Heat index: Difference between revisions
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==Meteorological considerations== |
==Meteorological considerations== |
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Outdoors in open conditions, as the relative humidity increases, first haze and ultimately a thicker cloud cover develops, reducing the amount of direct sunlight reaching the surface. Thus, there is an inverse relationship between maximum potential temperature and maximum potential relative humidity. Because of this factor, it was once believed that the highest heat index reading actually attainable anywhere on Earth is approximately {{convert|71|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. However, in [[Dhahran]], [[Saudi Arabia]] on July 8, 2003, the [[dewpoint]] was {{convert|35|°C|°F|abbr=on}} while the temperature was {{convert|42|°C|°F|abbr=on}}, resulting in a heat index of {{convert|78|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. |
Outdoors in open conditions, as the relative humidity increases, first haze and ultimately a thicker cloud cover develops, reducing the amount of direct sunlight reaching the surface. Thus, there is an inverse relationship between maximum potential temperature and maximum potential relative humidity. Because of this factor, it was once believed that the highest heat index reading actually attainable anywhere on Earth is approximately {{convert|71|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. However, in [[Dhahran]], [[Saudi Arabia]] on July 8, 2003, the [[dewpoint]] was {{convert|35|°C|°F|abbr=on}} while the temperature was {{convert|42|°C|°F|abbr=on}}, resulting in a heat index of {{convert|78|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. This is comparable to the temperatures that are recommended to kill bacteria in many meat products, and it is common in a [[sauna]]. High heat-index values also indicate that intense thunderstorms are approaching, depending on the intensity of the cold front, causing more violent storms.<ref> |
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{{cite book |
{{cite book |
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| last = Burt | first = Christopher C. |
| last = Burt | first = Christopher C. |
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Revision as of 20:06, 8 July 2012
The heat index (HI) or humiture is an index that combines air temperature and relative humidity in an attempt to determine the human-perceived equivalent temperature — how hot it feels. The result is also known as the "felt air temperature" or "apparent temperature". For example, when the temperature is Template:J Template:J with very high humidity, the heat index can be about Template:J
The human body normally cools itself by perspiration, or sweating, which evaporates and carries heat away from the body. However, when the relative humidity is high, the evaporation rate is reduced, so heat is removed from the body at a lower rate, causing it to retain more heat than it would in dry air. Measurements have been taken based on subjective descriptions of how hot subjects feel for a given temperature and humidity, allowing an index to be made which relates one temperature and humidity combination to another at a higher temperature in drier air.
History
The heat index was developed in 1978 by George Winterling as the "humiture" and was adopted by the USA's National Weather Service a year later.[1] It is derived from work carried out by Robert G. Steadman.[2][3] Like the wind chill index, the heat index contains assumptions about the human body mass and height, clothing, amount of physical activity, thickness of blood, sunlight and ultraviolet radiation exposure, and the wind speed. Significant deviations from these will result in heat index values which do not accurately reflect the perceived temperature.[4]
In Canada, the similar humidex is used in place of the heat index. While both the humidex and the heat index are calculated using dew point,the humidex uses a dew point of 45F as a base,whereas the heat index uses a dew point base of 57F. Further, the heat index uses heat balance equations which are more scientific, accounting for many variables other than vapor pressure, which is used exclusively in the humidex calculation. A joint committee formed by the United States and Canada to resolve differences has unfortunately been disbanded.
The heat index is defined so as to equal the actual air temperature when the partial pressure of water vapor is equal to a baseline value of 1.6 kPa. At standard atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa), this baseline corresponds to a dew point of Template:J Template:J and a mixing ratio of 0.01 (10 g of water vapor per kilogram of dry air).[2] This corresponds to an air temperature of Template:J Template:J and relative humidity of 50% in the sea-level psychrometric chart.
At high temperatures, the level of relative humidity needed to make the heat index higher, than the actual temperature, is lower than at cooler temperatures. For example, at approximately Template:J Template:J, the heat index will agree with the actual temperature if the relative humidity is 45%, but at about Template:J any relative-humidity reading above 17% will make the heat index higher than Template:J.
The formula described is considered valid only if the actual temperature is above Template:J Template:J, dew point temperatures greater than Template:J and relative humidities higher than 40%.[5] The heat index and humidex figures are based on temperature measurements taken in the shade and not the sun, so extra care must be taken while in the sun. The heat index also does not factor in the effects of wind, which lowers the apparent temperature.
Sometimes the heat index and the wind chill are denoted collectively by the single term "apparent temperature" or "relative outdoor temperature".
Meteorological considerations
Outdoors in open conditions, as the relative humidity increases, first haze and ultimately a thicker cloud cover develops, reducing the amount of direct sunlight reaching the surface. Thus, there is an inverse relationship between maximum potential temperature and maximum potential relative humidity. Because of this factor, it was once believed that the highest heat index reading actually attainable anywhere on Earth is approximately 71 °C (160 °F). However, in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia on July 8, 2003, the dewpoint was 35 °C (95 °F) while the temperature was 42 °C (108 °F), resulting in a heat index of 78 °C (172 °F). This is comparable to the temperatures that are recommended to kill bacteria in many meat products, and it is common in a sauna. High heat-index values also indicate that intense thunderstorms are approaching, depending on the intensity of the cold front, causing more violent storms.[6]
Table of Fahrenheit heat index values
This table is from the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Temperature Relative humidity
|
80 °F (27 °C) | 82 °F (28 °C) | 84 °F (29 °C) | 86 °F (30 °C) | 88 °F (31 °C) | 90 °F (32 °C) | 92 °F (33 °C) | 94 °F (34 °C) | 96 °F (36 °C) | 98 °F (37 °C) | 100 °F (38 °C) | 102 °F (39 °C) | 104 °F (40 °C) | 106 °F (41 °C) | 108 °F (42 °C) | 110 °F (43 °C) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 40% | 80 °F (27 °C) | 81 °F (27 °C) | 83 °F (28 °C) | 85 °F (29 °C) | 88 °F (31 °C) | 91 °F (33 °C) | 94 °F (34 °C) | 97 °F (36 °C) | 101 °F (38 °C) | 105 °F (41 °C) | 109 °F (43 °C) | 114 °F (46 °C) | 119 °F (48 °C) | 124 °F (51 °C) | 130 °F (54 °C) | 136 °F (58 °C) |
| 45% | 80 °F (27 °C) | 82 °F (28 °C) | 84 °F (29 °C) | 87 °F (31 °C) | 89 °F (32 °C) | 93 °F (34 °C) | 96 °F (36 °C) | 100 °F (38 °C) | 104 °F (40 °C) | 109 °F (43 °C) | 114 °F (46 °C) | 119 °F (48 °C) | 124 °F (51 °C) | 130 °F (54 °C) | 137 °F (58 °C) | |
| 50% | 81 °F (27 °C) | 83 °F (28 °C) | 85 °F (29 °C) | 88 °F (31 °C) | 91 °F (33 °C) | 95 °F (35 °C) | 99 °F (37 °C) | 103 °F (39 °C) | 108 °F (42 °C) | 113 °F (45 °C) | 118 °F (48 °C) | 124 °F (51 °C) | 131 °F (55 °C) | 137 °F (58 °C) | ||
| 55% | 81 °F (27 °C) | 84 °F (29 °C) | 86 °F (30 °C) | 89 °F (32 °C) | 93 °F (34 °C) | 97 °F (36 °C) | 101 °F (38 °C) | 106 °F (41 °C) | 112 °F (44 °C) | 117 °F (47 °C) | 124 °F (51 °C) | 130 °F (54 °C) | 137 °F (58 °C) | |||
| 60% | 82 °F (28 °C) | 84 °F (29 °C) | 88 °F (31 °C) | 91 °F (33 °C) | 95 °F (35 °C) | 100 °F (38 °C) | 105 °F (41 °C) | 110 °F (43 °C) | 116 °F (47 °C) | 123 °F (51 °C) | 129 °F (54 °C) | 137 °F (58 °C) | ||||
| 65% | 82 °F (28 °C) | 85 °F (29 °C) | 89 °F (32 °C) | 93 °F (34 °C) | 98 °F (37 °C) | 103 °F (39 °C) | 108 °F (42 °C) | 114 °F (46 °C) | 121 °F (49 °C) | 128 °F (53 °C) | 136 °F (58 °C) | |||||
| 70% | 83 °F (28 °C) | 86 °F (30 °C) | 90 °F (32 °C) | 95 °F (35 °C) | 100 °F (38 °C) | 105 °F (41 °C) | 112 °F (44 °C) | 119 °F (48 °C) | 126 °F (52 °C) | 134 °F (57 °C) | ||||||
| 75% | 84 °F (29 °C) | 88 °F (31 °C) | 92 °F (33 °C) | 97 °F (36 °C) | 103 °F (39 °C) | 109 °F (43 °C) | 116 °F (47 °C) | 124 °F (51 °C) | 132 °F (56 °C) | |||||||
| 80% | 84 °F (29 °C) | 89 °F (32 °C) | 94 °F (34 °C) | 100 °F (38 °C) | 106 °F (41 °C) | 113 °F (45 °C) | 121 °F (49 °C) | 129 °F (54 °C) | ||||||||
| 85% | 85 °F (29 °C) | 90 °F (32 °C) | 96 °F (36 °C) | 102 °F (39 °C) | 110 °F (43 °C) | 117 °F (47 °C) | 126 °F (52 °C) | 135 °F (57 °C) | ||||||||
| 90% | 86 °F (30 °C) | 91 °F (33 °C) | 98 °F (37 °C) | 105 °F (41 °C) | 113 °F (45 °C) | 122 °F (50 °C) | 131 °F (55 °C) | |||||||||
| 95% | 86 °F (30 °C) | 93 °F (34 °C) | 100 °F (38 °C) | 108 °F (42 °C) | 117 °F (47 °C) | 127 °F (53 °C) | ||||||||||
| 100% | 87 °F (31 °C) | 95 °F (35 °C) | 103 °F (39 °C) | 112 °F (44 °C) | 121 °F (49 °C) | 132 °F (56 °C) |
The Heat Index is a measure of how hot it really feels when relative humidity is factored with the actual air temperature.
To find the Heat Index temperature, look at the Heat Index chart above. For example, if the air temperature is 96°F and the relative humidity is 65%, the heat index—how hot it feels—is 121°F.
Effects of the heat index (shade values)
| Celsius | Fahrenheit | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 27–32 °C | 80–90 °F | Caution — fatigue is possible with prolonged exposure and activity. Continuing activity could result in heat cramps |
| 32–41 °C | 90–105 °F | Extreme caution — heat cramps and heat exhaustion are possible. Continuing activity could result in heat stroke |
| 41–54 °C | 105–130 °F | Danger — heat cramps and heat exhaustion are likely; heat stroke is probable with continued activity |
| over 54 °C | over 130 °F | Extreme danger — heat stroke is imminent |
Exposure to full sunshine can increase heat index values by up to 8 °C (14 °F).[7]
Formula
The formula below approximates the heat index in degrees Fahrenheit, to within ±1.3 °F. It is the result of a multivariate fit (temperature equal to or greater than 80°F and relative humidity equal to or greater than 40%) to a model of the human body.[8][9]
where
- = heat index (in degrees Fahrenheit)
- = ambient dry-bulb temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit)
- = relative humidity (in percent)
For example, with temperature 90 °F (32 °C) and relative humidity (RH) of 85%, the result would be: Heat index for 90 °F, RH 85% = 114.9. Note: 114.9 is computed using an internal (Wikipedia?) heat index function. Excel calculates 116.3°F, which agrees with the above table, suggesting a problem with the function. Either way, the discrepancy needs to be explained.
An alternative set of constants for this equation that is within 3 degrees of the NWS master table for all humidities from 0 to 80% and all temperatures between 70 and 115 °F and all heat indexes < 150 °F is
See also
References
- ^ George Winterling: A Lifelong Passion For Weather WJXT, April 23, 2009
- ^ a b The Assessment of Sultriness. Part I: A Temperature-Humidity Index Based on Human Physiology and Clothing Science, R. G. Steadman, Journal of Applied Meteorology, July 1979, Vol 18 No7, pp861-873 doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1979)018<0861:TAOSPI>2.0.CO;2 [1]
- ^ The Assessment of Sultriness. Part II: Effects of Wind, Extra Radiation and Barometric Pressure on Apparent Temperature Journal of Applied Meteorology, R. G. Steadman, July 1979, Vol 18 No7, pp874-885
- ^ How do they figure the heat index? - By Daniel Engber - Slate Magazine
- ^ Heat Index Campbell Scientific Inc. (PDF file), CampbellSci.com.
- ^ Burt, Christopher C. (2004). Extreme Weather: A Guide & Record Book. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 28. ISBN 0-393-32658-6.
- ^ Heat Index on the website of the Pueblo, CO United States National Weather Service.
- ^ Lans P. Rothfusz. "The Heat Index 'Equation' (or, More Than You Ever Wanted to Know About Heat Index)", Scientific Services Division (NWS Southern Region Headquarters), 1 July 1990 [2]
- ^ R.G. Steadman, 1979. "The assessment of sultriness. Part I: A temperature-humidity index based on human physiology and clothing science," J. Appl. Meteor., 18, 861-873
External links
- Description of wind chill & apparent temperature Formulae in metric units
- Heat Index Calculator Calculates both °F and °C