Nicotine gum: Difference between revisions
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Various policies exist worldwide as to the accessibility of these medications. Originally (in the 1980s) gum was sold only by prescription. |
Various policies exist worldwide as to the accessibility of these medications. Originally (in the 1980s) gum was sold only by prescription. |
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In most of the [[European Union|EU]] and the USA, nicotine gum is {{As of|2010|alt=currently}} available at [[pharmacy|pharmacies]] over-the-counter subject to the same restrictions on underage purchases as [[tobacco]]. Depending upon jurisdiction and pharmacy the purchaser may be directed to the [[pharmacist]], or nicotine gum may be purchased off-the-shelf. If sold where tobacco products are also sold, the display of the nicotine therapy products may be adjacent to the tobacco display. |
In most of the [[European Union|EU]] and the USA, nicotine gum is {{As of|2010|alt=currently}} not available at [[pharmacy|pharmacies]] over-the-counter subject to the same restrictions on underage purchases as [[tobacco]]. Depending upon jurisdiction and pharmacy the purchaser may be directed to the [[pharmacist]], or nicotine gum may be purchased off-the-shelf. If sold where tobacco products are also sold, the display of the nicotine therapy products may be adjacent to the tobacco display. |
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In New Zealand (and now Australia) nicotine gum and patches are classified General Sale and can be sold in outlets other than pharmacies, e.g. petrol stations and supermarkets. This has resulted in a steep fall in the retail price, particularly from online New Zealand stores. |
In New Zealand (and now Australia) nicotine gum and patches are classified General Sale and can be sold in outlets other than pharmacies, e.g. petrol stations and supermarkets. This has resulted in a steep fall in the retail price, particularly from online New Zealand stores. |
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Revision as of 11:40, 6 November 2012
Nicotine gum is a type of chewing gum that delivers nicotine to the body. It is used as an aid in nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), a process for smoking cessation and quitting smokeless tobacco. The nicotine is delivered to the bloodstream via absorption by the tissues of the mouth.
It is currently available over-the-counter in Europe, the US and elsewhere. The pieces are usually available in individual foil packages and come in various flavors. Nicotine content is usually either 2 or 4 mg of nicotine, roughly the nicotine content of 1 or 2 cigarettes, with the appropriate content and dosage depending on the smoking habits of the user. Popular brands include Nicoderm/Nicorette, Nicogum and Nicotinell.
Alternative nicotine replacement products include the nicotine patch, nicotine pastilles/lozenges and the nicotine inhaler.
Usage
Gum should not be used less than 15 minutes after eating or drinking, as this will reduce absorption. Users are directed to chew the gum until it softens and produces a tingling sensation or "peppery" taste. The gum is then "parked," or tucked, in between the cheek and gums. When the tingling ends the gum is chewed again until it returns, and is then re-parked in a new location. These steps are repeated until the gum is depleted of nicotine (about 30 minutes) or the craving dissipates. Dosage suggested by the Dental-professional.com website is: weeks 1-6: 1 piece every 1 to 2 hours; weeks 7-9: 1 piece every 2 to 4 hours; weeks 10-12: 1 piece every 4–8 hours; no more than 24 pieces per day. Do not use for longer than 12 weeks. Pregnant women should neither smoke nor use NRT.[1] Light smokers should use the 2 mg and heavy smokers the 4 mg; size of gum is the same for both doses.
When used properly, about 3 mg is absorbed into the bloodstream from the 4 mg gum, and 1 mg from the 2 mg gum.[1]
Availability
Various policies exist worldwide as to the accessibility of these medications. Originally (in the 1980s) gum was sold only by prescription.
In most of the EU and the USA, nicotine gum is currently[update] not available at pharmacies over-the-counter subject to the same restrictions on underage purchases as tobacco. Depending upon jurisdiction and pharmacy the purchaser may be directed to the pharmacist, or nicotine gum may be purchased off-the-shelf. If sold where tobacco products are also sold, the display of the nicotine therapy products may be adjacent to the tobacco display.
In New Zealand (and now Australia) nicotine gum and patches are classified General Sale and can be sold in outlets other than pharmacies, e.g. petrol stations and supermarkets. This has resulted in a steep fall in the retail price, particularly from online New Zealand stores.
This trend away from only being sold over the counter (S3) at pharmacies also followed in Australia with sharp price falls in the last year[ref=2010] and wide availability. Nicotine gum, lozenges and similar preparations can be now readily found on the shelf in the medicinal aisle of most major chain supermarkets and can be purchased alongside other grocery items.
In the United Kingdom many NRT products are available in shops, supermarkets, petrol stations and even schools, although an age limit of 12 is required. Own-brand NRT products are available from some pharmacy chains. The National Health Service (NHS) provides NRT at a discounted price or free of charge.
In Hong Kong the large chain pharmacist shops usually, but not always, require the purchaser of the stronger therapy (4 mg dose) to sign a register with passport number or Hong Kong ID.
Side effects
Health effects of nicotine
Nicotine is a vasoconstrictor; it constricts arteries, which increases the resistance against which the heart has to pump blood, effectively making it harder for the heart to pump blood through the body. The result is enhanced sheer stress on vessel walls, and repeated nicotine exposure contributes to accelerated health problems that are a function of chronic vascular injury such as coronary artery disease, acute cardiac ischemic events, and hypertension[2] Additionally, studies have shown that nicotine exposure contributes to stroke, peptic ulcer disease, and esophageal reflux.[2] Further, nicotine may cause wounds to heal more slowly and may be associated with reproductive toxicity.[2] Moreover, nicotine can cause the body to release its stores of fat and cholesterol into the blood.[3]
Nicotine has been correlated in vitro with increased expression of a gene associated with oral cancer;[4] the researchers say their work "raises the possibility that nicotine could potentially increase the risk of mouth cancer. We want to stress, however, that further research is needed to conclusively determine whether this is indeed the case. There is no doubt however about the harmful effects of smoking, so smokers should make every effort to quit."[5] Dr. Robert West points out that there are no epidemiological studies showing a correlation between nicotine replacement therapy and oral cancer.[5]
Muscle control
Two unpleasant symptoms which affect some new users, and existing users who make excessive use of nicotine gum, are hiccups[6] and a perceived constriction of the throat muscles, as accidental swallowing of saliva containing high amounts of nicotine may cause irritation.
Gum disease
Prolonged nicotine chewing gum use may also cause gum disease. Nicotine constricts blood vessels, including those of the gums, which has led to speculation that long-term use of nicotine gum may contribute to risk for gum disease.[citation needed] However, one clinical study has found no connection between 15 weeks of nicotine gum use and oral health.[7]
Birth defects
Women who use nicotine gum and patches during the early stages of pregnancy face an increased risk of having babies with birth defects according to a 2006 study that looked at about 77,000 pregnant women in Denmark. The study found that women who used nicotine-replacement therapy in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy had a greater risk of having babies with birth defects than women who did not.[8]
See also
References
- ^ a b dental-professional.com Frequently Asked Questions. Caution: this is a commercial website which sells the gum, in addition to providing useful factual information.
- ^ a b c Wollscheid, Kristine. "Electronic Cigarettes: Safety Concerns and Regulatory Issues". Retrieved 04 26 2010.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ Wack, Jeffrey. "Smoking and Its Effects on Body Weight and the Systems of Caloric Regulation". Retrieved 04 26 2010.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ "FOXM1 Upregulation Is an Early Event in Human Squamous Cell Carcinoma and it Is Enhanced by Nicotine during Malignant Transformation"
- ^ a b http://scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org/2009/04/24/can-nicotine-gum-cause-mouth-cancer/
- ^ Einarson TR, Einarson A., "Hiccups following nicotine gum use", Ann Pharmacother., 1997 Oct;31(10):1263-4. PMID 9337460
- ^ Christen AG et al. Effects of nicotine-containing chewing gum on oral soft and hard tissues: A clinical study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1985 Jan;59(1):37-42. PMID 3919352
- ^ Morales-Suárez-Varela et al. Smoking habits, nicotine use, and congenital malformations. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 107, 51-57, 2006.