Geoffrey J. Morton

Geoffrey J Morton, Nyasaland, 1953

Geoffrey J. Morton, BEM (1907–1996) was a member of the Palestine Police who shot dead Avraham Stern, the leader of a militant Zionist group which staged an insurgency against British rule in Palestine during World War Two with the aim of creating a Jewish state.

Early life and career

Geoffrey Jackson Morton grew up in South London, following grammar school he began work in a dairy firm where his father was managing director, but after becoming a special constable during the General strike of 1926 he decided on a career in law enforcement. Despite lacking the military background which recruiters preferred Morton succeeded in joining the Palestine Police in 1930, but after passing through the army-style basic training he was assigned to a transport unit. Frustrated at the lack of opportunity for police work he left the force in 1932, rejoining six months later on hearing about changes made by Inspector General Roy Spicer.

Once Morton had passed his higher language examination in Arabic he received accelerated promotion under Spicer's patronage, reaching the (sergeant-major equivalent) rank of Head Constable at the beginning of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, only his steel helmet prevented a coping stone from smashing his skull during one riot in Hiafa. In 1936 he was awarded the British Empire Medal, he married in 1939. By April 1938 he was an Assistant Superintendent in charge of the Jenin Division. Jenin was the hotbed of rural Palestinian resistance to British rule, along with Nablus and Tulkam, and Bernard Montgomery praised Morton for his performance which included a particular talent for rooting out arms caches, sometimes by an imaginative use of ruses which belied his rather solemn demeanor. He was noted for his coolness under fire in several skirmishes although he downplayed this by saying that Arabs were bad shots.

The Stern Gang or Lehi

The leader of the right wing Zionists, Ze'ev Jabotinsky was ambivilant about reprisals on Arabs but in response to terrorist attacks on Jews the Irgun launched a wave of retaliatory actions, these reached a crescendo on Sunday, 14 November 1937. As the Arab revolt wound down Avraham Stern's faction diverged from the Irgun (which ceased operations during the war so as not to give any aid or comfort to Nazi Germany which it regarded as the greatest enemy of the Jewish people), and led his group Lehi on a campaign against Britain's rule. Stern lent heavily on examples from Jewish history such as the Zealots and Bar Kokhba, maintaining that heroism in the face of overwhelming odds would bring success. Opponents accused Stern of being overly influenced by integral nationalism and naive about the danger posed by Nazism, he regarded war between Western democracies and Nazi Germany as "a conflict between Gog and Magog". Lehi concentrated its armed struggle on the British, Stern claiming that they were the real "enemy" rather than Germany which was a "persecutor". Stern had very little support in the wider Jewish community for his violent campaign against the British Mandate for Palestine.

The investigation into the 11 April 1938 deaths of two British policemen killed by booby trap bombs planted on a train packed with Arabs found that one Avrham Stern was behind the bombing, it was the first time Morton had heard the name. Morton became head of CID in the Lyddal division covering Arab Jaffa and Jewish Tel Aviv, narrowly escaping death when his automatic pistol jammed during a gunfight with an Arab wanted for multiple murders, he managed to shoot dead his opponent. Although he uncovered several big Jewish arms caches during two years in Lydda division this had no effect on Stern's group. The austerely charismatic Stern, a poet and teacher who was referred to as "the light" by his followers, became ever more ruthless in his methods and mercilessly targeted Jewish members of the Palestine Police, regarding them as 'hirelings'. In November 1941 Ya'acov Soffioff, an off duty Jewish constable, was shot dead while walking with his wife and young daughter. The gunman was identified as Zelig Jaques, one of Stern's closest associates.

Yael Street bomb

When his military chief of staff was arrested Stern took personal charge of operations and ordered attacks on the CID officers who were arresting his men, namely Morton and his subordinate Tom Wilkin. To this end on January 20, 1942 a cunning multi-stage operation was mounted. Firstly, a small explosion created the impression that there had been an accidental explosion at a Lehi bomb factory, this lured members of the Palestine Police to a Tel Aviv apartment block where they were mistakenly identified by the watching Lehi operative as including the intended targets of Morton and Wilkin. Once the policeman were on the roof pre-placed explosives were electronically detonated from an overlooking vantage point. Deputy Superintendent Solomon Schiff, one of the most senior Jewish policemen (who Lehi had tried to kill in 1941) died instantly. Inspector Nathan Goldman died the day after. Inspector E. Turton, in his first day of a job in Tel Aviv and holder of the King's Police Medal for Gallantry for saving a trainload of Jewish people from a Arab mob, had his legs amputated before dying a week later. Schiff and Goldman were due to testify against Stern gang members who had murdered two Jewish bystanders while robbing a bank official. Stern's men had also placed a third IED under the walkway to the building's entrance which was intended to target the senior officers arriving on the scene after Morton and Wilkin were killed. When Morton and Wilkins arrived in the aftermath of the rooftop bomb they were recognized by the man delegated to trigger the second IED but, contravening an order to trigger the explosion no matter how many bystanders would die, the Lehi operative did not detonate the walkway IED because of Jewish people nearby.

Morton's subsequent behavior when making arrests

The bombing death of his colleagues demonstrated the Stern gang's thorough knowledge of police procedures, ingenuity in coming up with novel ploys and mastery of improvised explosive devices. The knowledge that CID men were the prime target of explosives expert zealots had a profound effect on Morton's subsequent behavior when arresting Lehi fighters. As a member of the Palestine police he had received pistol training which emphasized instinctive aiming and the danger of quick-reacting suspects; after the Yael Street bomb those who disregarded a warning to stay still during raids were not given the benefit of the doubt but instantly shot.

Dizengoff Street shooting

The authorities offered the large reward of £3000 for information leading to convictions and £1000 for the capture of Stern. One week after the bombing, on 27 January 1942, Morton learned from a Jewish informant that four young men were renting a third floor room at the rear of 30 Dizengoff Street. Morton chose speed and surprise over the delay that cumbersome reinforcements would involve and he raced to the apartment block with only five detectives, on arrival he posted three officers outside and led Wilkin and another CID man to the room. There were three men inside, relaxing after a day of exchanging information on how to make IEDs - Jaques, Abraham Amper (both leading lieutenants of Stern) and Svorai. The fourth man, Yoske, had gone to the lavatory. The noise of the door opening and a voice making a garbled inquiry about "Mr. Schiff" was taken to be Yoske returning; the three men were caught off guard when Morton threw open the door. Immediately on entering he saw Jaques in front of his wife, two other men were lying on beds; Morton shouted in Hebrew "Don't stand up". When the suspects did just that he opened fire killing Jaques and Amper, Svoai received flesh wounds, Yoske was shot in the buttocks by an detective outside, while attempting to escape through the lavatory window. The building is now marked by a plaque commemorating the deaths, and the last headquarters meeting of Stern (in which a plan to assassinate Oliver Lyttelton was finalized).

Lehi account of the shooting

According to Lehi, Morton burst in with his pistol leveled and yelled "Hands up!", as the surprised occupants got to their feet and complied he motioned with his free hand for Wilkin and two other CID men to stay back and shot Ammper in the stomach three times, Svorai in the shoulder and leg and Jaques twice in the stomach.

The Shooting of Avraham Stern

Within a couple of days a guard overheard one of the wounded suspects whispering instructions to his mother about consulting someone at the attic room, 8 Mizrach Street, this was the home of Tovah Savorai and in fact Stern's hiding place. Along with two other CID men Wilkin went to search the premises on 22 February 1942, to their triumph and apparent surprise Stern was found in a wardrobe. Wilkin dissuaded a detective who seemed to be on the point of killing Stern and sent for Morton. Morton's Account was that fearing there were explosives rigged to go off, he had the building evacuated. Morton always insisted that Stern was not shot because he 'attempted to escape' but because, having vowed to blow up himself and the police rather than be arrested, and without any hope of getting away, he had made a mad rush toward a open window which led to a flat roof. The similarities of the attic room to the location of the Yael Street bomb were forcefully apparent and, concluding that Stern was trying to reach the trigger of an explosive device, Morton shot him dead.

According to Lehi member Tovah Savorai, Stern was on a sofa with hands manacled behind his back and two guns leveled at him when Morton arrived. At this point everyone but Morton, Wilkin and another policeman were cleared from the room, she was put in a car and shortly thereafter heard shots. According to one rumour Morton had jerked Stern to his feet shoved him towards a window and shot him in the head and then again in the chest as he lay on the floor.

Morton sued four publishers of books which claimed he murdered Stern, including the English publisher of Menachem Begin's book The Revolt, and they settled (Begin wanted to go to Court).

Binyamin Gepner, a former Lehi member who in 1980 interviewed another policeman Stewart who had been present at Stern's death, said that Stewart had effectively admitted Stern was murdered but later refused to repeat it. The policeman whose gun was trained on Stern until Morton arrived, Bernard Stamp, said in a 1986 interview broadcast on Israel Radio, that Morton's account was "hogwash." According to Stamp, Morton pulled Stern from the couch on which he was sitting, "sort of pushed him, spun him around, and Morton shot him." Stamp has been cited saying Stern was killed while unarmed with no chance of escape.

Reprisals against Morton

Morton was given a couple of bodyguards but Stern's disciples made determined efforts to avenge their fallen leader and reportedly made at least two attempts with IEDs. The closest they came was on 1 May 1942 with a huge improvised explosive device containing sixty sticks of gelignite which was hidden in a roadside ditch. It was detonated as a car containing Morton, his wife (who worked in Jaffa as a teacher) and bodyguards passed an orange grove close to their home. Because the car had moved out to overtake a bicycle they were not caught by the full force of the blast and although their car was wrecked the occupants escaped with concussion. A few days later, improvised explosive devices were found in the official cemetery where they had been planted in anticipation of the attendance of dignitaries from the Mandate authority at Morton's interment, had the bomb attack on his car succeeded.

In August Morton was told he had been working too hard and was to be sent on extended leave for the good of his health. On his return nearly a year later he was promoted to deputy superintendent but kept away from active service - being given work on film censorship and similar non-jobs. In death Stern, once widely disdained in the Jewish community, had begun to take on the mantle of a martyr. This change in attitude coincided with the threat from the Nazis ending with their expulsion from North Africa; the British were no longer looked on as needed, moreover America was becoming ambivalent about Jewish terrorism. Morton was treated as an embarrassment to the authorities, especially as rumours about the circumstances in which Stern met his death were widely given credence. Less than a year after returning from Britain Morton had no regrets about leaving Palestine for good.

Reprisal against Tom Wilkin

By 1944 Wilkin had become an Assistant Superintendent and head of the CID's Jewish section, a considerable contrast to predecessor Ralph Cairns (killed by Irgun in 1939) Wilkin was a personable 'good' policeman. He eschewed physical coercion however his polite, pleasant manner allied to excellent Hebrew often lulled suspects into making damaging admissions during interviews, and Wilkin was seen as the mortal enemy of Lehi. Stern had ordered his assassination in 1941, however an irregular schedule made Wilkin particularly difficult to target. Stern's death shortly after being arrested by Wilkin gave added impetus to the order, (even though he was said to have stopped a detective who seemed about to shoot Stern immediately after finding him). In 1944 Wilkin was reported to be back in Tel Aviv and operatives combed the city for him, he was recognised at the King David Hotel, tracked back to a police barracks and carefully surveilled. After their watchers had established that Wilkin regularly walked to his office, Lehi struck and aged 35 Wilkin was shot dead on the morning of 29 September I944.

Later life

Morton worked in Trinidad (though even there he was warned that it was likely an further attempt would be made on his life) before ending his career in 1954 as deputy police commissioner of Nyasaland. He liked Africans and Africa and this was a happy period of service although, unlike some contemporaries, he viewed the Apartheid system of South Africa with considerable distaste. Returning to England he worked in personnel and security at an engineering firm, his memoir Just the Job: Some Experiences of a Colonial Policeman was published in 1957. Morton died at the age of 89, he was survived by his wife, son and a daughter.

In popular culture

In The Promised Land an upcoming film by Michael Winterbottom, Geoffrey J Morton is played by Matthew Macfadyen. Winterbottom has filmed interviews with surviving participants in the events.

References

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