Assiniboine: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Assinniboine2.jpg|thumb|200px|Assiniboine Family, Montana, 1890-1891.]] |
[[File:Assinniboine2.jpg|thumb|200px|Assiniboine Family, Montana, 1890-1891.]] |
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The '''Assiniboines''' or '''Assiniboins''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ə|ˈ|s|ɪ|n|ɨ|b|ɔɪ|n|z}}; [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]]: ''Asinaan'', "stone Sioux"; also in plural '''Assiniboine''' or '''Assiniboin'''), also known as the '''Hohe''' and known by the [[endonym]] '''[[Nakota]]''' (or '''Nakoda''' or '''Nakona'''), are a [[Siouan]] [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]/[[First Nations]] people originally from the Northern [[Great Plains]] of the [[United States]] and [[Canada]]. In modern times, they have been based in present-day [[Saskatchewan]]; they have also populated parts of [[Alberta]], southwestern [[Manitoba]], northern [[Montana]] and western [[North Dakota]]. They were well known throughout much of the late 18th and early 19th century. Images of Assiniboine people were painted by such 19th-century [[artists]] as [[Karl Bodmer]] and [[George Catlin]]. |
The '''Assiniboines''' or '''Assiniboins''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ə|ˈ|s|ɪ|n|ɨ|b|ɔɪ|n|z}}; [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]]: ''Asinaan'', "stone Sioux"; also in plural '''Assiniboine''' or '''Assiniboin'''), also known as the '''Hohe''' and known by the [[endonym]] '''[[Nakota]]''' (or '''Nakoda''' or '''Nakona'''),or "Mato Paha" (meaning "bear rectum") by the enemy Sioux, are a [[Siouan]] [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]/[[First Nations]] people originally from the Northern [[Great Plains]] of the [[United States]] and [[Canada]]. In modern times, they have been based in present-day [[Saskatchewan]]; they have also populated parts of [[Alberta]], southwestern [[Manitoba]], northern [[Montana]] and western [[North Dakota]]. They were well known throughout much of the late 18th and early 19th century. Images of Assiniboine people were painted by such 19th-century [[artists]] as [[Karl Bodmer]] and [[George Catlin]]. |
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==Links== |
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Revision as of 16:15, 27 April 2012
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The Assiniboines or Assiniboins (/[invalid input: 'icon']əˈsɪn[invalid input: 'ɨ']bɔɪnz/; Ojibwe: Asinaan, "stone Sioux"; also in plural Assiniboine or Assiniboin), also known as the Hohe and known by the endonym Nakota (or Nakoda or Nakona),or "Mato Paha" (meaning "bear rectum") by the enemy Sioux, are a Siouan Native American/First Nations people originally from the Northern Great Plains of the United States and Canada. In modern times, they have been based in present-day Saskatchewan; they have also populated parts of Alberta, southwestern Manitoba, northern Montana and western North Dakota. They were well known throughout much of the late 18th and early 19th century. Images of Assiniboine people were painted by such 19th-century artists as Karl Bodmer and George Catlin.
Links
The Assiniboine have many similarities to the Lakota Sioux in culture and language. They are considered to have separated from the central sub-group of the Sioux nation. Scholars believe that the Assiniboine broke away from Yanktonai Dakota[1] in the 16th century.
Language
They are more closely linked by language to the Stoney First Nations people of Alberta. The latter two tribes speak varieties of Nakóda, a distant, but not mutually intelligible, variant of the Sioux language.[2]
The Assiniboine were close allies and trading partners of the Cree, engaging in wars together against the Atsina (Gros Ventre). Together they later fought the Blackfoot. A Great Plains people, they generally went no further north than the North Saskatchewan River. They purchased a great deal of European trade goods from the Hudson's Bay Company through Cree middlemen.
Life style
The life style of this group was semi-nomadic. During the warmer months, they followed the herds of bison for hunting, preserving the meat for winter. They hunted using bow and arrows and horses. The successful tribe were excellent horsemen. They got their horses by trading with the Blackfeet and the Gros Ventre tribes. They did a considerable amount of trading with European traders. They worked with the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara tribes, a factor strongly attached to their life style.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition journals noted the tribe as the party was returning from Fort Clatsop down the Missouri River. The explorers had heard rumors that the Assiniboine were a ferocious group and hoped to avoid contact with them. They did not encounter them at all.
Names
The Europeans and Americans adopted names that other tribes used for the Assiniboine; they were late to learn what what they call themselves, or autonym. In Siouan, they traditionally called themselves the Hohe Nakota. With the widespread adoption of English, however, many use the English name. The English borrowed Assiniboine from the earlier French colonists, who had adapted it from what they heard by the Ojibwe. They called the people in Ojibwe asinii-bwaan (stone Sioux). The Cree called them asinîpwâta (asinîpwâta ᐊᓯᓃᐹᐧᑕ NA sg, asinîpwâtak ᐊᓯᓃᐹᐧᑕᐠ NA pl). In the same way, Assnipwan comes from the word asinîpwâta in the western Cree dialects, from asiniy ᐊᓯᓂᐩ NA - "rock, stone" - and pwâta ᐹᐧᑕ NA - "enemy, Sioux". Early French traders in the west were often familiar with Algonquian languages. They transliterated many Cree or Ojibwe exonyms for other western Canadian indigenous peoples during the early colonial era. At another remove, the English adopted terms from the French, usually trying to spell them with English phonetics.
Other tribes associated "stone" with the Assiniboine because they primarily cooked with heated stones. They dropped hot stones into water to heat it to boiling for cooking meat.
Groups
- Aegitina (‘Camp Moves to the Kill’)
- Bizebina (‘Gophers’)
- Cepahubi (‘Large Organs’)
- Canhdada (‘Moldy People’)
- Canhewincasta (‘Wooded-Mountain People’ or ‘Wood Mountain People’ - ‘People Who live around Wood Mountain’)
- Canknuhabi (‘Ones That Carry Their Wood’)
- Hudesabina (‘Red Bottom’ or ‘Red Root’, split off from the Wadopabina in 1844)
- Hebina (Ye Xa Yabine, ‘Rock Mountain People’, often called Strong Wood or Thickwood Assiniboine, later a core band of the Mountain Stoney-Nakoda)
- Huhumasmibi (‘Bone Cleaners’)
- Huhuganebabi (‘Bone Chippers’)
- Hen atonwaabina (‘Little Rock Mountain People’)
- Inyantonwanbina (‘Stone People’ or ‘Rock People’, later known as Nakoda (Stoney))
- Inninaonbi (‘Quiet People’)
- Insaombi (‘The Ones Who Stay Alone’, also known as Cypress Hills Assiniboine[3])
- Indogahwincasta (‘East People’)
- Minisose Swnkeebi (‘Missouri River Dog Band’)
- Minisatonwanbi (‘Red Water People’)
- Osnibi (‘People of the Cold’)
- Ptegabina (‘Swamp People’)
- Sunkcebi (‘Dog Band’)
- Sahiyaiyeskabi (‘Plains Cree-Speakers’, also known as Cree-Assiniboine / Young Dogs)
- Snugabi (‘Contrary People’)
- Sihabi (‘Foot People’)
- Tanidabi (‘Buffalo Hip’)
- Tokanbi (‘Strangers’)
- Tanzinapebina (‘Owners of Sharp Knives’)
- Unskaha (‘Roamers’)
- Wadopabina (‘Canoe Paddlers’)
- Wadopahnatonwan (‘Canoe Paddlerrs Who Live on the Prairie’)
- Wiciyabina (‘Ones That Go to the Dance’)
- Waziyamwincasta (‘People of the North’)
- Wasinazinyabi (‘Fat Smokers’)
- Wokpanbi (‘Meat Bag’)[4]
Present day
Today, a substantial number of Assiniboine people live jointly with other tribes, like the Plains Cree, Saulteaux, Sioux and Gros Ventre, in several reservations in Canada and the United States. In Manitoba, the Assiniboine currently survive only as individuals, with no separate reserves.
- Fort Peck Tribes (about 11,786 Hudesabina, Wadopabina, Wadopahnatonwan, Sahiyaiyeskabi, Inyantonwanbina and Fat Horse Band of the Assiniboine,[5] Sisseton, Wahpeton, Yanktonai and Hunkpapa of the Sioux live together on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation near Fort Peck in NE Montana north of the Missouri River, ca. 8,518 km², Tribal Headquarters are located in Poplar, largest community on the reservation is the city of Wolf Point)[6]
- Fort Belknap Indian Community (of about 5,426 registered Assiniboine and Gros Ventre the majority live on the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation - 505 of them off the reserve - in north central Montana, largest city is Fort Belknap Agency, ca. 2,626 km²)[7]
- Carry the Cattle Nakoda First Nation (the reserve Carry the Kettle Nakoda First Nation #76, including the adjacent reserves Assiniboine #76, Carry the Kettle #76-18,19,22, Treaty Four Reserve Grounds #77, includes ca. 350 km², in SE Saskatchewan, 80 km east of Regina and 18 km south of Sintaluta, of 2,387 registered Assiniboine only about 850 live on the reserve)[8]
- Mosquito, Grizzly Bear's Head, Lean Man First Nations (also known as Battleford Stoneys) (includes the following reserves: Mosquito #109, Cold Eagle, Grizzly Bear`s Head #110 & Lean Man #111, Mosquito Grizzly Bear`s Head Lean Man Tle #1, Tribal Headquarters and Administration are 27 km south of Battleford, ca. 127 km², in 2003 there were about 1,119 registered Assiniboine)[9]
- White Bear First Nation (reserves: White Bear #70 and Treaty Four Reserve Grounds #77 are located in SE corner of the Moose Mountain area of Saskatchewan, Tribal Headquarters are located 13 km north of Carlyle, ca. 172 km², about 1,990 Assiniboine, Saulteaux (Anishinabe), Cree and Dakota)[10]
- Oceam Man First Nation (reserves: Ocean Man #69, 69A-I, Treaty Four Reserve Grounds #77, Tribal Headquarters are located 19 km north of Stoughton, ca. 41 km², of 454 registered Assiniboine, Cree and Saulteaux (Anishinabe) only 170 are living on reserve grounds)[11]
- Pheasant Rump Nakota First Nation (reserve: Treaty Four Reserve Grounds #77, Tribal Headquarters are located in Kisby, about 333 Assiniboine, Salteaux (Anishinabe) and Cree)[12]
About 250 people are today speaking the Assiniboine language or A' M̆oqazh, most are over 40 years old. The majority of the Assiniboine today speaks only American English. The 2000 census showed 3,946 tribal members who lived in the United States.
Canada Steamship Lines named one of their new ships the CSL Assiniboine.[13]
Gallery
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A skin lodge of an Assiniboine chief -
Tomb platforms of Assiniboine in trees -
Assiniboine in Montana, 1890-1891.
See also
References
- ^ for a report on the long-established blunder of misnaming “Nakota” the Yanktonai people, see the article Nakota
- ^ Ullrich, Jan (2008). New Lakota Dictionary (Incorporating the Dakota Dialects of Yankton-Yanktonai and Santee-Sisseton). Lakota Language Consortium. pp. 2–6. ISBN 0-9761082-9-1.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help) - ^ POLITICAL STRUCTURE AND STATUS AMONG THE ASSINIBOINE INDIANS
- ^ James L. Long, William Standing: Land of Nakoda: The Story of the Assiniboine Indians, Riverbend Publishing 2004, ISBN 978-1-931832-35-9
- ^ History of the Fort Peck Reservation
- ^ Fort Peck Tribes
- ^ Fort Belknap Indian Community
- ^ Carry the Cattle First Nation
- ^ FIRST NATION CONNECTIVITY PROFILE - 2003
- ^ White Bear First Nation
- ^ Ocean Man First Nation
- ^ Pheasant Rump Nakota Nation
- ^ Great Lakes and Seaway Shipping (2005). "CSL Assiniboine". Retrieved 2007-05-02.
Further reading
- Denig, Edwin Thompson, and J. N. B. Hewitt. The Assiniboine. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8061-3235-3
- Fort Belknap Curriculum Development Project. Assiniboine Memories Legends of the Nakota People. Harlem, Mont: Fort Belknap Education Dept, 1983.
- How the Summer Season Came And Other Assiniboine Indian Stories. Helena, Mont: Montana Historical Society Press, with the Fort Peck and Fort Belknap Tribes, 2003. ISBN 0-917298-94-2
- Kennedy, Dan, and James R. Stevens. Recollections of an Assiniboine Chief. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1972. ISBN 0-7710-4510-7
- Nighttraveller, Will, and Gerald Desnomie. Assiniboine Legends, Saskatoon: Saskatchewan Indian Cultural College, 1973.
- Nighttraveller, Will, and Gerald Desnomie. Assiniboine Legends, Saskatoon: Saskatchewan Indian Cultural College, 1973.
- Schilz, Thomas F. 1984. "Brandy and Beaver Pelts Assiniboine-European Trading Patterns, 1695-1805". Saskatchewan History. 37, no. 3.
- Writers' Program (Mont.), James Larpenteur Long, and Michael Stephen Kennedy. The Assiniboines From the Accounts of the Old Ones Told to First Boy (James Larpenter Long), The Civilization of the American Indian series. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961.