is said was aware of the deception. Persons who knew Colt well are positive they have seen him since the time of his alleged suicide in both California and Texas.
  52. ^ Lewis, Alfred Henry (1913). "The Broadway-Chambers Street Murder". Pearson's Magazine. University of California: 50. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
  53. ^ (Schechter 2010, p. 326)
  54. ^ "A Crime of Forty Years Ago". New York Times. 1880. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
  55. ^ a b c (Edwards 1914, p. 181)
  56. ^ Melville, Herman (1853). Bartleby the Scrivener.
  57. ^ (Schechter 2010)
  58. ^ Carley, C.V. (1957). Clarence Gohdes (ed.). "A Source for Poe's Oblong Box". American literature: a journal of literary history, criticism and bibliography Modern Language Association of America. American Literature Group. Duke University Press: 310. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |Volume= ignored (|volume= suggested) (help)
  59. ^ Vierra, Clifford (1959). "Poe's 'Oblong Box': Factual Origins". Modern Language Notes. 74 (8): 693–695.
  60. ^ (Schechter 2010)

Template:Persondata

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_C._Colt&oldid=458316806"