User:Sfdrye/sandbox: Difference between revisions
This is an addition to Section 6.3 "Gay Bullying" of the Wikipedia "Bullying" entry. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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== Request review at [[WP:AFC]] == |
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Revision as of 17:02, 13 June 2013
EGALE Canada conducted a survey of more than 3700 high school students in Canada between December 2007 and June 2009. The final report of the survey, “Every Class in Every School”[1], published in 2011, found that 70% of all students participating heard “that’s so gay” daily at school, and 48% of respondents heard “faggot”, “lezbo” and “dyke” daily. 58% or about 1400 of the 2400 heterosexual students participating in EGALE’s survey found homophobic comments upsetting. Further, EGALE found that students not directly affected by homophobia, biphobia or transphobia were less aware of it. This finding relates to research done in the area of empathy gaps for social pain which suggests that those not directly experiencing social pain (in this case, bullying) consistently underestimate its’ effects and thus may not adequately respond to the needs of one experiencing social pain[2]. EGALE, along with previous research[3][4][5][6] has found teachers and school administration may be complicit in queer bullying through their silence and/or inaction. Graffiti found on school grounds and property, and its “relative permanence”[5], is another form of queer bullying. Some researchers suggest including youth questioning their sexuality in any research on queer bullying because they may be as susceptible to its’ effects[7][6][8]as queer students. A research study of 78 11 to 14 year-old boys conducted in 12 schools in London, England between 1998 and 1999[4]revealed that respondents who used the word ‘gay’ to label another boy, intended the word as “just a joke”, “just a cuss” and not as a statement of one’s perceived sexual orientation[9][5]. American sociologist Michael Kimmel and American psychologist Gregory Herek write that masculinity is a renunciation of the feminine and that males shore up their sense of their masculinity by denigrating the feminine and ultimately the homosexual[10][11]. Building on the notion of masculinity defining itself by what it is not, some researchers suggest that in fact the renunciation of the feminine may be misogyny[4][5]. These intertwining issues were examined in 2007, when American sociologist C. J. Pascoe described what she calls the “fag discourse” at an American high school in her book, “Dude, You’re a Fag”.
Effects of Queer Bullying
Queer bullying may make some victims feel sad and unsafe in the world[12][13]. Bullying will have an impact on a student’s experience of school. Some victims might feel paralyzed and withdraw socially as a coping mechanism[3]. Other victims of queer bullying may begin to live the effects of learned helplessness[13]. Queer or questioning students may try to pass as heterosexual in order to avoid queer bullying. Passing isolates the student from other queer or questioning students, potential allies, and support[5]. Adults who try to pass also may feel the effects emotionally and psychologically, of this effort to conceal their true identities[11]. Queer and questioning youth who experience bullying have a higher incidence of substance abuse and STI and HIV infection[7][14][15], which may carry through to adulthood. Queer bullying may also be seen as a manifestation of what American academic Ilan Meyer calls “minority stress”[16], which may affect sexual and ethno-racial minorities attempting to exist within a challenging broader society.
References
- ^ Every Class in Every School, Final Report on the First National Climate Survey on Homophobia, Biphobia, and Transphobia in Canadian Schools, Egale Canada
- ^ Nordgren, L. F. , Banas, K. & MacDonald, G. (2011). Empathy Gaps for Social Pain: Why People Underestimate the Pain of Social Suffering. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(1), 120-128
- ^ a b Crozier, W. R. & Skliopidou, E. (2002). Adult Recollections of Name-calling at School. Educational Psychology, 22(1), 113-124
- ^ a b c Phoenix, A. , Frosh, S. & Pattman, R. (2003). Producing Contradictory Masculine Subject Positions: Narratives of Threat, Homophobia and Bullying in 11-14 Year Old Boys. Journal of Social Issues, 59(1), 179-195
- ^ a b c d e Smith, G. W. (1998). The Ideology of “Fag”: The School Experience of Gay Students. The Sociological Quarterly, 39(2), 309-335
- ^ a b Swearer, S. M. , Turner, R. K. , Givens, J. E. , & Pollack, W. S. (2008). “You’re So Gay!”: Do Different Forms of Bullying Matter for Adolescent Males?. School Psychology Review, 37(2), 160-173
- ^ a b Russell, S. T. & Joyner, K. (2001). Adolescent Sexual Orientation and Suicide Risk: Evidence From a National Study. American Journal of Public Health, 91(8), 1276-1281
- ^ Williams, T. , Connolly, J. , Pepler, D. & Craig, W. (2005). Peer Victimization, Social Support, and Psychosocial Adjustment of Sexual Minority Adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(5), 471-482
- ^ Pascoe, C. J. (2007). Dude You’re a Fag, Masculinity and Sexuality in High School. Berkeley & Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press
- ^ Kimmel, M. (2010). Masculinity as Homophobia, Fear, Shame and Silence in the Construction of Gender Identity. In M. S. Kimmel & A. L. Ferber (Eds.), Privilege, A Reader (pp.107-131). Boulder: Westview Press
- ^ a b Herek, G. M. (1986). On Heterosexual Masculinity, Some Psychical Consequences of the Social Construction of Gender and Sexuality. American Behavioral Scientist, 29(5), 563-577
- ^ Glew, G. M. , Fan, M. , Katon, W. , Rivara, F. P. & Kernic, M. A. (2005) . Bullying, Psychosocial Adjustment, and Academic Performance in Elementary School. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 159, 1026-1031
- ^ a b Roth, D. A. , Coles, M. E. & Heimberg, R. G. (2002). The relationship between memories for childhood teasing and anxiety and depression in adulthood. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 16, 149-164
- ^ Russell, S. T. , Ryan, C. , Toomey, R. B. , Diaz, R. M. & Sanchez J. (2011). Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Adolescent School Victimization: Implications for Young Adult Health and Adjustment. Journal of School Health, 81(5), 223-230
- ^ Rivers, I. (2004). Recollections of Bullying at School and Their Long-Term Implications for Lesbians, Gay Men and Bisexuals. Crisis, 25(4), 169-175.
- ^ Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority Stress and Mental Health in Gay Men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 38-56
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