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{{About|the country within the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]]}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2011}} |
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{{pp-move-indef}} |
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{{Infobox country |
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|native_name = {{native name|nl|Nederland|icon=no}}<!-- Do not change the name, the Netherlands is only part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (which has its own article). --> |
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|conventional_long_name = Netherlands<!-- Do not change the name, the Netherlands is only part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (which has its own article). --> |
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|common_name = the Netherlands |
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|image_flag = Flag of the Netherlands.svg |
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|image_coat = Coat of arms of the Netherlands - 02.svg |
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|image_map = EU-Netherlands.svg |
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|map_width = 250px |
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|map_caption = {{map caption|countryprefix=the|location_color=dark green|region=[[Europe]]|region_color=dark grey|subregion=the [[European Union]]|subregion_color=light green|legend=EU-Netherlands.svg}} |
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|image_map2 = BES islands location map.svg |
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|map2_width = 250px |
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|map_caption2 = <span style="font-size:11px;">Special municipalities of the '''Netherlands''' <span style="font-size:9px;">(green)</span><br />in the [[Caribbean Netherlands|Caribbean]]</span> |
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|national_motto = <span style="line-height:133%;">''Je maintiendrai''{{Spaces|2}}<small>([[French language|French]])</small><ref>{{cite web|title=Wat is het Koninklijk wapen of Rijkswapen? (Google translate)|url=http://translate.google.com/translate?js=n&prev=_t&hl=nl&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rijksoverheid.nl%2Fdocumenten-en-publicaties%2Fvragen-en-antwoorden%2Fwat-is-het-koninklijk-wapen-of-rijkswapen.html|work=Official Dutch government website|accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref><br />(''I will maintain''){{Ref|box1|1}}</span> |
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|national_anthem = The ''[[Wilhelmus]]'' |
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|official_languages = [[Dutch language|Dutch]] |
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|regional_languages = [[West Frisian language|Frisian]] (in [[Friesland]]), [[Papiamento]] (in [[Bonaire]]), [[English language|English]] (in [[Sint Eustatius]] and [[Saba]]){{Ref|box3|3}} |
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|ethnic_groups = 80.7% [[Dutch people|Dutch]],<br>5% [[EU]] varieties,<br>2.4% [[Indo people|Indonesians]],<br>2.2% [[Turks in the Netherlands|Turks]],<br>2% [[Surinamese people|Surinamese]],<br>2% [[Moroccan people|Moroccans]],<br>0.8% [[Dutch Caribbean|Caribbean]]<br>4.8% others<ref name="cia-worldfactbook-nl"/> |
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|ethnic_groups_year = 2008 |
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|demonym = Dutch |
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|capital = [[Amsterdam]]<!-- Do not replace Amsterdam as capital. The Hague is ''not'' the capital of the Netherlands. If you disagree, too bad, for a change here you need to change the Dutch constitution first-->{{Ref|box2|2}} |
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|largest_city = capital |
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|latd=52 |latm=19 |latNS=N |longd=05 |longm=33 |longEW=E |
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|government_type = [[Constitutional monarchy]], <br>[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]] |
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|leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of the Netherlands|Monarch]] |
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|leader_name1 = [[Beatrix of the Netherlands|Beatrix]] |
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|leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Prime Minister]] |
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|leader_name2 = [[Mark Rutte]] ([[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|VVD]]) |
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|leader_title3 = [[Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Deputy Prime Minister]] |
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|leader_name3 = [[Maxime Verhagen]] ([[Christian Democratic Appeal|CDA]]) |
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|leader_title4 = [[Dutch general election, 2010|Current coalition]] |
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|leader_name4 = [[Rutte cabinet|VVD-CDA Coalition]] |
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|legislature = [[States-General of the Netherlands|States-General]] |
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|upper_house = [[Senate of the Netherlands|Senate]] |
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|lower_house = [[House of Representatives of the Netherlands|House of Representatives]] |
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|area_rank = 135th |
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|area_magnitude = 1 E10 |
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|area_km2 = 41,543 |
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|area_sq_mi = 16,039 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |
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|percent_water = 18.41 |
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|population_estimate = 16,847,007<ref name="cia-worldfactbook-nl"/> |
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|population_estimate_year = {{CURRENTYEAR}} |
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|population_estimate_rank = 61st |
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|population_census = |
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|population_census_year = |
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|population_density_km2 = {{#expr:{{Data Netherlands|poptoday}} / 41526 round 1}} |
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|population_density_sq_mi = {{#expr:{{Data Netherlands|poptoday}} / 16033 round 1}} <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |
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|population_density_rank = 30th |
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|GDP_PPP_year = 2011 |
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|GDP_PPP = $694.574 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=138&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=40&pr.y=0 |title=Netherlands|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=6 May 2011}}</ref> |
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|GDP_PPP_rank = 21st |
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|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $41,691<ref name=imf2/> |
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|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 9th |
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|GDP_nominal = $832.160 billion<ref name=imf2/> |
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|GDP_nominal_rank = 16th |
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|GDP_nominal_year = 2011 |
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|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $49,950<ref name=imf2/> |
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|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 9th |
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|sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] |
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|sovereignty_note = As result of the [[Eighty Years' War]] from the [[Habsburg Empire]] |
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|established_event1 = Declared |
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|established_date1 = 26 July 1581 <!--Use Euro style per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |
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|established_event2 = Recognised |
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|established_date2 = 30 January 1648{{Ref|box4|4}} <!--Use Euro style per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |
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|accessionEUdate = 25 March 1957 <!--Use Euro style per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |
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|HDI_year = 2011 |
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|HDI = {{increase}} 0.910<ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Complete.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2011|year=2011|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=2 November 2011}}</ref> |
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|HDI_rank = 3rd |
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|HDI_category = <span style="color:#090;">very high</span> |
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|Gini=30.9 {{Update after|2011|04|reason=Regularly check CIA factbook or http://www.wider.unu.edu/research/Database/en_GB/wiid/}} |
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|Gini_year=2006 |
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|Gini_category=<span style="color:#fc0;">medium</span> |
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|currency = [[Euro]] ([[€]]): Netherlands{{Ref|box5|5}}, [[United States dollar]] ([[$]]): [[Caribbean Netherlands]]{{Ref|box6|6}} |
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|country_code = [[NLD]] |
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|time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] and [[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]] |
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|utc_offset = +1 and −4 |
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|time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] and [[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]]<br> |
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|utc_offset_DST = +2 and −4 |
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|drives_on = right |
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|cctld = [[.nl]]{{Ref|box7|7}} |
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|calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in the Netherlands|31]], [[+599]]{{Ref|box8|8}} |
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|footnote1 = {{note|box1}} The official motto is French; the literal translation to English is "I will maintain" (namely, the integrity and independence of the territory){{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} |
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|footnote2 = {{note|box2}} While [[Amsterdam]] is the constitutional capital, [[The Hague]] is the seat of the government. |
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|footnote3 = {{note|box3}} [[West Frisian language|Frisian]] ([[Friesland]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002219/tekst_bevat_Fries/geldigheidsdatum_25-10-2010|title=Wet gebruik Friese taal in het rechtsverkeer|publisher=wetten.nl|accessdate=25 October 2010|language=Dutch}}</ref> [[Papiamento]] ([[Bonaire]])<ref name=languages>{{cite web|url=http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0028063/tekst_bevat_taal%2Bin%2Bhet%2Bbestuurlijk%2Bverkeer/geldigheidsdatum_01-01-2011|title=Invoeringswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba|language=Dutch|publisher=wetten.nl|accessdate=1 January 2011}}</ref> and [[English language|English]] ([[Sint Eustatius]] and [[Saba]])<ref name=languages/> have a formal status in certain parts of the country. [[Yiddish]] and the [[Romani language]] are recognised as non-territorial languages.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} [[Dutch Low Saxon]] and [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]] are recognised as [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|regional languages]] by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. |
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|footnote4 = {{note|box4}} [[Peace of Westphalia]] |
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|footnote5 = {{note|box5}} Before 2002: [[Dutch guilder]]. |
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|footnote6 = {{note|box6}} The [[United States dollar]] is the sole legal tender within the [[Caribbean Netherlands]]. Before 2011: [[Netherlands Antillean guilder]]. |
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|footnote7 = {{note|box7}} The [[.eu]] domain is also used, as it is shared with other [[European Union]] member states. |
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|footnote8 = {{note|box8}} 599 was the country code designated for the now dissolved [[Netherlands Antilles]]. The Caribbean Netherlands still use 599-7 (Bonaire), 599-3 (Sint Eustatius) and 599-4 (Saba). |
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|}} |
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The '''Netherlands''' {{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Netherlands.ogg|ˈ|n|ɛ|ð|ər|l|ə|n|d|z}} ({{lang-nl|Nederland}} {{IPA-nl|ˈneːdə(r)lɑnt||}} or {{IPA-nl|ˈneɪ̯də(r)lɑnt||Nl-Nederland.ogg}}; {{lang-fry|Nederlân}}; {{lang-pap|Hulanda}}) is a [[constituent country]] of the <!--Do NOT make bold-->[[Kingdom of the Netherlands]], located mainly in [[North-West Europe]] and with several islands in the [[Caribbean Netherlands|Caribbean]]. [[Mainland Netherlands]] borders the [[North Sea]] to the north and west, [[Belgium]] to the south, and [[Germany]] to the east, and shares [[Maritime boundary|maritime border]]s ([[:File:North sea eez.PNG|image]]) with [[Belgium]], [[Germany]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. It is a [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[democracy]] organised as a [[unitary state]]. The [[Capital of the Netherlands|country capital]] is [[Amsterdam]] and the seat of government is [[The Hague]].<!-- Please don't change this --><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minbuza.nl/en/you-and-netherlands/about-the-netherlands/general-information/the-country-and-its-people.html|author=Dutch Ministry of Foreign affairs| title=About the Nederlands| accessdate=3 March 2011}}</ref> The ''Netherlands'' in its entirety is often referred to as [[Holland]], although [[North Holland|North]] and [[South Holland]] are actually only two of its [[Provinces of the Netherlands|twelve provinces]] (a case of ''[[pars pro toto]]''; see [[Netherlands (terminology)|terminology of "the Netherlands"]]). |
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The Netherlands is a geographically low-lying country, with about 25% of its area and 21% of its population located below sea level,<ref name=milrek>{{cite web |
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|title = Milieurekeningen 2008 |
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|publisher=[[Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek]] |
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|url = http://www.cbs.nl/NR/rdonlyres/D2CE63F9-D210-4006-B68B-98BE079EA9B6/0/2008c167pub.pdf |
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|accessdate = 4 February 2010}}</ref> and 50% of its land lying less than one metre [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eupedia.com/netherlands/trivia.shtml |title=Netherlands Guide – Interesting facts about the Netherlands |publisher=Eupedia |date=19 April 1994 |accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref> This distinct feature contributes to the country's name in many other European languages (e.g. German: ''Niederlande'', Croatian: ''Nizozemska'', French: ''Les Pays-Bas'', Italian: ''Paesi Bassi'' and Spanish: ''Países Bajos'', literally mean "(The) Low Countries"). |
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Significant land area has been gained through [[land reclamation]] and preserved through an elaborate system of [[polder]]s and [[dike (construction)|dikes]]. Much of the Netherlands is formed by the [[estuary]] of three important European rivers, which together with their [[distributary|distributaries]] form the [[Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta]]. Most of the country is very flat, with the exception of foothills in the far southeast and several low-hill ranges in the central parts. |
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The Netherlands was one of the first countries to have an [[Parliamentary system|elected parliament]]. Among other affiliations the country is a founding member of the [[European Union|EU]], [[NATO]], [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] and [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]. With [[Belgium]] and [[Luxembourg]] it forms the [[Benelux]] economic union. The country is host to the [[Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]] and five international courts: the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]], the [[International Court of Justice]], the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia]], the [[International Criminal Court]] and the [[Special Tribunal for Lebanon]]. The first four are situated in The Hague as is the EU's criminal intelligence agency [[Europol]] and judicial co-operation agency [[Eurojust]]. This has led to the city being dubbed "the world's legal capital".<ref>{{Cite book|last = van Krieken|first = Peter J.|coauthors = David McKay|title = The Hague: Legal Capital of the World|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year= 2005|isbn = 9067041858}}, specifically, ''"In the 1990s, during his term as United Nations Secretary-General, Boutros Boutros-Ghali started calling The Hague the world's legal capital."</ref> The Netherlands has a [[capitalism|capitalist]] market-based economy, ranking 13th of 157 countries according to the [[Index of Economic Freedom]].<ref>[http://www.heritage.org/Index/country.cfm?id=Netherlands Netherlands]{{dead link|date=February 2012}}, [[Index of Economic Freedom]]</ref> In May 2011, the Netherlands was ranked as the "happiest" country according to results published by the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.searchofficespace.com/sos-news/where-is-the-happiest-place-on-earth.html |title=Where is the happiest place on Earth? | The Search Office Space Blog | Searchofficespace |publisher=News.searchofficespace.com |date=2011-05-25 |accessdate=2011-10-28}}</ref> |
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==History== |
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===Habsburg Netherlands 1519–1581=== |
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{{Main|History of the Netherlands}} |
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[[File:Jan Steen - Adolf en Catharina Croeser aan de Oude Delft 1655.jpg|thumb|left|Daily life during the [[Dutch Golden Age]] captured in a painting by Jan Steen.]] |
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[[File:WilliamOfOrange1580.jpg|thumb|left|[[William I, Prince of Orange]] also called [[Willem de Zwijger]] (''William the Silent''), leader of the Netherlands during the [[Dutch Revolt]].]] |
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[[File:Andries Beeckman - The Castle of Batavia.jpg|thumb|left|Dutch Batavia built in what is now [[Jakarta]], painting by [[Andries Beeckman]] ca. 1656]] |
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[[File:Van Soest, Four Days Battle.jpg|thumb|left|''The [[Four Days' Battle]], 1 –4 June 1666'', during the [[Second Anglo–Dutch War]].]] |
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[[File:King Willem II.jpg|thumb|left|After [[William II of the Netherlands]] the monarchs had lost most of their political power]] |
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[[File:GezichtOpNieuwAmsterdam.jpg|thumb|left|[[New Amsterdam]] as it appeared in 1664, before it was exchanged with Great Britain for [[Suriname]]. Under British rule it became known as [[New York City|New York]].]] |
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{{Infobox country|image_map = Dutch Empire35.PNG |
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|map_caption = An anachronous map of the Dutch colonial Empire. Light green: territories administered by or originating from territories administered by the [[Dutch East India Company]]; dark green: the [[Dutch West India Company]]. |
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<!-- Do not add extra information to this infobox - it deliberately only contains the flag and map. --> |
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}} |
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Under [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], [[Holy Roman Emperor]] and King of [[Spanish Empire|Spain]], the Netherlands region was part of the [[Seventeen Provinces]], which also included most of present-day [[Belgium]], [[Luxembourg]], and some land in [[France]] and [[Germany]]. |
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The [[Eighty Years' War]] between the provinces and Spain began in 1568. In 1579, the northern half of the Seventeen Provinces formed the [[Union of Utrecht]], a treaty in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army.<ref>John Lothrop Motley, [http://books.google.com/books?id=8isNLCXfNycC&pg=PA411 ''The Rise of the Dutch Republic''] Vol. III (harper Bros.: New York, 1855) p. 411.</ref> The Union of Utrecht is seen as the foundation of the modern Netherlands. In 1581 the northern provinces adopted the [[Act of Abjuration]], the declaration of independence in which the provinces officially deposed [[Philip II of Spain]] as reigning monarch in the northern provinces.<ref>John Lothrop Motley, [http://books.google.com/books?id=8isNLCXfNycC&pg=PA411 ''The Rise of the Dutch Republic''] Vol. III (harper Bros.: New York, 1855) p. 508.</ref> |
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Queen [[Elizabeth I of England]] sympathised with the Dutch struggle against the Spanish, and in 1585 she concluded a treaty with the Dutch whereby she promised to send an English army to the Netherlands to aid the Dutch in their war with the Spanish.<ref>David Harris Willson, ''History of England'' (Holt,Rinehart & Winston: New York, 1972) p. 294.</ref> In December 1585, 7,600 soldiers were sent to the Netherlands from England under the command of [[Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester]]. However, the English army was of no real benefit to the Dutch rebellion.<ref>John Lothrop Motley, [http://books.google.com/books?id=8isNLCXfNycC&pg=PA411 ''The Rise of the Dutch Republic''] Vol. III (harper Bros.: New York, 1855).</ref> |
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Although Robert Dudley returned to the Netherlands in November 1586 with another army, the army still had little effect in the rebellion.<ref>Garrett Mattingly, ''The Armada'' (Houghton Mifflin: Boston, 1959) p. 48.</ref> Philip II, the son of Charles V, was not prepared to let them go easily, and war continued until 1648, when Spain under King [[Philip IV of Spain|Philip IV]] finally recognised the independence of the seven northwestern provinces in the [[Peace of Münster]]. Parts of the southern provinces became ''de facto'' colonies of the new republican-mercantile empire. |
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===Dutch Republic 1581–1795=== |
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{{Main|Dutch Republic}} |
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After independence, the provinces of [[Holland]], [[Zeeland]], [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]], [[Friesland]], [[Utrecht (province)|Utrecht]], [[Overijssel]], and [[Gelre]] formed a [[confederation]] known as the [[Republic of the Seven United Netherlands]]. All these provinces were autonomous and had their own government, the "States of the Province". The [[States-General of the Netherlands|States-General]], the confederal government, were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives from each of the seven provinces. The sparsely populated region of [[Drenthe]], mainly consisting of poor [[peat]]land, was part of the republic too, although Drenthe was not considered one of the provinces; it had its own States, but the [[landdrost]] of Drenthe was appointed by the States-General. Moreover, the Republic had come to occupy during the Eighty Years' War a number of so-called [[Generality Lands]] (''Generaliteitslanden'' in Dutch). These territories were governed directly by the States-General. They did not have a government of their own and did not have representatives in the States-General. Their population was mainly Roman Catholic, and these areas were used as a buffer zone between the Republic and the [[Southern Netherlands]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} |
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The [[Dutch Empire]] grew to become one of the major seafaring and economic powers of the 17th century. In the [[Dutch Golden Age]] ("Gouden Eeuw"), colonies and [[trading post]]s were established all over the world. Dutch settlement in [[North America]] began with the founding of [[New Amsterdam]], on the southern tip of [[Manhattan]] in 1614. In [[South Africa]], the Dutch settled the [[Cape Colony]] in 1652. By 1650, the Dutch owned 16,000 merchant ships.<ref>"[http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display_printable.cfm?HHID=682 The Middle Colonies: New York ]". Digital History.</ref> During the 17th century, the Dutch population increased from an estimated 1.5 million to almost 2 million.<ref>The preponderance of the Dutch population lived in two provinces, Holland and Zeeland. This area experienced a population explosion between 1500 and 1650, with a growth from 350,000 to 1,000,000 inhabitants. Thereafter the growth leveled off, so that the population of the whole country remained at the 2 million level throughout the 18th century; De Vries and Van der Woude, pp. 51–52</ref> |
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{{For|a comprehensive list of the territories that formed the Dutch Empire|Evolution of the Dutch Empire}} |
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{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}} |
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Many economic historians regard the Netherlands as the first thoroughly [[capitalism|capitalist]] country in the world. In early modern Europe it featured the wealthiest trading city ([[Amsterdam]]) and the first full-time [[Amsterdam Stock Exchange|stock exchange]]. The inventiveness of the traders led to [[insurance]] and retirement funds as well as phenomena such as the boom-bust cycle, the world's first asset-inflation bubble, the [[tulip mania]] of 1636–1637, and, according to Murray Sayle, the world's first [[bear raid]]er, [[Isaac le Maire]], who forced prices down by dumping stock and then buying it back at a discount.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n07/murray-sayle/japan-goes-dutch|title=Japan Goes Dutch|journal=London Review of Books|date=5 April 2001|author=Murray Sayle|volume=23|issue=7|pages=3–7}}</ref> The republic went into a state of general decline in the later 18th century, with economic competition from [[England]] and long standing rivalries between the two main factions in Dutch society, the ''Staatsgezinden'' (Republicans) and the ''Prinsgezinden'' (Royalists or Orangists) as main factors.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} |
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In the 17th century, [[plantation]] colonies were established by the Dutch and English along the many rivers in the fertile [[Guyana]] plains. The earliest documented colony in [[Suriname|Guiana]] was along the [[Suriname River]] and called Marshall's Creek. The area was named after an Englishman.<ref name="Marshall">{{Cite book|accessdate=4 May 2008 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=paQMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA253&lpg=PA253&dq=marshall's+creek+suriname+river|title=Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of ARTS, SCIENCES, and General LITERATURE, Volume XI |edition=Ninth Edition—Popular Reprint |quote=In 1614 the states of Holland granted to any Dutch citizen a four years' monopoly of any harbour or place of commerce which he might discover in that region (Guiana). The first settlement, however, in Suriname (in 1630) was made by an Englishman, whose name is still preserved by Marshall's Creek. |publisher=H.G. Allen |author1=Baynes, Thomas Spencer |year=1888}}</ref> Disputes arose between the Dutch and the English. In 1667, the Dutch decided to keep the nascent plantation colony of Suriname conquered from the English, resulting from the [[Treaty of Breda (1667)|Treaty of Breda]]. The English were left with New Amsterdam, a small trading post in North America, which is now known as [[New York City]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} |
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===French domination 1795–1814=== |
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{{Further|[[Batavian Republic]]|[[Kingdom of Holland]]}} |
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On 19 January 1795, one day after [[stadtholder]] [[William V of Orange]] fled to England, the ''Bataafse Republiek'' ([[Batavian Republic]]) was proclaimed, rendering the Netherlands a [[unitary state]]. From 1795 to 1806, the Batavian Republic designated the Netherlands as a [[republic]] modelled after the [[French First Republic|French Republic]]. |
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From 1806 to 1810, the ''Koninkrijk Holland'' ([[Kingdom of Holland]]) was set up by [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] as a puppet kingdom governed by his brother [[Louis Bonaparte]] in order to control the Netherlands more effectively. The name of the leading province, Holland, was used for the whole country. The Kingdom of Holland covered the area of the present day Netherlands, with the exception of Limburg and parts of Zeeland, which were French territory. In 1807, Prussian [[East Frisia]] and [[Jever]] were added to the kingdom. In 1809, however, after a [[Walcheren Campaign|failed British invasion]], Holland had to give over all territories south of the [[Rhine]] to France. |
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King Louis Bonaparte did not meet Napoleon's expectations – he tried to serve Dutch interests instead of his brother's, allowed trade with the British in spite of the [[Continental System]] and even tried to learn Dutch – and he was forced to abdicate on 1 July 1810. He was succeeded by his five-year-old son [[Napoleon Louis Bonaparte]]. Napoleon Louis reigned as Louis II for just ten days as Napoleon ignored his young nephew’s accession to the throne. The Emperor sent in an army to invade the country and dissolved the Kingdom of Holland. The Netherlands then became part of the [[First French Empire|French Empire]]. |
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The Netherlands remained part of the French Empire until the autumn of 1813, when Napoleon was defeated in the [[Battle of Leipzig]] and forced to withdraw his troops from the country. |
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===Kingdom of the Netherlands 1815–1940=== |
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{{Main|United Kingdom of the Netherlands|Kingdom of the Netherlands}} |
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[[William I of the Netherlands]], son of the last stadtholder [[William V, Prince of Orange|William V van Oranje]], returned to the Netherlands in 1813 and became Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands. On 16 March 1815, the Sovereign Prince became King of the Netherlands. |
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In 1815, the [[Congress of Vienna]] formed the [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]] by expanding the Netherlands with [[Belgium]] in order to create a strong country on the northern border of France. In addition, William became hereditary [[Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg|Grand Duke of Luxembourg]]. The Congress of Vienna gave Luxembourg to William as personal property in exchange for his German possessions, [[Nassau-Dillenburg]], [[Siegen]], [[Hadamar]], and [[Diez, Germany|Diez]]. |
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Belgium rebelled and gained independence in 1830, while the [[personal union]] between Luxembourg and the Netherlands was severed in 1890, when [[King William III of the Netherlands]] died with no surviving male heirs. [[Salic Law|Ascendancy laws]] prevented his daughter [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands|Queen Wilhelmina]] from becoming the next Grand Duchess. Therefore the throne of Luxembourg passed over from the [[House of Orange-Nassau]] to the [[House of Nassau-Weilburg]], a junior branch of the [[House of Nassau]]. |
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The largest Dutch settlement abroad was the [[Cape Colony]]. It was established by [[Jan van Riebeeck]] on behalf of the [[Dutch East India Company]] at [[Cape Town]] ({{lang-nl|Kaapstad}}) in 1652. The Prince of Orange acquiesced to [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] occupation and control of the Cape Colony in 1788. The Netherlands also possessed several other [[colony|colonies]], but Dutch settlement in these lands was limited. Most notable were the vast [[Dutch East Indies]] (now [[Indonesia]]) and [[Dutch Guiana]] (now [[Suriname]]). These 'colonies' were first administered by the Dutch East India Company and the [[Dutch West India Company]], both collective private enterprises. Three centuries later these companies got into financial trouble, and the territories in which they operated were taken over by the Dutch government (in 1815 and 1791 respectively). Only then did they become official colonies. |
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During its colonial period the Netherlands was heavily involved in the [[slave trade]]. The Dutch [[plantation|planters]] relied heavily on [[African slaves]] to cultivate the coffee, cocoa, sugar cane and cotton plantations along the rivers. Treatment of the slaves by their owners was notoriously bad, and many slaves escaped the plantations. Slavery was abolished by the Netherlands in Dutch Guiana in 1863, but the slaves were not fully released until 1873, after a mandatory 10 year transition period during which time they were required to work on the plantations for minimal pay and without state sanctioned torture. As soon as they became truly free, the slaves largely abandoned the plantations where they had suffered for several generations in favor of the city [[Paramaribo]]. Every year this is remembered during [[Keti Koti]], 1 July, Emancipation Day (end of slavery). |
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During the 19th century, the Netherlands was slow to industrialize compared to neighbouring countries, mainly because of the great complexity involved in modernizing the infrastructure, consisting largely of waterways, and the great reliance its industry had on windpower. |
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Although the Netherlands remained [[Neutrality (international relations)|neutral]] during [[World War I]], it was heavily involved in the war.<ref name="Abbenhuis%252C%2520Maartje%2520M%25202006">Abbenhuis, Maartje M. [http://books.google.com/books?id=5gMCfhUR6Y0C&printsec=frontcover The Art of Staying Neutral. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2006 ISBN 9053568182.</ref> German general [[Alfred von Schlieffen|Count Schlieffen]], who was Chief of the Imperial [[German General Staff]] had originally planned to invade the Netherlands while advancing into France in the original [[Schlieffen Plan]]. This was changed by Schlieffen's successor [[Helmuth von Moltke the Younger]] in order to maintain Dutch neutrality. Later during the war Dutch neutrality proved essential to German survival until the blockade by Great Britain in 1916, when the import of goods through the Netherlands was no longer possible. However, the Dutch were able to continue to remain neutral during the war using their diplomacy and their ability to trade.<ref name="Abbenhuis%252C%2520Maartje%2520M%25202006"/> |
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===Second World War 1940–1945=== |
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{{Main|History of the Netherlands (1939–1945)}} |
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[[File:Rotterdam.jpg|thumb|[[Rotterdam]] after German air raids in 1940.]] |
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The Netherlands intended to remain neutral during the [[Second World War]], although contingency plans involving the armies of Belgium, France and the United Kingdom were drawn up in case of German aggression. Despite this neutrality, [[Nazi Germany]] [[Battle of the Netherlands|invaded the Netherlands]] on 10 May 1940 as part of their campaign against the Allied forces. French forces in the south and British ships in the west came to help but turned around quickly, evacuating many civilians and several thousand German prisoners of war from the German elite airborne divisions. |
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The country was overrun in five days. Only after (but not because of) the [[bombing of Rotterdam]], the main element of the Dutch army surrendered on 14 May 1940, although a Dutch and French force held the western part of Zeeland for some time after the surrender. The Kingdom as such, continued the war from the colonial empire; the [[government in exile]] resided in [[London]]. |
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During the [[Military occupation|occupation]], over 100,000 Dutch [[Jew]]s<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20041207064440/http://www.kampwesterbork.nl/site1.2/English/KAMP/k08.html 93 trains]. kampwesterbork.nl</ref> were rounded up to be transported to Nazi German [[concentration camp]]s in [[Germany]], [[General Government|German-occupied Poland]] and German-occupied [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Czechoslovakia]]. By the time these camps were liberated, only 876 Dutch Jews survived. Dutch workers were conscripted for forced labour in German factories, civilians were killed in reprisal for attacks on German soldiers, and the countryside was plundered for food for German soldiers in the Netherlands and for shipment to Germany. Although there were thousands of Dutch who risked their lives by hiding Jews from the Germans, as recounted in ''[[The Hiding Place (book)|The Hiding Place]]'' by [[Corrie ten Boom]] and ''The Heart Has Reasons'' by [[Mark Klempner]],<ref>Klempner, Mark. The Heart Has Reasons: Holocaust Rescuers and Their Stories of Courage. Cleveland: The Pilgrim Press, 2006, pp. 15–17 ISBN 0-8298-1699-2.</ref> there were also Dutch who collaborated with the occupying force in hunting down hiding Jews.<ref>Klempner, Mark. The Heart Has Reasons: Holocaust Rescuers and Their Stories of Courage. Cleveland: The Pilgrim Press, 2006, p. 5 ISBN 0-8298-1699-2.</ref> Local fascists and anti-Bolsheviks joined the [[Waffen-SS]] in the [[4th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Brigade Netherlands]], fighting on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] as well as other units. Racial restrictions were relaxed to the extent that even Asians from Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) units were recruited.<ref>{{cite web|author=MOOXE from Close Combat Series |url=http://www.closecombatseries.net/CCS/modules.php?name=Forums&file=viewtopic&t=7686&highlight= |title=Indonesian SS Volunteers |publisher=Closecombatseries.net |date= |accessdate=2011-10-28}}</ref> |
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[[File:101st with members of dutch resistance.jpg|thumb|left| [[Dutch resistance]] members with troops of the [[101st Airborne Division (United States)|US 101st Airborne]] in Eindhoven during [[Operation Market Garden]] in September 1944.]] |
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On 8 December 1941, the Netherlands declared war on [[Japan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/411208c.html |title=THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS DECLARES WAR WITH JAPAN |publisher=ibiblio |accessdate=2 October 2009}}</ref> The government-in-exile then lost control of its major colonial stronghold, the [[Netherlands East Indies]] (Indonesia), to [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] forces in March 1942. "[[American-British-Dutch-Australian Command|American-British-Dutch-Australian]]" (ABDA) forces [[Netherlands East Indies campaign|fought hard in some instances]] but were overwhelmed. During the [[Japanese occupation of Indonesia]], the Japanese interned Dutch civilians and used Dutch and [[Indo people|Indos]] (Eurasians of Dutch and Indonesian descent) alike as [[forced labour]], both in the Netherlands East Indies and in neighbouring countries.<ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+id0029) Library of Congress, 1992, "Indonesia: World War II and the Struggle For Independence, 1942–50; The Japanese Occupation, 1942–45"] Access date: 9 February 2007.</ref> This included forcing women to work as "[[comfort women]]" (sex slaves) for Japanese personnel. |
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[[File:Liberation of Eindhoven 02.jpg|thumb|Liberation of [[Eindhoven]], September 1944.]] |
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The Dutch Red Cross reported the deaths in Japanese custody of 14,800 European civilians out of 80,000 interned and 12,500 of the 34,000 POW captured.<ref>M. Z. Aziz. ''Japan’s Colonialism and Indonesia.'' The Hague 1955.</ref> A later UN report stated that 4 million people died in Indonesia as a result of famine and forced labour (known as [[romusha]]) during the Japanese occupation.<ref>Cited in: Dower, John W. ''War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War'' (1986; Pantheon; ISBN 0-394-75172-8)</ref> Some military personnel escaped to [[Australia]] and other Allied countries from where they carried on the fight against Japan. The Japanese furthered the cause of independence for the colony, so that after [[VE day]] many young Dutchmen found themselves fighting a colonial war against the new republic of Indonesia. |
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Princess Juliana of the Netherlands, the only child of Queen Wilhelmina and heir to the throne, sought refuge in [[Ottawa]], [[Canada]], with her two daughters, Beatrix and Irene, during the war. During Princess Juliana’s stay in Canada, preparations were made for the birth of her third child. To ensure the Dutch citizenship of this royal baby, the Canadian Parliament passed a special law declaring Princess Juliana's suite at the Ottawa Civic Hospital “extraterritorial”. |
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<!-- Commented out: [[File:Signing of the Maastricht Treaty.jpg|thumb|upright|The Netherlands became a founding member of the [[European Union]] in 1993. (Signing of the [[Maastricht Treaty]])]] --> |
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On 19 January 1943, Princess Margriet was born. The day after Princess Margriet's birth, the Dutch flag was flown on the [[Peace Tower]]. This was the only time in history a foreign flag has waved above Canada’s Parliament Buildings. In 1944–45, the [[First Canadian Army]], which included Canadian, [[I Corps (United Kingdom)|British]] and [[1st Armoured Division (Poland)|Polish]] troops, was responsible for liberating much of the Netherlands from German occupation. The joyous "Canadian summer" that ensued after the liberation, forged deep and long-lasting bonds of friendship between the Netherlands and Canada<ref>[http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0004672 Liberation of Holland] from ''The Canadian Encyclopedia.''</ref> (See [[Canada–Netherlands relations]]). In 1949, [[Dutch annexation of German territory after World War II|Dutch troops occupied]] an area of {{convert|69|km²|0|abbr=on}} of the [[Allied-occupied Germany|British zone of occupied Germany]] and annexed it. At that time, these areas were inhabited by almost 10,000 people.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} |
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===Recent history 1945–present=== |
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[[File:Treaty of Rome.jpg|thumb| The Netherlands became a founding member of the [[European Economic Community|EEC]] in 1957 and the [[European Union]] in 1993.]] |
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After the war, the Dutch economy prospered by leaving behind an era of neutrality and gaining closer ties with neighbouring states. The Netherlands was one of the founding members of the [[Benelux]] ('''Be'''lgium, the '''Ne'''therlands and '''Lux'''embourg) grouping, was among the twelve founding members of the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organisation]] (NATO), and was among the six founding members of the [[European Coal and Steel Community]], which would later evolve, via the [[European Economic Community|EEC]] ([[Common Market]]), into the [[European Union]]. |
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The 1960s and 1970s were a time of great social and cultural change, such as rapid ''[[pillarization|ontzuiling]]'' (literally: depillarisation), a term that describes the decay of the old divisions along class and religious lines. Youths, and students in particular, rejected traditional mores and pushed for change in matters like [[women's rights]], [[Human sexuality|sexuality]], [[disarmament]] and [[environmental issues]]. |
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Today, the Netherlands is regarded as a [[liberalism|liberal]] country, considering [[drug policy of the Netherlands|its drugs policy]] and its legalisation of [[euthanasia]]. On 1 April 2001, the Netherlands became the first nation to allow [[Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands|same-sex marriage]]. |
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On 10 October 2010 the [[Netherlands Antilles]]—a former country of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] in the [[Caribbean]]—was [[Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles|dissolved]]. Referendums were held on each island of the Netherlands Antilles between June 2000 and April 2005 to determine their future status. As a result the islands of [[Bonaire]], [[Sint Eustatius]] and [[Saba]] (the BES islands) were to obtain closer ties with the Netherlands. This led to the incorporation of these three islands into the country of the Netherlands as ''[[special municipalities]]'' upon the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles. The special municipalities are collectively known as the [[Caribbean Netherlands]]. |
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==Geography== |
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[[File:Satellite image of the Netherlands in May 2000.jpg|thumb|Satellite overview of the Netherlands]] |
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{{Main|Geography of the Netherlands}} |
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The European area of the Netherlands lies between latitudes [[50th parallel north|50°]] and [[54th parallel north|54° N]], and longitudes [[3rd meridian east|3°]] and [[8th meridian east|8° E]]. |
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The country is divided into two main parts by three large rivers, the [[Rhine]] (''Rijn'') and its main distributaries, the [[Waal (river)|Waal]] and the [[Meuse River|Meuse]] (''Maas''). These rivers functioned as a natural barrier between earlier [[fief]]doms and hence created traditionally a cultural divide, as is evident in some phonetic traits that are recognizable north and south of these "Large Rivers" (''de Grote Rivieren''). |
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The southwestern part of the Netherlands is a [[river delta]] and two tributaries of the [[Scheldt]] (''Westerschelde and Oosterschelde''). Only one significant branch of the Rhine flows northeastward, the [[IJssel]] river, discharging into the [[IJsselmeer]], the former [[Zuiderzee]] ('southern sea'). This river also forms a linguistic divide: people to the east of this river speak [[Dutch Low Saxon]] dialects (except for the province of [[Friesland]], which has its own language).<ref name="international2000">Welschen, Ad: Course ''Dutch Society and Culture'', International School for Humanities and Social Studies ISHSS, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 2000–2005.</ref> |
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===Floods=== |
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{{Main|Flood control in the Netherlands|Floods in the Netherlands|Storm tides of the North Sea}} |
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Over the centuries, the Dutch coastline has changed considerably as a result of human intervention and natural disasters. Most notable in terms of land loss is the 1134 storm, which created the [[archipelago]] of [[Zeeland]] in the southwest. |
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On 14 December 1287, [[St. Lucia's flood]] affected the Netherlands and Germany killing more than 50,000 people in one of the most destructive floods in recorded history.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1485002/Zuiderzee-floods Zuiderzee floods (Netherlands history)]. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.</ref> The [[St. Elizabeth's flood (1421)|St. Elizabeth flood]] of 1421 and the mismanagement in its aftermath destroyed a newly reclaimed [[polder]], replacing it with the {{convert|72|km2|mi2|0|sing=on}} ''[[Biesbosch]]'' tidal floodplains in the south-centre. The [[North Sea flood of 1953|last major flood in the Netherlands]] took place in early February 1953, when a huge storm caused the collapse of several dikes in the southwest of the Netherlands. More than 1,800 people drowned in the ensuing inundations. The Dutch government subsequently decided on a large-scale program of public works (the "[[Deltawerken|Delta Works]]") to protect the country against future flooding. The project took more than thirty years to complete. |
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The disasters were partially increased in severity through human influence. People had drained relatively high lying swampland to use it as farmland. This drainage caused the fertile [[peat]] to compress and the ground level to drop, whereby they would lower the water level to compensate for the drop in ground level, causing the underlying peat to compress even more. Due to the flooding, farming was difficult, which encouraged foreign trade, the result of which was that the Dutch were involved in world affairs since the early 14th/15th century.<ref>Robert S. Duplessis. "Transitions to Capitalism in Early Modern Europe." (1997)</ref> The flooding problem remains unsolvable to this day. Also, up until the 19th century peat was mined, dried, and used for fuel, further adding to the problem. |
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To guard against floods, a series of defences against the water were contrived. In the first millennium AD, villages and farmhouses were built on man-made hills called ''terps''. Later, these terps were connected by dikes. In the 12th century, local government agencies called ''"[[Water board (The Netherlands)|waterschappen]]"'' (English "water bodies") or ''"[[Water board (The Netherlands)|hoogheemraadschappen]]"'' ("high home councils") started to appear, whose job it was to maintain the water level and to protect a region from floods. (These agencies exist to this day, performing the same function.) As the ground level dropped, the dikes by necessity grew and merged into an integrated system. By the 13th century, [[windmill]]s had come into use in order to pump water out of areas below sea level. The windmills were later used to drain lakes, creating the famous [[polders]]. |
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In 1932, the ''[[Afsluitdijk]]'' (English "Closure Dike") was completed, blocking the former ''[[Zuiderzee]]'' (Southern Sea) from the North Sea and thus creating the [[IJsselmeer]] ([[IJssel]] Lake). It became part of the larger [[Zuiderzee Works]] in which four polders totalling {{convert|2500|km2|mi2|0}} were reclaimed from the sea.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sdu.nl/staatscourant/gemeentes/gem533nh.htm|publisher=www.sdu.nl|title=Kerngegevens gemeente Wieringermeer|accessdate=21 January 2008 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080106163025/http://www.sdu.nl/staatscourant/gemeentes/gem533nh.htm |archivedate = 6 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sdu.nl/staatscourant/PROVINCIES/flevoland.htm|publisher=www.sdu.nl|title=Kerngegevens procincie Flevoland|accessdate=21 January 2008 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071226115958/http://www.sdu.nl/staatscourant/PROVINCIES/flevoland.htm |archivedate = 26 December 2007}}</ref> |
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Additionally, the Netherlands is one of the countries that may suffer most from [[climate change]]. Not only is the rising sea a problem, but also erratic weather patterns may cause the rivers to overflow.<ref>{{Cite news|last = Nickerson|first = Colin|title = Netherlands relinquishes some of itself to the waters|work=Boston Globe|date= 5 December 2005|url = http://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2005/12/05/holland_goes_beyond_holding_back_the_tide/|accessdate = 10 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last = Olsthoorn|first = A.A.|coauthors = Richard S.J. Tol|title = Floods, flood management and climate change in The Netherlands|journal=Institute for Environmental Studies|publisher=Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit|month= February|year= 2001|url = http://de.scientificcommons.org/16816958|accessdate = 10 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last = Tol|first = Richard S. J.|coauthors = Nicolien van der Grijp, Alexander A. Olsthoorn, Peter E. van der Werff|title = Adapting to Climate: A Case Study on Riverine Flood Risks in the Netherlands|journal=Risk Analysis|volume = 23|issue = 3|pages = 575–583|publisher=Blackwell-Synergy|year= 2003|url = http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1539-6924.00338|doi = 10.1111/1539-6924.00338|accessdate = 10 October 2007|pmid = 12836850}}</ref> |
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====Delta Works==== |
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{{Main|Delta Works}} |
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[[File:Deltawerken na.png|thumb|The [[Delta Works]] are located in the provinces of [[South Holland]] and [[Zeeland]].]] |
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After the [[North Sea Flood of 1953|1953 disaster]], the [[Delta Works]] were constructed, a comprehensive set of civil works throughout the Dutch coast. The project started in 1958 and was largely completed in 1997 with the completion of the [[Maeslantkering]]. A main goal of the Delta project was to reduce the risk of flooding in South Holland and Zeeland to once per 10,000 years (compared to1 per 4000 years for the rest of the country). This was achieved by raising {{convert|3000|km|mi|0|sp=us}} of outer sea-dykes and {{convert|10000|km|mi|0|sp=us}} of inner, canal, and river dikes, and by closing off the sea [[estuary|estuaries]] of the Zeeland province. New risk assessments occasionally show problems requiring additional Delta project dyke reinforcements. The Delta project is one of the largest construction efforts in human history{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} and is considered by the [[American Society of Civil Engineers]] as one of the [[American Society of Civil Engineers#World Wonders|seven wonders of the modern world]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} |
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===Climate=== |
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The predominant wind direction in the Netherlands is southwest, which causes a moderate [[Oceanic climate|maritime climate]], with cool summers and mild winters. This is especially the case with places within direct proximity of the Dutch coastline, which sometimes are over {{convert|10|C-change|0}} warmer (in winter) or cooler (in summer) than places in the (south)east of the country. |
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The following tables are based on mean measurements by the [[KNMI (institute)|KNMI]] weather station in [[De Bilt]] between 1981 and 2010: |
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{{Weather box |
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|location = De Bilt (1981–2010 averages), all KNMI locations (1901–2011 extremes). |
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|metric first = Yes |
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|single line = Yes |
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|Jan record high C = 17.2 |
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|Feb record high C = 20.4 |
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|Mar record high C = 25.6 |
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|Apr record high C = 32.2 |
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|May record high C = 35.6 |
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|Jun record high C = 38.4 |
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|Jul record high C = 37.1 |
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|Aug record high C = 38.6 |
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|Sep record high C = 35.2 |
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|Oct record high C = 30.1 |
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|Nov record high C = 21.1 |
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|Dec record high C = 17.8 |
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|year record high C = 38.6 |
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|Jan high C = 5.7 |
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|Feb high C = 6.5 |
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|Mar high C = 10.0 |
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|Apr high C = 14.0 |
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|May high C = 18.0 |
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|Jun high C = 20.4 |
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|Jul high C = 22.8 |
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|Aug high C = 22.7 |
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|Sep high C = 19.1 |
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|Oct high C = 14.7 |
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|Nov high C = 9.6 |
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|Dec high C = 6.2 |
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|year high C = 14.1 |
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|Jan mean C = 3.1 |
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|Feb mean C = 3.4 |
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|Mar mean C = 6.1 |
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|Apr mean C = 9.2 |
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|May mean C = 13.1 |
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|Jun mean C = 15.7 |
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|Jul mean C = 17.9 |
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|Aug mean C = 17.5 |
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|Sep mean C = 14.5 |
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|Oct mean C = 10.8 |
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|Nov mean C = 6.7 |
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|Dec mean C = 3.7 |
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|year mean C = 10.1 |
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|Jan low C = 0.3 |
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|Feb low C = 0.2 |
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|Mar low C = 2.3 |
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|Apr low C = 4.1 |
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|May low C = 7.8 |
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|Jun low C = 10.5 |
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|Jul low C = 12.8 |
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|Aug low C = 12.4 |
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|Sep low C = 9.9 |
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|Oct low C = 6.9 |
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|Nov low C = 3.7 |
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|Dec low C = 1.0 |
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|year low C = 6.0 |
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|Jan record low C = -27.4 |
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|Feb record low C = -26.8 |
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|Mar record low C = -20.7 |
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|Apr record low C = -9.4 |
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|May record low C = -5.4 |
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|Jun record low C = -1.2 |
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|Jul record low C = 0.7 |
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|Aug record low C = 1.3 |
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|Sep record low C = -3.7 |
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|Oct record low C = -8.5 |
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|Nov record low C = -14.4 |
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|Dec record low C = -22.3 |
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|year record low C = -27.4 |
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|Jan precipitation mm = 67 |
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|Feb precipitation mm = 48 |
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|Mar precipitation mm = 67 |
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|Apr precipitation mm = 42 |
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|May precipitation mm = 62 |
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|Jun precipitation mm = 66 |
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|Jul precipitation mm = 81 |
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|Aug precipitation mm = 73 |
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|Sep precipitation mm = 78 |
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|Oct precipitation mm = 83 |
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|Nov precipitation mm = 80 |
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|Dec precipitation mm = 71 |
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|year precipitation mm = 818 |
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|precipitation colour = green |
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|Jan sun = 52 |
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|Feb sun = 79 |
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|Mar sun = 122 |
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|Apr sun = 174 |
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|May sun = 207 |
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|Jun sun = 194 |
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|Jul sun = 206 |
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|Aug sun = 188 |
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|Sep sun = 138 |
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|Oct sun = 103 |
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|Nov sun = 63 |
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|Dec sun = 49 |
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|year sun = 1565 |
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|date=December 2011 |
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|source 1 = Knmi.nl<ref name="knmi">{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.knmi.nl/|title = Knmi.nl| accessdate = 25 December 2011 |
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|language = Dutch}}</ref> |
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}} |
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Ice days (maximum temperature below 0 °C) usually occur from December until February, with the occasional rare ice day prior to or after that period. Freezing days (minimum temperature below 0 °C) occur much more often, usually ranging from mid November to late March, but not rarely measured as early as mid October and as late as mid May. If one chooses the height of measurement to be 10 cm. above ground instead of 150 cm., one may even find such temperatures in the middle of the summer. |
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Warm days (maximum temperature above 20 °C) in De Bilt are usually measured in the time span of April until September, but in some parts of the country such temperatures can also occur in March and October (this is usually not in De Bilt, however). Summer days (maximum temperature above 25 °C) are usually measured in De Bilt from May until August, tropical days (maximum temperature above 30 °C) are rare and usually occur only from June until August. |
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Precipitation throughout the year is relatively equally shared by each month. Summer and autumn months tend to gather a little bit more precipitation than other months, mainly because of the intensity of the rainfall rather than the frequency of rain days (this is especially the case in summer, when lightning too is much more frequent than otherwise). |
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The number of sunshine hours is affected by the fact that due to the geographical latitude the length of the days varies between barely eight hours in December and nearly 17 hours in June. |
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===Environment=== |
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{{See|List of national parks of the Netherlands|List of extinct animals of the Netherlands}} |
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The Netherlands has 20 national parks and hundreds of other nature reserves. Most are owned by [[Staatsbosbeheer]] and [[Natuurmonumenten]] and include [[lakes]], [[heathland]], [[Woodland|woods]], [[dunes]] and other habitats. |
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[[Phytogeography|Phytogeographically]], the Netherlands is shared between the Atlantic European and Central European provinces of the [[Circumboreal Region]] within the [[Boreal Kingdom]]. According to the [[World Wide Fund for Nature]], the territory of the Netherlands belongs to the [[ecoregion]] of Atlantic mixed forests. |
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In 1871 the last old original natural woods (Beekbergerwoud) were cut down, and most woods today are planted monocultures of trees like [[Scots Pine]] and trees that are not native to the Netherlands.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} These woods were planted on [[heath (habitat)#Anthropogenic heaths|anthropogenic heaths]] and sand-drifts (overgrazed heaths) ([[Veluwe]]). |
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==Politics== |
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{{Main|Politics of the Netherlands}} |
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[[File:Koningin Beatrix in Vries.jpg|thumb|[[Beatrix of the Netherlands]].]] |
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[[File:Den Haag Binnenhof.jpg|thumb|The [[Binnenhof]], where the lower and upper houses of the States-General meet.]] |
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[[File:Mark Rutte-6.jpg|thumb|[[Mark Rutte]] of the [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|VVD]] has been the Prime Minister of the Netherlands since October 2010.]] |
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The Netherlands has been a [[constitutional monarchy]] since 1815 and a [[parliamentary system|parliamentary democracy]] since 1848. The Netherlands is described as a [[consociational state]]. Dutch [[politics]] and governance are characterised by an effort to achieve broad consensus on important issues, within both the political community and society as a whole. In 2010, ''[[The Economist]]'' ranked the Netherlands as the 10th [[Democracy Index|most democratic country in the world]]. |
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The [[Dutch monarchy|monarch]] is the [[head of state]], at present [[Queen Beatrix]]. Constitutionally, the position is equipped with limited powers. The monarch can exert some influence during the [[Cabinet of the Netherlands#Formation|formation of a new cabinet]], where they serve as neutral arbiter between the political parties. Additionally, the king (the title queen has no constitutional significance) has the right to be informed and consulted. Depending on the personality and qualities of the king and the ministers, the king might have ''influence'' beyond the ''power'' granted by the constitution. |
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In practice, the [[executive (government)|executive power]] is formed by the [[ministerraad]], the deliberative council of the [[cabinet of the Netherlands|Dutch cabinet]]. The cabinet consists usually of 13 to 16 ministers and a varying number of [[State Secretary (Netherlands)|state secretaries]]. One to three ministers are [[minister without portfolio|ministers without portfolio]]. The [[head of government]] is the [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]], who often is the leader of the largest party of the coalition. In fact, this has been continuously the case since 1973. The Prime Minister is a ''[[primus inter pares]]'', meaning he has no explicit powers beyond those of the other ministers. Currently, the Prime Minister is [[Mark Rutte]]. |
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The cabinet is [[ministerial responsibility|responsible]] to the [[bicameralism|bicameral]] [[parliament]], the [[States-General of the Netherlands|States-General]], which also has [[legislative|legislative powers]]. The 150 members of the [[House of Representatives of the Netherlands|House of Representatives]], the [[Lower House]], are elected in [[direct election]]s, which are held every four years or after the fall of the cabinet (by example: when one of the chambers carries a motion of no-confidence, the cabinet offers its resignation to the monarch). The [[States-Provincial]] are directly elected every four years as well. The members of the provincial assemblies elect the 75 members of the [[Senate of the Netherlands|Senate]], the [[upper house]], which has less legislative powers, as it can merely reject laws, not propose or amend them. |
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Both [[trade union]]s and [[employers organisation]]s are consulted beforehand in policymaking in the financial, economic and social areas. They meet regularly with government in the [[Social-Economic Council]]. This body advises government and its advice cannot be put aside easily. |
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The Netherlands has a long tradition of [[Toleration|social tolerance]]. In the 18th century, while the [[Dutch Reformed Church]] was the [[state religion]], [[Roman Catholicism in the Netherlands|Catholicism]], other forms of Protestantism, such as Baptists and Lutherans, and [[History of the Jews in the Netherlands|Judaism]] were tolerated. In the late 19th century this Dutch tradition of religious tolerance transformed into a system of [[pillarisation]], in which religious groups coexisted separately and only interacted at the level of government. This tradition of tolerance is linked to Dutch [[criminal justice system of the Netherlands|criminal justice]] policies on [[Drug policy of the Netherlands|recreational drugs]], [[Prostitution in the Netherlands|prostitution]], [[LGBT rights in the Netherlands|LGBT rights]], [[euthanasia]], and [[abortion in the Netherlands|abortion]], which are among the most liberal in the world. |
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===Political parties=== |
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{{Main|Political parties of the Netherlands}} |
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Due to the [[political parties of the Netherlands|multi-party system]], no single party has held a majority in parliament since the 19th century, and [[coalition government|coalition cabinets]] had to be formed. Since [[suffrage]] became universal in 1919, the Dutch political system has been dominated by three families of political parties: the strongest family were the [[Christian democracy|Christian democrats]], currently represented by the [[Christian Democratic Appeal]] (CDA), second were the [[social democracy|social democrats]], of which the [[Dutch Labour Party|Labour Party]] (PvdA), and third were the [[liberalism in the Netherlands|liberals]], of which the [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]] (VVD) is the main representative. |
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These parties cooperated in coalition cabinets in which the Christian democrats had always been a partner: so either a centre left coalition of the Christian democrats and social democrats was ruling or a centre right coalition of Christian democrats and liberals. In the 1970s, the party system became more volatile: the Christian democratic parties lost seats, while new parties became successful, such as the [[radicalism (historical)|radical]] democrat and [[progressivism|progressive]] [[liberalism|liberal]] [[D'66|D66]]. |
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In the [[Dutch general election, 1994|1994 election]], the CDA lost its dominant position. A "[[purple (government)|purple]]" cabinet was formed by VVD, D66, and PvdA. In the [[Dutch general election, 2002|2002 elections]], this cabinet lost its majority, due to an increased support for the CDA and the rise of the [[Lijst Pim Fortuyn|LPF]], a new political party around [[Pim Fortuyn]], who was assassinated a week before the elections. A short-lived [[First Balkenende cabinet|cabinet]] was formed by CDA, VVD, and LPF, which was led by CDA leader [[Jan Peter Balkenende]]. After the [[Dutch general election, 2003|2003 elections]] in which the LPF lost most of its seats, a [[Balkenende II|cabinet]] was formed by CDA, VVD, and D66. The cabinet initiated an ambitious program of reforming the [[welfare state]], the [[health care system]], and the [[immigration policy|immigration]] policies. |
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In June 2006, the cabinet fell after D66 voted in favour of a motion of no confidence against minister of immigration and integration [[Rita Verdonk]], who had instigated an investigation of the asylum procedure of VVD MP [[Ayaan Hirsi Ali]]. A [[Balkenende III|care taker cabinet]] was formed by CDA and VVD, and [[Dutch general election, 2006|the general elections]] were held on 22 November 2006. In these elections, the CDA remained the largest party and the [[Socialist Party (Netherlands)|SP]] made the largest gains. The [[2006-2007 Dutch cabinet formation|formation of a new cabinet]] took three months, resulting in a [[Netherlands cabinet Balkenende-4|coalition]] of CDA, PvdA, and [[ChristianUnion]]. |
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On 20 February 2010, the cabinet fell when the PvdA refused to prolong the involvement of the Dutch Army in [[Uruzgan]], Afghanistan.<ref>{{nl icon}} {{cite web|coauthors = Bart Dirks, Theo Koelé|title = Kabinet valt over Uruzgan-besluit|publisher=[[De Volkskrant]]|date = 20 February 2010|url = http://www.volkskrant.nl/binnenland/article1350355.ece/Kabinet_valt_over_Uruzgan-besluit|accessdate = 20 February 2010}}{{dead link|date=November 2010}}</ref> [[Snap election]]s were held on [[Dutch general election, 2010|9 June 2010]], with devastating results for the previously largest party, the CDA, which lost about half of its seats, resulting in 21 seats. The VVD became the largest party with 31 seats, closely followed by the PvdA with 30 seats. The big winner of the 2010 elections was [[Geert Wilders]] whose [[Party for Freedom|PVV]] more than doubled in number of seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20100610-netherlands-government-coalition-elections-party-for-freedom-anti-islam |title=Lengthy coalition talks loom after far-right gain in Dutch elections |publisher=France24 |accessdate=12 June 2010}}</ref> [[2010 Dutch cabinet formation|Negotiation talks for a new government]] have resulted in a VVD-led [[minority government]] in coalition with CDA as of 14 October 2010. This minority government is supported by PVV.<ref>{{de icon}}{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/0,1518,722177,00.html |title=Neue niederländische Regierung formiert sich |work=Der Spiegel |date=8 October 2010}}</ref> |
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===Administrative divisions=== |
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{{Main|Provinces of the Netherlands|Municipalities of the Netherlands|Water board (Netherlands)|Public body (Netherlands)|Caribbean Netherlands}} |
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[[File:Netherlands Map.svg|thumb|[[Provinces of the Netherlands|Provinces]] and [[special municipalities]] of the Netherlands.]] |
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The Netherlands is divided into twelve administrative regions, called [[province]]s, each under a [[Governor]], who is called ''Commissaris van de Koningin'' (Commissioner of the Queen), except for the province [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]] where the commissioner is called Gouverneur ([[Governor]]). All provinces are divided into [[Municipalities of the Netherlands|municipalities]] (''gemeenten''), 430 in total (13 March 2010). |
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The country is also subdivided in water districts, governed by a [[Water board (The Netherlands)|water board]] (''waterschap'' or ''hoogheemraadschap''), each having authority in matters concerning water management. As of 1 January 2005 there are 27. The creation of water boards actually pre-dates that of the nation itself, the first appearing in 1196. In fact, the Dutch water boards are one of the oldest democratic entities in the world still in existence. |
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The administrative structure on the 3 BES islands, also known as the [[Caribbean Netherlands]], is different. These islands have the status of ''openbare lichamen ([[Public body (Netherlands)|public bodies]])'' and are generally referred to as ''special municipalities''. They are not part of a province.<ref name=WOLBES>{{cite web|url=http://www.eerstekamer.nl/wetsvoorstel/31954_wet_openbare_lichamen|title=31.954, Wet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba|language=Dutch|publisher=Eerste kamer der Staten-Generaal|quote=De openbare lichamen vallen rechtstreeks onder het Rijk omdat zij geen deel uitmaken van een provincie.<br>"Through the establishment of the BES islands as public bodies, rather than communities, the BES islands' rules may deviate from the rules in the European part of the Netherlands. The Dutch legislation will be introduced gradually. The public bodies fall directly under the central government because they are not part of a province."|accessdate=15 October 2010}}</ref> |
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'''Provinces of the Netherlands''' |
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{| style="background:none;" cellspacing="2px" |
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| |
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{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left;" |
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|- |
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! style="width:40px;" class="unsortable"| [[Flag]] |
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! style="width:140px;"| [[Province]] |
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! style="width:115px;"| [[Capital (political)|Capital]] |
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! style="width:80px;"| Largest city |
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! style="width:60px;"| Area<ref name="ProvArea">{{cite web|url=http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?VW=T&DM=SLNL&PA=70072ned&D1=224&D2=5-16&D3=l&HD=081103-1603&HDR=T&STB=G1,G2|language=Dutch|publisher=[[Statistics Netherlands]]|year=2007|accessdate=13 October 2007|title=Regionale Kerncijfers Nederland}}</ref><br> (km²) |
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! style="width:90px;"| [[Population]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=03759NED&D1=0&D2=129-132&D3=0,5-16,101-902&D4=21-22&HDR=T,G2&STB=G1,G3&VW=T|language=Dutch|publisher=[[Statistics Netherlands]]|year=2010|accessdate=11 October 2010|title=Bevolking; geslacht, leeftijd, burgerlijke staat en regio, 1 januari}}</ref><br><small>1-1-2010</small> |
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! style="width:80px;"|Density<br />(per km²) |
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|- |
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| style="text-align:center"|[[File:Flag Drenthe.svg|27px]] || [[Drenthe]] || [[Assen]] ||<!-- Please DO ''not'' change the largest city of Drenthe to Emmen. What is intended here is the city proper; not the municipality. Assen city proper is larger than Emmen city proper although Emmen municipality is larger. --> [[Assen]] || style="text-align:right"|2,641|| style="text-align:right"|490,981|| style="text-align:right"|186 |
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|- |
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| style="text-align:center"|[[File:Flevolandflag.svg|27px]] || [[Flevoland]] || [[Lelystad]] || [[Almere]] || style="text-align:right"|1,417|| style="text-align:right"|387,881|| style="text-align:right"|274 |
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|- |
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| style="text-align:center"|[[File:Frisian flag.svg|27px]] || [[Friesland]] || [[Leeuwarden]] || [[Leeuwarden]] || style="text-align:right"|3,341|| style="text-align:right"|646,305|| style="text-align:right"|193 |
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|- |
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| style="text-align:center"|[[File:Gelderland-Flag.svg|27px]] || [[Gelderland]] || [[Arnhem]] || [[Nijmegen]] || style="text-align:right"|4,971|| style="text-align:right"|1,998,936|| style="text-align:right"|402 |
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|- |
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| style="text-align:center"|[[File:Flag Groningen.svg|27px]] || [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]] || [[Groningen (city)|Groningen]] || [[Groningen (city)|Groningen]] || style="text-align:right"|2,333|| style="text-align:right"|576,668|| style="text-align:right"|247 |
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|- |
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| style="text-align:center"|[[File:NL-LimburgVlag.svg|27px]] || [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]] || [[Maastricht]] || [[Maastricht]] || style="text-align:right"|2,150|| style="text-align:right"|1,122,701|| style="text-align:right"|522 |
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|- |
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| style="text-align:center"|[[File:North Brabant-Flag.svg|27px]] || [[North Brabant]]|| [['s-Hertogenbosch]]<!-- spelled this way for table-aesthetic reasons--> || [[Eindhoven]] || style="text-align:right"|4,916|| style="text-align:right"|2,444,158|| style="text-align:right"|497 |
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|- |
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| style="text-align:center"|[[File:Flag North-Holland, Netherlands.svg|27px]] || [[North Holland]] || [[Haarlem]] || [[Amsterdam]] || style="text-align:right"|2,671|| style="text-align:right"|2,669,084|| style="text-align:right"|999 |
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|- |
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| style="text-align:center"|[[File:Flag Overijssel.svg|27px]] || [[Overijssel]] || [[Zwolle]] || [[Enschede]] || style="text-align:right"|3,325|| style="text-align:right"|1,130,345|| style="text-align:right"|340 |
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|- |
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| style="text-align:center"|[[File:Utrecht (province)-Flag.svg|27px]] || [[Utrecht (province)|Utrecht]] || [[Utrecht (city)|Utrecht]] || [[Utrecht (city)|Utrecht]] || style="text-align:right"|1,385|| style="text-align:right"|1,220,910|| style="text-align:right"|882 |
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|- |
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| style="text-align:center"|[[File:Flag of Zeeland.svg|27px]] || [[Zeeland]] || [[Middelburg]] || [[Middelburg]] || style="text-align:right"|1,787|| style="text-align:right"|381,409|| style="text-align:right"|213 |
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|- |
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| style="text-align:center"|[[File:Flag Zuid-Holland.svg|27px]] || [[South Holland]] || [[The Hague]] || [[Rotterdam]] || style="text-align:right"|2,814|| style="text-align:right"|3,505,611|| style="text-align:right"|1,246 |
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|- class="sortbottom" |
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! colspan="4" style="text-align:right;"| Total |
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! style="text-align:right;"| 33,751 |
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! style="text-align:right;"| 16,574,989 |
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! style="text-align:right;"| 491 |
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|} |
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|} |
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'''Special municipalities of the Netherlands''' |
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{| style="background:none;" cellspacing="2px" |
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| |
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{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left;" |
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|- |
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! style="width:40px;" class="unsortable"| [[Flag]] |
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! style="width:140px;"| Name |
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! style="width:115px;"| [[Capital city|Capital]] |
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! style="width:80px;"| Largest city |
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! style="width:60px;"| [[Area]]<ref name="BESArea">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.an/area_climate/area_a1.asp|publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics (Netherlands Antilles)|year=2010|accessdate=201-12-13|title=Statistical Info: Area and Climate}}{{dead link|date=February 2012}}</ref><br> (km²) |
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! style="width:90px;"| [[Population]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=80539ned&D1=0-1,9-10&D2=a&D3=a&HDR=T&STB=G1,G2&CHARTTYPE=1&VW=T|publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics|year=2012|accessdate=2012-12-13|title=Bevolkingsontwikkeling Caribisch Nederland; geboorte, sterfte, migratie|language=Dutch}}</ref><br><small>31-12-2010</small> |
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! style="width:80px;"|Density<br />(per km²) |
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|- |
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| style="text-align:center"|{{Flagicon|Bonaire|size=27px}} || [[Bonaire]] || [[Kralendijk]] || [[Kralendijk]] || style="text-align:right"|294|| style="text-align:right"|15,666|| style="text-align:right"|53 |
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|- |
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| style="text-align:center"|{{Flagicon|Sint Eustatius|size=27px}} || [[Sint Eustatius]] || [[Oranjestad, Sint Eustatius|Oranjestad]] || [[Oranjestad, Sint Eustatius|Oranjestad]] || style="text-align:right"|21|| style="text-align:right"|3,543|| style="text-align:right"|169 |
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|- |
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| style="text-align:center"|{{Flagicon|Saba|size=27px}} || [[Saba]] || [[The Bottom]] || [[The Bottom]] || style="text-align:right"|13|| style="text-align:right"|1,824|| style="text-align:right"|140 |
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|- class="sortbottom" |
|||
! colspan="4" style="text-align:right;"| Total |
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! style="text-align:right;"| 328 |
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! style="text-align:right;"| 21,133 |
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! style="text-align:right;"| 64 |
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|} |
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|} |
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===Foreign relations=== |
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[[File:International Court of Justice.jpg|thumb|The [[Peace Palace]] (''Vredespaleis''), The Hague.]] |
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{{Main|Foreign relations of the Netherlands}} |
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Historically the [[foreign relations of the Netherlands|Dutch foreign policy]] was characterised by [[neutral state|neutrality]], since the Second World War the Netherlands became a member of a large number of international organisations, most prominently the [[United Nations|UN]], [[NATO]] and the [[European Union|EU]]. The Dutch economy is very open and relies on [[international trade]]. |
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The [[foreign policy]] of the Netherlands is based on four basic commitments: to the [[atlanticism|atlantic cooperation]], to [[European integration]], to [[international development]] and to [[international law]]. One of the more controversial international issues surrounding the Netherlands is its [[drug policy of the Netherlands|liberal policy towards soft drugs]]. |
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During and after its [[Dutch Golden Age|golden age]], the Dutch built up a commercial and colonial empire, which fell apart quickly after the Second World War; the historical ties inherited from its colonial past still influence the foreign relations of the Netherlands. |
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===Military=== |
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{{Main|Military of the Netherlands}} |
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The Netherlands has one of the oldest standing armies in Europe; it was first established as such by [[Maurice of Nassau]]. The Dutch army was used throughout the [[Dutch Empire]]. After the defeat of Napoleon, the Dutch army was transformed into a [[conscription]] army. The army was unsuccessfully deployed during the [[Belgian revolution]] in 1830. After 1830, it was deployed mainly in the Dutch colonies, as the Netherlands remained neutral in European wars (including WWI), until the [[Battle of the Netherlands|Netherlands was invaded in WWII]] and quickly defeated by the Wehrmacht in May 1940. |
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[[File:F805 Evertsen.jpg|thumb|[[HNLMS Evertsen (F805)|HNLMS ''Evertsen'']], a [[Royal Dutch Navy]] [[frigate]]]] |
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After WWII, the Netherlands dropped their neutrality, and the Dutch army became part of the NATO army strength in [[Cold War]] Europe; holding several bases in Germany. In 1996 conscription was suspended, and the Dutch army was once again transformed into a professional army. Since the 1990s the Dutch army has been involved in the [[Bosnian War]], the [[Kosovo War]], has been holding a province in [[Iraq]] after the defeat of [[Saddam Hussein]], and was engaged in [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan]]. |
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The military is composed of four branches, all of which carry the prefix ''Koninklijke'' (Royal): |
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* ''[[Koninklijke Landmacht]]'' (KL), the Royal <!-- Do not change any of these to Dutch, the official name of ALL branches of the Army is Royal Netherlands.... --> Netherlands Army |
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* ''[[Koninklijke Marine]]'' (KM), the Royal Netherlands Navy, including the Naval Air Service and Marine Corps |
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* ''[[Koninklijke Luchtmacht]]'' (KLu), the Royal Netherlands Air Force |
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* ''[[Koninklijke Marechaussee]]'' (KMar), the Royal Military Police, tasks include military police and border control |
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General [[Peter van Uhm]] is the current Commander of the Netherlands armed forces. |
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All military specialities except the [[Koninklijke Marine#Submarine service|submarine service]] and the [[Royal Netherlands Marine Corps]] (''Korps Mariniers'') are open to women. The Korps Commandotroepen, the Special Operations Force of the Netherlands Army, is open to women, but because of the extremely high physical demands for initial training, it is almost impossible for women to become a commando.<ref>[http://www.korpscommandotroepen.nl/index.php?l=nl&p=118 KCT. Official website of the Dutch Commando Foundation]</ref> The Dutch Ministry of Defence employs more than 70,000 personnel, including over 20,000 civilian and over 50,000 military personnel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/werken_bij_defensie |title=Ministerie van defensie – Werken bij Defensie |publisher=Mindef.nl |accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref> In April 2011 the government decided to decrease the amount of top officials and vehicles considerably, including all tanks, due to a cutback in governmental expenses. These cutbacks held in that the tanks are no longer used for training, but are only on standby. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defensie.nl/actueel/nieuws/2011/04/08/46180709/Defensie_hard_getroffen_door_bezuinigingen_video |title=Defensie hard getroffen door bezuinigingen |publisher=Ministry of Defence |accessdate=26 April 2011}}</ref> |
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==Economy== |
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{{Main|Economy of the Netherlands|List of Dutch companies}} |
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[[File:AEX performance.jpg|thumb|left|[[Amsterdam Stock Exchange]] performance]] |
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The Netherlands has a very strong economy and has been playing a special role in the European economy for many centuries. Since the 16th century, shipping, fishing, trade, and banking have been leading sectors of the Dutch economy. The Netherlands is one of the world's 10 leading exporting countries. Foodstuffs form the largest industrial sector. Other major industries include chemicals, metallurgy, machinery, electrical goods, and tourism. Examples include |
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[[Unilever]], [[Heineken International|Heineken]], financial services ([[ING Group|ING]]), chemicals ([[DSM (company)|DSM]]), [[petroleum]] refining ([[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]]), electronical machinery ([[Philips]], [[ASML Holding|ASML]]) and car navigation [[TomTom]]. |
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The Netherlands has the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|16th largest economy in the world]], and [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|ranks 7th in GDP (nominal) per capita]]. Between 1997 and 2000 annual economic growth ([[GDP]]) averaged nearly 4%, well above the European average. Growth slowed considerably from 2001 to 2005 with the global economic slowdown, but accelerated to 4.1% in the third quarter of 2007. [[Inflation]] is 1.3%, and [[unemployment]] is at 4.0% of the [[labour force]]. By [[Eurostat]] standards, unemployment in the Netherlands is at 4.1% (April 2010) – the lowest rate of all [[European Union]] member states.<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2008/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2008_MONTH_01/3-07012008-EN-BP.PDF |
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|title=Eurostat unemployment rates november 2007|accessdate=7 January 2008|format=PDF}}</ref> The Netherlands also has a relatively low [[Gini coefficient|GINI coefficient]] of 0.326. Despite ranking only 7th in GDP per capita, UNICEF ranked the Netherlands 1st in child well-being.<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.unicef.org/media/files/ChildPovertyReport.pdf |
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|title=Child Poverty Report Study by UNICEF 2007|format=PDF}}</ref> On the [[Index of Economic Freedom]] Netherlands is the 13th most [[free market]] [[capitalist]] economy out of 157 surveyed countries. |
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[[File:Euro banknotes.png|thumb|The Netherlands introduced the [[euro]] in 2002. It is one of 17 countries that make up the [[Eurozone]].]] |
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[[Amsterdam]] is the financial and business capital of the Netherlands.<ref name="ez">{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.ez.amsterdam.nl/page.php?menu=24&page=6 |
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|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20081205161807/http://www.ez.amsterdam.nl/page.php?menu=24&page=6 |
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|archivedate=2008-12-05 |
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|title=Amsterdam – Economische Zaken |
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|language=Dutch |
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|accessdate=22 May 2008 |
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}}</ref> The [[Amsterdam Stock Exchange]] (AEX), part of [[Euronext]], is the world's oldest stock exchange and is one of Europe's largest bourses. It is situated near [[Dam Square]] in the city's centre. As a founding member of the [[euro]], the Netherlands replaced (for accounting purposes) its former [[currency]], the "Gulden" ([[Dutch guilder|guilder]]), on 1 January 1999, along with 15 other adopters of the Euro. Actual [[euro coins]] and [[euro banknotes|banknotes]] followed on 1 January 2002. One euro was equivalent to 2.20371 Dutch guilders. |
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The Netherlands' location gives it prime access to markets in the UK and Germany, with the [[port of Rotterdam]] being the largest port in Europe. Other important parts of the economy are [[international trade]] (Dutch colonialism started with cooperative private enterprises such as the [[Dutch East India Company|VOC]]), [[banking]] and [[transport]]. The Netherlands successfully addressed the issue of public finances and stagnating job growth long before its European partners. Amsterdam is the 5th busiest tourist destination in Europe with more than 4.2 million international visitors.<ref name="42milvisitors">[http://www.ez.amsterdam.nl/page.php?page=9&menu=27 Amsterdam – Economische Zaken]{{Dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref> Since the enlargement of the EU large numbers of [[migrant worker]]s have arrived in the Netherlands from central and eastern Europe.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/02/10/uk-dutch-immigrants-idUKTRE8191ML20120210 |title= Dutch allow Wilders' anti-Pole website, EU critical | publisher= Reuters | date=10 February 2012 }}</ref> |
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The country continues to be one of the leading European nations for attracting foreign direct investment and is one of the five largest investors in the United States. The economy experienced a slowdown in 2005, but in 2006 recovered to the fastest pace in six years on the back of increased exports and strong investment. The pace of job growth reached 10-year highs in 2007. The Netherlands moved up from the 11th position in the [[Global Competitiveness Index]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollandtrade.com/holland-information/economic-development/?gclid=CIfivLDGvJ4CFUgA4wodRk1F1g |title=Economic development |publisher=www.hollandtrade.com |date=18 June 2008 |accessdate=27 January 2010}}{{dead link|date=November 2010}}</ref> to the 9th position in 2007. |
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One of the largest [[natural gas field]]s in the world is situated near [[Slochteren]]. Exploitation of this field resulted in a total revenue of €159 billion since the mid 1970s. With just over half of the reserves used up and an expected continued rise in oil prices, the revenues over the next few decades are expected to be at least that much.<ref>{{Cite episode|title = Aardgas als smeerolie|url = http://www.geschiedenis24.nl/andere-tijden/afleveringen/2005-2006/Aardgas-als-smeerolie.html|series = Andere Tijden|network = [[VPRO]]|airdate = 15 January 2006}}</ref> |
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===Agriculture === |
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A highly mechanised [[agriculture|agricultural]] sector employs 4% of the labour force but provides large surpluses for the food-processing industry and for exports. The Dutch rank third worldwide in value of agricultural exports, behind the [[United States]] and [[France]], with exports earning $55 billion annually. A significant portion of Dutch agricultural exports are derived from fresh-cut plants, flowers, and bulbs, with the Netherlands exporting two-thirds of the world's total. The Netherlands also exports a quarter of all world tomatoes, and trade of one-third of the world's exports of [[Capsicum|chilis]], tomatoes and cucumbers goes through the country. The Netherlands also exports one-fifteenth of the world's apples.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200501/146118432.pdf#search=%22netherlands%20main%20agriculture%20export%20flowers%22|title = Netherlands: Agricultural situation|accessdate = 20 June 2007|publisher=USDA Foreign Agriculture Service}}</ref> |
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===Transport=== |
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{{See also|Transport in the Netherlands|Rail transport in the Netherlands}} |
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[[Rotterdam]] has the largest [[port]] in [[Europe]], with the rivers Meuse and Rhine providing excellent access to the [[hinterland]] upstream reaching to [[Basel, Switzerland]], and into France. In 2006, Rotterdam was the world's seventh largest [[container port]] in terms of [[Twenty-foot equivalent units]] (TEU) handled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portofrotterdam.com/en/home/ |title=Port of Rotterdam |publisher=Port of Rotterdam |date=14 February 2007 |accessdate=29 April 2010 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080518054012/http://www.portofrotterdam.com/en/home/ |archivedate = 18 May 2008}}</ref> The port's main activities are [[petrochemical]] industries and general [[cargo]] handling and [[transshipment]]. The harbour functions as an important transit point for [[bulk material handling|bulk materials]] and between the European continent and overseas. From Rotterdam goods are transported by ship, river barge, train or road. In 2007, the ''[[Betuweroute]]'', a new fast freight [[railway]] from Rotterdam to [[Germany]], was completed. |
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==Demographics== |
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{{Main|Demographics of the Netherlands}} |
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[[File:Queensday 2011 Amsterdam 26.jpg|thumb|Dutch people in orange celebrating [[Koninginnedag|Queen's Day]] in Amsterdam.]] |
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The Netherlands has an estimated [[population]] of 16,735,100 (as of 5 November 2011).<ref name="cbs-counter">[http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/cijfers/extra/bevolkingsteller.htm CBS – Population counter – Extra]. [[Statistics Netherlands]]. Retrieved on 8 March 2009.</ref> It is the [[List of European countries by population|11th most populous country in Europe]] and the [[List of countries by population|61st most populous country]] in the world. Between 1900 and 1950, the country's population almost doubled from 5.1 to 10.0 million people. From 1950 to 2000, the population further increased from 10.0 to 15.9 million people, but the [[population growth]] decreased compared to the previous fifty years.<ref>[http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLEN&PA=37556ENG&D1=0-44,53-60&D2=1,11,21,31,41,51,61,71,81,91,101&LA=EN&VW=T CBS Statline – Population; history]. [[Statistics Netherlands]]. Retrieved on 8 March 2009.</ref> The estimated growth rate is currently 0.436% (as of 2008).<ref name="cia-worldfactbook-nl">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nl.html CIA – The World Factbook – Netherlands]. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. Retrieved on 8 March 2009.</ref> |
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The [[fertility rate]] in the Netherlands is 1.82 children per woman (as of 2011),<ref name="cia-worldfactbook-nl"/> which is high compared to many other European countries, but [[Sub-replacement fertility|below the 2.1-rate required for natural population replacement]]. [[Life expectancy]] is high in the Netherlands: 79 years for newborn girls and 78 for boys (2007). The country has a [[Human migration|migration]] rate of 2.55 migrants per 1,000 inhabitants. |
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The majority of the population of the Netherlands are ethnically [[Dutch people|Dutch]]. A 2005 estimate counted: 80.9% [[Dutch people|Dutch]], 2.4% [[Indonesia]]n, 2.4% [[German people|German]], 2.2% [[Turkish-Dutch|Turkish]], 2.0% [[Surinamese people|Surinamese]], 2.0% [[Morocco|Moroccan]], 0.8% [[Netherlands Antilles|Antillean]] and [[Aruba]]n, and 6.0% others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.nl/NR/rdonlyres/CCD504EA-9D41-40C2-AE28-BFB0A51C2045/0/2005k3b15p096art.pdf|title=Demografie van de allochtonen in Nederland|publisher=[[Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek]]|author=Garssen, Joop, Han Nicolaas and Arno Sprangers|year=2005|language=Dutch|format=PDF|accessdate=2011-07-02}}</ref> The [[Dutch people|Dutch]] are the tallest people in the world, with an average [[Human height|height]] of {{convert|1.81|m}} for adult males and {{convert|1.67|m}} for adult females. People in the south are on average about 2 cm shorter than those in the north.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?VW=T&DM=SLNL&PA=03799&D1=242,254,267-270&D2=0-17&HD=081103-1603&HDR=T.&STB=G1 |
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|publisher=Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek|title=Reported health and lifestyle|accessdate=28 August 2007}}</ref> |
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[[Dutch people]], or [[Dutch diaspora|descendants of Dutch people]], are also found in migrant communities worldwide, notably in Canada, Australia, South Africa and the United States. According to the 2006 US Census, more than 5 million Americans claim total or partial [[Dutch American|Dutch]] ancestry.<ref>{{cite web|author=American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_%2526amp%253B-_lang%253Den%2526amp%253B-_caller%253Dgeoselect%2526amp%253B-format%253D |title=Census 2006 ACS Ancestry estimates |publisher=Factfinder.census.gov |accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref> There are close to 3 million Dutch-descended [[Afrikaner]]s living in [[South Africa]].<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/south-africa/49.htm South Africa – Afrikaans Speakers]. ''Library of Congress.''</ref> In 1940, there were 290,000 Europeans and Eurasians in [[Dutch East Indies|Indonesia]],<ref>[http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1077&context=ies A Hidden Language – Dutch in Indonesia] (PDF). Institute of European Studies (University of California, Berkeley).</ref> but most have since left the country.<ref>[http://www.kitlv.nl/pdf_documents/asia-migrations.pdf Dutch colonialism, migration and cultural heritage] (PDF). Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asia and Caribbean Studies.</ref> According to [[Eurostat]], in 2010 there were 1.8 million foreign-born residents in the Netherlands, corresponding to 11.1% of the total population. Of these, 1.4 million (8.5%) were born outside the EU and 0.428 million (2.6%) were born in another EU Member State.<ref>Katya Vasileva [http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-11-034/EN/KS-SF-11-034-EN.PDF 6.5% of the EU population are foreigners and 9.4% are born abroad], Eurostat, Statistics in focus vol. 34/2011.</ref> |
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The Netherlands is the 30th [[List of countries by population density|most densely populated]] country in the world, with {{convert|395|PD/sqkm|sigfig=4}}—or {{convert|484|PD/sqkm|sigfig=4}} if only the land area is counted. It is the 8th most densely populated country in Europe with a [[Area and population of European countries|population density]] of 393/km<sup>2</sup>. The [[Randstad]] is the country's largest [[conurbation]] located in the west of the country and contains the four largest cities: Amsterdam in the province [[North Holland]], [[Rotterdam]] and [[The Hague]] in the province [[South Holland]], and [[Utrecht (city)|Utrecht]] in the province [[Utrecht (province)|Utrecht]]. The Randstad has a population of 7 million inhabitants and is the [[List of metropolitan areas in Europe by population|6th largest]] [[metropolitan area]] in Europe. |
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{{Largest cities of the Netherlands}} |
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{{-}} |
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===Language=== |
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{{Main|Languages of the Netherlands}} |
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[[File:Population of the Netherlands 1900-2000.png|thumb|[[Population]] of the Netherlands from 1900 to 2000]] |
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The official language is [[Dutch language|Dutch]], which is spoken by the vast majority of the inhabitants. Another official language is [[West Frisian language|Frisian]], which is spoken in the northern province of [[Friesland]], called ''Fryslân'' in that language. A dialect of Frisian and Dutch is spoken in most villages in the west of the province of [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2098.html |title=CIA World Factbook: Official languages per country |publisher=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=2011-04-23}}</ref> Frisian is co-official only in the province of Friesland, although with a few restrictions. Several dialects of [[Dutch Low Saxon|Low Saxon]] (''Nedersaksisch'' in Dutch) are spoken in much of the north and east, like the [[Twents]] in the [[Twente]] region,and Drents in the province Drenthe. They are recognised by the Netherlands as ''regional languages'' according to the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]], as well as the [[Meuse-Rhenish]] [[Franconian languages|Franconian]] varieties in the southeastern province of [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]], here called [[Limburgish]] language.<ref name="international2000"/> [[English language|English]] is an official language in the special municipalities of [[Saba]] and [[Sint Eustatius]]. It is widely spoken on these islands. [[Papiamento]] is an official language in the special municipality of [[Bonaire]]. The three islands are known as the [[BES islands]]. [[Yiddish]] and the [[Romani language]] were recognised in 1996 as non-territorial languages.<ref>"The Kingdom of the Netherlands further declares that the principles enumerated in Part II of the Charter will be applied to the Lower-Saxon languages used in the Netherlands, and, in accordance with Article 7, paragraph 5, to Yiddish and the Romanes languages." [http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=23/01/05&CL=ENG&VL=1 Netherlands: Declaration contained in the intrument of acceptance, deposited on 2 May 1996 – Or. Engl.], List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148 – [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]]</ref> |
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There is a tradition of learning foreign languages in the Netherlands: about 70% of the total population have good knowledge of conversational [[English language|English]], 55– 59% of [[German language|German]], and 19% of [[French language|French]]. The children start with English courses at primary schools when they are about nine years old. English is a mandatory course in all secondary schools.<ref name=xyz>{{cite web|title = Foreign languages in secondary education|work=Wat is het aanbod aan vreemde talen in de onderbouw van het voortgezet onderwijs (vo)?|publisher=Rijksoverheid|url = http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten-en-publicaties/vragen-en-antwoorden/wat-is-het-aanbod-aan-vreemde-talen-in-de-onderbouw-van-het-voortgezet-onderwijs-vo.html|accessdate = 3 May 2010}}{{Nl icon}}</ref> In most lower level secondary school educations (''[[voorbereidend middelbaar beroepsonderwijs|vmbo]]''), one additional modern foreign language is mandatory during the first two years. In higher level secondary schools(''[[hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs|havo]]'' and ''[[voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs|vwo]]''), two additional modern foreign languages are mandatory during the first three years. Only during the last three years in ''[[voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs|vwo]]'' one foreign language is mandatory. The standard modern languages are French and German, although schools can change one of these modern languages with [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Arabic]], or [[Russian language|Russian]].<ref>[http://www.examenblad.nl/9336000/1/j9vvhinitagymgn_m7mvh57glpdohx6_n11vg41h1h4i9qe/vhl5jftd1sx8 Roster of the Central Exams of 2009], Examenblad</ref> Additionally, schools in the Frisia region teach and have exams in [[West Frisian language|Frisian]], and schools across the country teach and have exams in classical Greek and Latin for vwo. |
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===Religion=== |
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{{Main|Religion in the Netherlands}} |
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[[File:DomTorenUtrechtNederland.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Dom Tower of Utrecht]].]] |
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The Netherlands is one of the most [[secular]] countries in Western Europe, with only 39% being religiously affiliated (31% for those aged under 35), and fewer than 20% visiting church regularly.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Godsdienstige veranderingen in Nederland|language=Dutch|author=Becker, Jos and Joep de Hart|isbn=9037702597|year=2006|publisher=Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau|oclc=84601762}}</ref> According to the most recent [[Eurobarometer]] poll 2005,<ref name=EUROBAROMETER>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf|title=Eurobarometer on Social Values, Science and technology 2005 – page 11|accessdate=5 May 2007|format=PDF}}</ref> 34% of the Dutch citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", whereas 37% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force", and 27% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force". |
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Currently, [[Roman Catholicism]] is the single largest religion of the Netherlands, forming the religious home of some 28% of the Dutch population in 2011.<ref name="CBS 2009">{{cite news |url=http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37944&D1=0-5,10&D2=29-40&VW=T |title= |
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Kerkelijke gezindte en kerkbezoek; vanaf 1849; 18 jaar of ouder |date=15 October 2010 }}</ref> The [[Protestant Church of the Netherlands]] follows with 16% of the population.<ref name="CBS 2009"/> It was formed in 2004 as a merger of the two major strands of [[Calvinism]]: the [[Dutch Reformed Church]] (which represented roughly 8.5% of the population), the [[Reformed Churches in the Netherlands]] (3.7% of the population), and a smaller [[Lutheran]] Church. Other Protestant churches, mostly orthodox Calvinist splits, represent 6% of the population. In 1947, 44.3% belonged to Protestant denominations, 38.7% belonged to the Roman Catholic Church, and 17.1% were unaffiliated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volkstellingen.nl/ |title=Volkstellingen 1795–1971 |publisher=Volkstellingen.nl |date= |accessdate=2011-04-23}}</ref> |
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In 2006, there were 850,000 [[Islam in the Netherlands|Muslims]] (5% of the total Dutch population).<ref name=CBS>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.nl/NR/rdonlyres/ACE89EBE-0785-4664-9973-A6A00A457A55/0/2007k3b15p48art.pdf|title=Towards a new estimation on the number of Muslims in the Netherlands|work=Central Bureau of Statistics, the Netherlands|year=2006|accessdate=5 July 2009|format=PDF}}</ref> The Netherlands has an estimated 250,000 [[Buddhism in the Netherlands|Buddhists]] or people who feel strongly attracted by this religion, largely ethnic Dutch people. There are approximately 200,000 [[Hinduism in the Netherlands|Hindus]], most of them are of [[Surinamese]] origin. [[Sikh]]s are another religious minority numbering around 12,000, mainly located in or around Amsterdam. There are five [[gurudwara]]s in the Netherlands. The [[Association of Religion Data Archives]] (relying on [[World Christian Encyclopedia]]) estimated some 6,400 Bahá'ís in 2005.<ref name="WCE-05">{{cite web| title = Most Baha'i Nations (2005)|work=The Association of Religion Data Archives|year = 2005| url =http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp|accessdate = 4 July 2009}}</ref> |
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Although the [[Holocaust]] deeply affected the [[History of the Jews in the Netherlands|Jewish]] community (killing about 75% of its 140,000 members at the time<ref>{{cite journal |author=JCH Blom |title=The Persecution of the Jews in the Netherlands: A Comparative Western European Perspective |doi=10.1177/026569148901900302 |journal=European History Quarterly |month=July |year=1989 |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=333–351}}</ref>), it has managed to rebuild a vibrant and lively Jewish life for its approximately 45,000 current members. Before [[World War II]], 10% of the Amsterdam population was [[Jewish Amsterdam|Jewish]].<ref>[http://www.jewishhistoryamsterdam.com/jewish-history-amsterdam.html Jewish Amsterdam]. Retrieved 20 July 2007.</ref> |
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Freedom of education has been guaranteed by the Dutch constitution since 1917, and schools run by religious groups (especially Catholic and Protestant) are funded by the government. All schools must meet strict quality criteria. |
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Three political parties in the Dutch parliament (CDA, ChristianUnion, and SGP) base their policy on Christian belief in varying degrees. Although the Netherlands is a secular state, in some [[Municipalities of the Netherlands|municipalities]] where the Christian parties have the majority, the council meetings are opened by prayer. |
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Municipalities in general also give civil servants a day off on Christian religious holidays, such as [[Easter]] and the [[Ascension of Jesus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beleven.org/feesten/lijsten/landen.php?land=Nederland |title=Feestdagen Nederland |publisher=Beleven.org |accessdate=27 January 2010}}</ref> |
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===Education=== |
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{{Main|Education in the Netherlands}} |
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Education in the Netherlands is compulsory between the ages of 4 and 16, and partially compulsory between the ages of 16 and 18. |
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All children in the Netherlands usually attend [[elementary school]] from (on average) ages 4 to 12. It comprises eight grades, the first of which is facultative. Based on an aptitude test, the 8th grade teacher's recommendation and the opinion of the pupil's parents or caretakers, a choice is made for one of the three main streams of [[secondary education]] (after completing a particular stream, a pupil may still continue in the penultimate year of the next stream): |
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* The [[voorbereidend middelbaar beroepsonderwijs|vmbo]] has 4 grades and is subdivided over several levels. Successfully completing the vmbo results in a low-level vocational degree that grants access to the mbo ("middle-level applied education"). With the mbo diploma, a student can apply for the hbo. |
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* The [[hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs|havo]] has 5 grades and allows for admission to the hbo ("higher professional education"), which are [[vocational university|universities of professional education]] (or applied sciences) that award professional bachelor degrees that gives access to the university system. |
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* The [[voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs|vwo]] (including [[Atheneum (school)|atheneum]] and [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]]) has 6 grades and prepares for studying at a research [[university]]. The university consists of a three year bachelor's degree, followed by a one, two or three year master's degree, and finally a four year [[doctoral degree]]. [[Research assistant|Doctoral candidates]] in the Netherlands are temporary employees of a university. |
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==Culture== |
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{{Main|Culture of the Netherlands}} |
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[[File:Hollande04.jpg|thumb|Symbols and icons of Dutch culture]] |
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The Netherlands has had many well-known painters. The 17th century, when the Dutch republic was prosperous, was the age of the "Dutch Masters", such as [[Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn|Rembrandt van Rijn]], [[Johannes Vermeer]], [[Jan Steen]], [[Jacob van Ruysdael]] and many others. Famous Dutch [[painters]] of the 19th and 20th century were [[Vincent van Gogh]] and [[Piet Mondrian|Piet Mondriaan]]. [[M. C. Escher]] is a well-known graphics artist. [[Willem de Kooning]] was born and trained in [[Rotterdam]], although he is considered to have reached acclaim as an American artist. The Netherlands is the country of philosophers [[Erasmus|Erasmus of Rotterdam]] and [[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]]. All of [[René Descartes|Descartes]]' major work was done in the Netherlands. The Dutch scientist [[Christiaan Huygens]] (1629–1695) discovered [[Saturn]]'s moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] and invented the [[pendulum clock]]. [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] was the first to observe and describe [[Microorganism|single-celled organisms]] with a [[microscope]]. |
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In the [[Dutch Golden Age]], [[literature]] flourished as well, with [[Joost van den Vondel]] and [[Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft|P.C. Hooft]] as the two most famous writers. In the 19th century, [[Multatuli]] wrote about the poor treatment of the natives in Dutch colonies. Important 20th century authors include [[Harry Mulisch]], [[Jan Wolkers]], [[Simon Vestdijk]], [[Hella S. Haasse]], [[Cees Nooteboom]], [[Gerard van het Reve|Gerard (van het) Reve]] and [[Willem Frederik Hermans]]. [[Anne Frank]]'s [[The Diary of a Young Girl|''Diary of a Young Girl'']] was published after she died in the Holocaust and translated from Dutch to all major languages. |
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Replicas of Dutch buildings can be found in [[Huis Ten Bosch (theme park)|Huis Ten Bosch]], [[Nagasaki]], [[Japan]]. A similar Holland Village is being built in [[Shenyang]], China. [[Windmill]]s, [[tulip]]s, [[Clog (shoe)|wooden shoes]], cheese, [[Delftware]] pottery, and [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] are among the items associated with the Netherlands by tourists. |
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===Sport=== |
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[[File:Perfumo y cruyff.jpg|thumb|[[Johan Cruyff]] with [[Roberto Perfumo]] at the 1974 World Cup]] |
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{{main|Sport in the Netherlands}} |
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Approximately 4.5 million of the 16 million people in the Netherlands are registered to one of the 35,000 sports clubs in the country. About two thirds of the population older than 15 years participates in sports weekly.<ref>[http://www.ned.univie.ac.at/non/landeskunde/nl/h11/index.htm {{nl}} Sport in Nederland]</ref> |
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In the Netherlands, [[Football in the Netherlands|football]], speed skating, [[korfball]], handball, swimming, rowing, cycling, field hockey, volleyball, equestrian sports, sailing, and tennis are popular sports. A lot of amateurs practice them, and the Netherlands is a strong competitor in international tournaments for these sports. In the Dutch Caribbean, baseball is a popular sport, with the islands frequently sending teams to the annual [[Little League World Series]]. |
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Organization of sports began at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Federations for sports were established (such as the speed skating federation in 1882), rules were unified and sports clubs came into existence. A Dutch National Olympic Committee was established in 1912. Thus far, the nation has won 246 medals at the [[Summer Olympic Games]] and another 86 medals at the [[Winter Olympic Games]]. |
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===Cuisine=== |
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{{main|Dutch Cuisine}} |
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{{clear}} |
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Traditional Dutch cuisine consists of working class meals. They're easy to make with only one pot or pan. Many traditional dishes are mashed dishes, for instance potatoes mashed with kale (''boerenkool''), sauerkraut (''zuurkool''), or endive (''andijvie''). These dishes are served with greasy, smoked sausage (''rookworst'') and gravy. Another traditional dish is split pea soup (''erwtensoep''). |
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As the Netherlands always had strong ties with (former) colonies Indonesia and Surinam, dishes from those countries have mixed with Dutch cuisine. You can find many Asian dishes on the menu in the Netherlands, for instance noodles ("bami") and rice ("nasi") dishes. |
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==See also== |
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{{satop|Geography|Eurasia|Europe|Western Europe|European Union|NATO|Netherlands}} |
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{{clear}} |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
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; Statistics |
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{{Refbegin}} |
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* [[Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek]] (2006). [http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?VW=T&DM=SLEN&PA=7068eng&D1=69-134&D2=(l-11)-l&HD=081103-1603&LA=EN Health statistics]. Retrieved 17 June 2006. |
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*{{Cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/countries/Netherlands/profile.cfm?folder=Profile%2DEconomic%20Structure |title=The Netherlands: Economic structure|work=The Economist |accessdate=20 June 2007}}{{dead link|date=February 2012}} |
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{{Refend}} |
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; Articles |
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{{Refbegin}} |
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*{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1043423.stm|title=Country profiles: The Netherlands|accessdate=20 June 2007|publisher=BBC|date=3 March 2010}} |
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*{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3204.htm|title=Background Note: The Netherlands|accessdate=20 June 2007|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}} |
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*{{Cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/countries/Netherlands/profile.cfm?folder=Profile%2DPolitical%20Forces |
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|title=The Netherlands: Political forces|work=The Economist |accessdate=20 June 2007}}{{dead link|date=February 2012}} |
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*{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/countries/Netherlands/profile.cfm?folder=History%20in%20brief |title=The Netherlands: History in brief|work=The Economist |accessdate=20 June 2007}}{{dead link|date=February 2012}} |
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{{Refend}} |
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; Books |
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{{Refbegin}} |
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* Paul Arblaster. ''A History of the Low Countries''. Palgrave Essential Histories Series New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 298 pp. ISBN 1-4039-4828-3. |
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* J. C. H. Blom and E. Lamberts, eds. ''History of the Low Countries'' (1998) |
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* Jonathan Israel. ''The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806'' (1995) |
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* J. A. Kossmann-Putto and E. H. Kossmann. ''The Low Countries: History of the Northern and Southern Netherlands'' (1987) |
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{{Refend}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Sister project links|Netherlands}} |
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{{osmrelation|47796}} |
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; Government |
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* [http://overheid.nl/english/ Overheid.nl] – official Dutch government portal |
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* [http://www.government.nl/ Government.nl] – official Dutch government web site |
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* [http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/cijfers/default.htm CBS] – Key figures from the Dutch bureau of statistics |
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*{{Statoids|id=unl|title=Provinces of Netherlands}} |
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; General information |
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*{{CIA World Factbook link|nl|Netherlands}} |
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*{{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Netherlands}} |
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{{Wikiatlas|Netherlands}} |
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; Travel |
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*{{Wikitravel}} |
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* [http://www.holland.com/ Holland.com] – English website of the Netherlands tourist office |
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[[mk:Холандија]] |
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[[ml:നെതർലന്റ്സ്]] |
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[[mt:Pajjiżi l-Baxxi]] |
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[[mi:Hōrana]] |
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[[mr:नेदरलँड्स]] |
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[[xmf:ჰოლანდია]] |
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[[arz:نيديرلاند]] |
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[[mzn:هولند]] |
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[[ms:Belanda]] |
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[[mdf:Недерлатт]] |
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[[mn:Нидерланд]] |
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[[my:နယ်သာလန်နိုင်ငံ]] |
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[[nah:Tlanitlālpan]] |
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[[na:Eben Eyong]] |
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[[nl:Nederland]] |
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[[nds-nl:Nederlaand]] |
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[[ne:नेदरल्याण्ड्स]] |
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[[ja:オランダ]] |
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[[nap:Ulanna]] |
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[[ce:Нидерланд]] |
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[[pih:Dem Nethiland]] |
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[[no:Nederland]] |
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[[nn:Nederland]] |
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[[nrm:Pays Bas]] |
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[[nov:Nederlande]] |
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[[oc:Païses Basses]] |
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[[mhr:Нидерланде]] |
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[[uz:Niderlandlar]] |
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[[pnb:نیدرلینڈز]] |
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[[pap:Hulanda]] |
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[[ps:هالنډ]] |
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[[koi:Недерланд]] |
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[[pcd:Bos-Péis]] |
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[[pms:Pais Bass]] |
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[[tpi:Ol Nitelan]] |
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[[nds:Nedderlannen (Europa)]] |
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[[pl:Holandia]] |
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[[pnt:Ολλανδία]] |
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[[pt:Países Baixos]] |
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[[kaa:Niderlandiya]] |
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[[crh:Felemenk]] |
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[[ksh:Niederlande]] |
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[[ro:Olanda]] |
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[[rmy:Olanda]] |
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[[rm:Pajais Bass]] |
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[[qu:Urasuyu]] |
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[[rue:Нідерланды]] |
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[[ru:Нидерланды]] |
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[[sah:Недерланд]] |
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[[se:Vuolleeatnamat]] |
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[[sa:नेदरलैंड्स]] |
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[[sc:Logos Bascios]] |
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[[sco:Netherlands]] |
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[[stq:Niederlounde]] |
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[[st:Hôlanê]] |
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[[sq:Holanda]] |
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[[scn:Paisi Vasci]] |
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[[si:නෙදර්ලන්තය]] |
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[[simple:Netherlands]] |
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[[ss:IDashi]] |
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[[sk:Holandsko]] |
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[[sl:Nizozemska]] |
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[[cu:Нидєрландꙑ]] |
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[[szl:Ńiderlandy]] |
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[[so:Holland]] |
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[[ckb:ھۆڵەندا]] |
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[[srn:Bakrakondre]] |
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[[sr:Холандија]] |
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[[sh:Holandija]] |
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[[su:Walanda]] |
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[[fi:Alankomaat]] |
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[[sv:Nederländerna]] |
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[[tl:Olanda]] |
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[[ta:நெதர்லாந்து]] |
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[[roa-tara:Pajèsere Vasce]] |
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[[tt:Нидерландлар]] |
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[[te:నెదర్లాండ్]] |
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[[tet:Olanda]] |
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[[th:ประเทศเนเธอร์แลนด์]] |
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[[tg:Нидерланд]] |
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[[to:Holani]] |
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[[tr:Hollanda]] |
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[[tk:Niderlandlar]] |
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[[udm:Нидерланд]] |
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[[bug:Belanda]] |
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[[uk:Нідерланди]] |
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[[ur:نیدرلینڈز]] |
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[[ug:گوللاندىيە]] |
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[[vec:Paéxi Basi]] |
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[[vep:Alamad]] |
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[[vi:Hà Lan]] |
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[[vo:Nedän]] |
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[[fiu-vro:Holland]] |
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[[wa:Bas Payis]] |
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[[zh-classical:尼德蘭]] |
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[[vls:Olland]] |
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[[war:Nederlandes]] |
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[[wo:Olaand]] |
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[[wuu:尼德兰]] |
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[[yi:האלאנד]] |
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[[yo:Nẹ́dálándì]] |
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[[zh-yue:荷蘭]] |
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[[diq:Hollanda]] |
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[[zea:Nederland]] |
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[[bat-smg:Nīderlandā]] |
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[[zh:荷兰]] |
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Revision as of 14:04, 13 February 2012
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