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| spouse = Diana Margaret Zelma Carpenter (1941–1952; divorced)<ref name="DivorceCert">{{cite web | url=http://www.changelingaspects.com/Life%20Stories/RobertaCowell/Illustration%20-%20J.jpg | title=Roberta Cowell's Divorce Certificate | publisher=Changeling Aspects website | accessdate=January 05, 2013}}</ref>
| spouse = Diana Margaret Zelma Carpenter (1941–1952; divorced)<ref name="DivorceCert">{{cite web | url=http://www.changelingaspects.com/Life%20Stories/RobertaCowell/Illustration%20-%20J.jpg | title=Roberta Cowell's Divorce Certificate | publisher=Changeling Aspects website | accessdate=January 05, 2013}}</ref>
| partner =
| partner =
| children = Mary Diana Cowell, Anne Cowell
| children = Mary Diana Cowell (b.1944), Anne Cowell
| parents = Sir Ernest Marshall Cowell, Dorothy Elizabeth Miller<ref name="BirthCert" />
| parents = Sir Ernest Marshall Cowell, Dorothy Elizabeth Miller<ref name="BirthCert" />
| relatives =
| relatives =

Revision as of 22:23, 8 February 2013

Roberta Cowell
Born
Robert Marshall Cowell

(1918-04-08) 8 April 1918 (age 106)
Croydon[1]
NationalityBritish
Alma materUniversity College London
Occupation(s)Racing driver, aviator, businessperson
SpouseDiana Margaret Zelma Carpenter (1941–1952; divorced)[2]
ChildrenMary Diana Cowell (b.1944), Anne Cowell
Parent(s)Sir Ernest Marshall Cowell, Dorothy Elizabeth Miller[1]

Roberta Elizabeth Marshall Cowell (born 8 April 1918)[1] was a racing driver and World War 2 fighter pilot who was first known British transsexual woman to undergo sex reassignment surgery.

Early Life

Roberta Cowell was born Robert Marshall Cowell, one of three children of Major-General Sir Ernest Marshall Cowell KBE CB (1886-1971) and Dorothy Elizabeth Miller (1886–1962).[1]

Sir Ernest was a prominent surgeon who served in the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War 1 and became a surgeon at Croydon General Infirmary between the wars. During World War 2, he again served in the army and was the Director of Medical Services for Allied forces in North Africa from 1942 to 1944.[3] In 1944, he was made honorary surgeon to King George VI.[4] Post-war, he was Public Medical Officer for the Allied High Commission (the Allied body that governed occupied Germany after the war).

Roberta Cowell attended Whitgift School, a Public School in Croydon and was an enthusiastic member of the school's Motor Club, along with John Cunningham, who would later be famous as an RAF Night fighter ace and test pilot.[Note 1] Towards the end of her school days, she visited Belgium, Germany, and Austria with a school friend. At the time, one of her hobbies was photography and film making, and she was briefly arrested in Germany for shooting a Cine film of a group of Nazis drilling. She secured her release by agreeing to destroy the film, but was able to substitute unused film stock, and keep the original footage.[5]

Cowell left school at the age of 16 to join General Aircraft Limited as an apprentice aircraft engineer, but soon left to join the Royal Air Force, becoming a probationary, acting–Pilot Officer in September 1936;[6] Cowell began pilot-training, but was discharged because of air-sickness. From 1936 to 1939, Cowell studied engineering at University College London. During this time she was involved in motor racing, having gained initial experience by sneaking into the area where cars were serviced at the Brooklands racing circuit, wearing overalls, and offering help to any driver or mechanic who wanted it.[5] By 1939, she owned three cars and had competed in the 1939 Antwerp Grand Prix.[5]

World War 2

A preserved, photo-reconnaissance Spitfire PR. XI (2008)
Hawker Typhoon FR IB, number EK427; this aircraft was flown by 4 Squadron (March 1945)

In December 1940, Cowell was commissioned as Second Lieutenant in the Royal Army Service Corps and in June 1941, married Diana Margaret Zelma Carpenter[7] (1917–2006),[8] who also had also been an engineering student at UCL with an interest in motor racing. Cowell served in Iceland[Note 2] before transferring from the Army to the RAF in early 1942 with the rank of temporary Pilot officer.[9] She had obtained a private pilot's license before the war[5] and completed RAF flying training at RAF Ansty.[7]

Cowell served a tour with a front–line Spitfire squadron[Note 3] and then briefly as an instructor. By June 1944, she was flying with No. 4 Squadron RAF, a squadron assigned to the task of Aerial reconnaissance. During the course of the war had been equipped with a variety of aircraft types but by mid–1944 it was flying the Spitfire PR. XI,[10] an unarmed, camera-equipped version of the Supermarine Spitfire. Shortly before the D-Day landings, on 4 June 1944, she had a lucky escape when the oxygen system of her Spitfire malfunctioned at 31,000 feet (9,400 m) over Fruges, France. She passed out but the aircraft continued flying on its own for around an hour over German–occupied France while being subjected to German anti-aircraft fire, she regained semi-consciousness at low altitude and was able to fly back to the squadron's base at RAF Gatwick.[10][11]

By October 1944, 4 Squadron was based at Deurne, Belgium, on the outskirts of Antwerp.[12] and it's Spitfires were supplemented by an allocation of Hawker Typhoon FR IBs, a photo-reconnaissance version of the Hawker Typhoon fighter-bomber.[Note 4] On 18 November 1944, Cowell was piloting one of a pair of Typhoons[Note 5] on a low-level sortie near Bocholt, Germany.[13] South east of Kessel, Cowell attacked targets on the ground, but her aircraft's engine was knocked out and its wing holed by German anti-aircraft fire. Cowell was flying too low to bail-out and instead jettisoned the cockpit canopy and glided her Typhoon to a successful deadstick crash-landing. She was able to contact her companion by radio and confirm she was unhurt before being captured by German troops.[12] Cowell made two escape attempts, reasoning that the chances of success were greatest if the attempt was made quickly, while still close to the front–line.[14] However, the attempts failed and she was taken further into Germany, spending several weeks in solitary confinement at an interrogation centre for captured Allied aircrew,[14] before being moved to the prisoner–of–war camp Stalag Luft I.[14][15]

Cowell remained a prisoner for around five months, occupying the time by teaching classes in automotive-engineering to fellow inmates.[14] In her biography, she describes the Situational sexual behavior that was shown by some of the camp's Allied prisoners, and her discomfort at being propositioned by prisoners who assumed she also wanted to take part in this. She was offered the part of a woman in a camp theatrical production but turned it down, as she thought this would make her appear homosexual in the eyes of other prisoners.[14]

The camp was liberated by the Red Army on the night of 30 April 1945. Royal Air Force personnel were flown back to the United Kingdom two weeks later, between the 12th and 14th of May by aircraft of the United States Army Air Forces.[16][17][Note 6]

Post-War Life

After demobilization, Cowell was engaged in a number of business ventures until, in 1946, she founded a motor-racing team and competed in events across Europe. However her autobiography frankly describes this as a time of great distress. She also experienced traumatic Flashback when watching the film Mine Own Executioner, in which the hero is shot-down by anti-aircraft fire while flying a Spitfire.[18]

In 1948, Cowell separated from her wife and, suffering from depression, she sought out a leading Freudian psychiatrist of the time, but was ultimately unsatisfied by the help he offered.[18] Sessions with a second Freudian psychiatrist, described in her biography only as a Scottish man with a less orthodox approach to his profession, gradually revealed, in her own words, that her "unconscious mind was predominantly female" and "feminine side of my nature, which all my life I had known of and severely repressed, was very much more fundamental and deep-rooted than I had supposed."[18]

Gender Reassignment

By 1950, Cowell was taking large doses of Estrogen, but was still living as a man.[19] She had become acquainted with Michael Dillon, a physician who was the first British female-to-male transsexual, after reading his 1946 volume Self: A Study in Endocrinology and Ethics. This work proposed that individuals should have the right to change gender, to have the kind of body they desired.[19] The two developed a close friendship. Dillon subsequently carried out an Inguinal orchiectomy on Cowell. Secrecy was necessary for this as the procedure was then illegal in the United Kingdom and no surgeon would agree to perform it openly.

Cowell then presented herself to a private, Harley Street, gynaecologist and was able to obtain from him a document stating she was intersex. This allowed her to have a new birth certificate issued, with her recorded sex changed to female.[20] She had a vaginoplasty on 15 May 1951. The operation was carried out by Sir Harold Gillies, widely considered the father of plastic surgery,[21] with the assistance of American surgeon Ralph Millard. Gillies had previously operated on Michael Dillon, but vaginoplasty was then an entirely novel procedure, which Gillies had only previously performed experimentally on a cadaver.

By 1954, her two business ventures, a racing car engineering company and a clothing company had both ceased trading and her change of legal gender had made it impossibly for her to continue Grand Prix motor racing.[22] However, in March 1954, news of her gender reassignment broke, gaining public interest around the world. In the United Kingdom, her story was published in the magazine Picture Post, with Cowell receiving a fee of around £8000 from the magazine (£276,660 when adjusted for inflation). Cowell's biography was published soon after this, earning a further £1500 (£51,874)

In the United States, the widespread sensation caused by the news stories about Christine Jorgensen in 1952 had introduced the American public to the concept of changing sex, and the press had continued to print a steady stream of stories about others who had done so, mostly male to female transwomen.[23] Such reports tended to conflate the unrelated concepts of sexual orientation and gender identity, so transsexuality had become closely associated in the public mind with male homosexuality (during this period, highly taboo) and effeminacy amongst men. Cowell's story consequently appeared confusing as it disrupted this narrative. Her marriage, her fathering of children, her wartime combat service and her post–war association with motor racing were, during this period, perceived as strong markers of heterosexual masculinity; these aspects of her life were described repeatedly in press reports.[24]

Later Life

She continued to be active in motor racing and attracted some publicity for winning the 1957 Shelsley Walsh Speed Hill Climb. Also in 1957, she acquired an ex-RAF de Havilland Mosquito (registration G-AOSS).[25] Her intention was to use the aircraft for a record-breaking flight over the South Atlantic.[26] However, the project fell through due to a lack of suitable engines[26] and in 1958 she became bankrupt[27] with debts totaling £12,580 (£371,234).[22] By 1959, G-AOSS was a derelict hulk[28] and its remains were scrapped in 1960.[26]

Her financial difficulties continued, as she found it difficult to get employment.[29] In later years, she largely dropped out of the public eye. However she was still an active figure in British motor racing in the 1970s.[30] She also continued flying and by this time had logged over 1600 hours as a pilot.[31]

A brief interview with Sunday Times journalist Michael Bateman appeared in March 1972.[31] In this, she stated she had been an intersex individual with the chromosomal abnormality, XX male syndrome and that the condition justified her transition.[Note 7] During the interview, she spoke in derogatory terms of those individuals with XY chromosomes who also underwent male to female gender reassignment, saying "The people who have followed me have often been those with male chromosomes, XY. So they’ve been normal people who’ve turned themselves into freaks by means of the operation."[31]

Notes

  1. ^ Her autobiography does not name her school, but states Cunningham was a fellow pupil. Whitgift was the school he attended.
  2. ^ Iceland was occupied by 25,000 British troops between May 1940 and May 1941, see Iceland during World War II
  3. ^ Unnamed in her autobiography.
  4. ^ Built in small numbers, the FR IB was intended for photo-reconnaissance at very low level. Unlike the Spitfire reconnaissance aircraft, it was armed. One of the Typhoon's four cannon was removed and three F24 cameras were fitted in its place, one pointing forwards and two down. However, although the Typhoon well regarded as a combat aircraft, the reconnaissance version was unpopular with pilots and ultimately unsatisfactory in this role as inherent engine and airframe vibrations invariably blurred the photographs.
  5. ^ She was flying Typhoon number EK429,see: Franks (2000). The other aircraft was flown by Flt. Lt. Draper.
  6. ^ Known as Operation Revival, the repatriation of prisoners used transport aircraft and American Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers with as many as 30 men crammed into each bomber. Commonwealth ex-prisoners were flown to the United Kingdom, American ex-prisoners were flown to French ports for return to the United States by sea. The Western Allies were anxious to quickly remove their prisoners from areas under Soviet control, for fear they might be used as hostages. See: Howland (2004)
  7. ^ XX-male syndrome is sometimes known as de la Chapelle syndrome, for the Finnish researcher who characterized it in, 1972; see de la Chapelle (1972). Those with this condition have a female genotype, but are usually typical boys or men. However, it must be noted that Roberta Cowell stated in her biography she fathered two children, in June 1942 and June 1944 (see Cowell (1952), chapter 4) and individuals with XX-male syndrome are sterile, due to Azoospermia. Often, they only become aware of their condition when being evaluated for infertility.

References

Citations
  1. ^ a b c d "Roberta Cowell's Birth Certificate". Changeling Aspects website. Retrieved January 05, 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  2. ^ "Roberta Cowell's Divorce Certificate". Changeling Aspects website. Retrieved January 05, 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  3. ^ "Cowell, Major-General Sir Ernest Marshall (1886-1971)". Welcome Collection. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
  4. ^ "Maj-Gen Sir Ernest Cowell Wartime medical services in the Mediterranean". The Times. No. 58110. 27 February 1971. p. 14. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  5. ^ a b c d Cowell (1952) Chapter 1
  6. ^ "No. 34321". The London Gazette. 8 September 1936.
  7. ^ a b Cowell (1952) Chapter 2
  8. ^ "Index entry". FreeBMD. ONS. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
  9. ^ "No. 35467". The London Gazette. 24 February 1942.
  10. ^ a b Yoxoll, p.262
  11. ^ Hawkins, Harry. "Gatwick Wartime History". Hawkeye. Gatwick Aviaiton Society. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  12. ^ a b "History of No 4 Squadron Part 3 - World War II". http://www.rafjever.org/. Retrieved 9 September 2011. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  13. ^ Franks, p.116
  14. ^ a b c d e Cowell (1952) Chapter 4
  15. ^ "Air Force PoWs, Caban, E G, to Czuvenichowicz, C". http://www.rafcommands.com. Retrieved 12 August 2012. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  16. ^ Charles Reed Holden. "Operation Revival". Stalag Luft I Online. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  17. ^ Howland, John (21 March 2004). "Operation Revival: Rescuing the POWs from Stalag Luft 1" (PDF). 91st Bomb Group Memorial Association. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  18. ^ a b c Cowell (1952) Chapter 5
  19. ^ a b Kennedy p.3
  20. ^ Kennedy (2008) p.94
  21. ^ "Walter Ernest O'Neil Yeo - One of the first people to undergo Plastic Surgery". The Yeo Society. 28 August 2008.
  22. ^ a b "Got £8,000 For Life Story" Miss Roberta Cowell's Debts". The Times. No. 54182. London. 20 June 1958. p. 6. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  23. ^ Meyerowitz p.81
  24. ^ Meyerowitz p.83
  25. ^ http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/HistoricalMaterial/G-AOSS.pdf
  26. ^ a b c Thirsk, p.381
  27. ^ "No. 41372". The London Gazette. 25 April 1958.
  28. ^ "De Havilland DH.98 Mosquito B35, G-AOSS, Derby Aviation". Air Britain Photographic Images Collection. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  29. ^ "No Jobs For Miss Roberta Cowell". The Timesz. No. 55305. London. 2 February 1962. p. 5. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  30. ^ Bouzanquet, p.99
  31. ^ a b c Michael Bateman (12 March 1972). "Atticus". Sunday Times. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
Bibliography

See also

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