Pre-locus coeruleus: Difference between revisions
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'''Pre-locus coeruleus''' is a small nucleus in the [[brainstem]]. This small cluster of neurons also is referred to by the abbreviation "pre-LC". It was named "pre-LC" because it lies just [[rostral]] to (in front of) the [[locus coeruleus]], which is abbreviated "LC".<ref name="Geerling 2006 HSD2 efferents">{{cite journal|last=Geerling|first=JC|coauthors=Loewy, AD|title=Aldosterone-sensitive neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract: efferent projections.|journal=The Journal of comparative neurology|date=2006 Jul 10|volume=497|issue=2|pages=223–50|pmid=16705681}}</ref><ref name="Geerling 2007 NTS-PB c-Fos">{{cite journal|last=Geerling|first=JC|coauthors=Loewy, AD|title=Sodium deprivation and salt intake activate separate neuronal subpopulations in the nucleus of the solitary tract and the parabrachial complex.|journal=The Journal of comparative neurology|date=2007 Oct 1|volume=504|issue=4|pages=379–403|pmid=17663450}}</ref><ref name="Geerling 2010 PVH efferents">{{cite journal|last=Geerling|first=JC|coauthors=Shin, JW; Chimenti, PC; Loewy, AD|title=Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus: axonal projections to the brainstem.|journal=The Journal of comparative neurology|date=2010 May 1|volume=518|issue=9|pages=1460–99|pmid=20187136}}</ref><ref name="2011 FoxP2 c-Fos NaD">{{cite journal|last=Geerling|first=JC|coauthors=Stein, MK; Miller, RL; Shin, JW; Gray, PA; Loewy, AD|title=FoxP2 expression defines dorsolateral pontine neurons activated by sodium deprivation.|journal=Brain research|date=2011 Feb 23|volume=1375|pages=19–27|pmid=21108936}}</ref> |
'''Pre-locus coeruleus''' is a small nucleus in the [[brainstem]]. This small cluster of neurons also is referred to by the abbreviation "pre-LC". It was named "pre-LC" because it lies just [[rostral]] to (in front of) the [[locus coeruleus]], which is commonly abbreviated "LC".<ref name="Geerling 2006 HSD2 efferents">{{cite journal|last=Geerling|first=JC|coauthors=Loewy, AD|title=Aldosterone-sensitive neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract: efferent projections.|journal=The Journal of comparative neurology|date=2006 Jul 10|volume=497|issue=2|pages=223–50|pmid=16705681}}</ref><ref name="Geerling 2007 NTS-PB c-Fos">{{cite journal|last=Geerling|first=JC|coauthors=Loewy, AD|title=Sodium deprivation and salt intake activate separate neuronal subpopulations in the nucleus of the solitary tract and the parabrachial complex.|journal=The Journal of comparative neurology|date=2007 Oct 1|volume=504|issue=4|pages=379–403|pmid=17663450}}</ref><ref name="Geerling 2010 PVH efferents">{{cite journal|last=Geerling|first=JC|coauthors=Shin, JW; Chimenti, PC; Loewy, AD|title=Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus: axonal projections to the brainstem.|journal=The Journal of comparative neurology|date=2010 May 1|volume=518|issue=9|pages=1460–99|pmid=20187136}}</ref><ref name="2011 FoxP2 c-Fos NaD">{{cite journal|last=Geerling|first=JC|coauthors=Stein, MK; Miller, RL; Shin, JW; Gray, PA; Loewy, AD|title=FoxP2 expression defines dorsolateral pontine neurons activated by sodium deprivation.|journal=Brain research|date=2011 Feb 23|volume=1375|pages=19–27|pmid=21108936}}</ref> |
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[[File:FoxP2+TH sagittal.jpg|thumbnail|default]] |
[[File:FoxP2+TH sagittal.jpg|thumbnail|default]] |
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==Definition== |
==Definition== |
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The pre-locus coeruleus was first formally defined during the course of [[neuroanatomical tract-tracing]] and [[c-Fos]] experiments aimed at uncovering the connections and functions of [[aldosterone]]-sensitive [[HSD2 neurons]] in the [[nucleus of the solitary tract]]. HSD2 neurons were found to innervate the pre-LC, as evidenced by dense labeling with an anterograde axonal tracer in pre-LC.<ref name="Geerling 2006 HSD2 efferents" /> Further, experimental conditions which activate the HSD2 neurons |
The pre-locus coeruleus was first formally defined during the course of [[neuroanatomical tract-tracing]] and [[c-Fos]] experiments aimed at uncovering the connections and functions of [[aldosterone]]-sensitive [[HSD2 neurons]] in the [[nucleus of the solitary tract]]. HSD2 neurons were found to innervate the pre-LC, as evidenced by dense labeling with an anterograde axonal tracer in pre-LC.<ref name="Geerling 2006 HSD2 efferents" /> Further, experimental conditions which activate the HSD2 neurons simultaneously activate a cluster of neurons in the same location as these axon terminals from the NTS.<ref name="Geerling 2007 NTS-PB c-Fos" /> |
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Based on these observations, the pre-locus coeruleus ("pre-LC") was defined as the cluster of neurons which: |
Based on these observations, the pre-locus coeruleus ("pre-LC") was defined as the cluster of neurons which: |
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==Location== |
==Location== |
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The name "pre-LC," as coined by Geerling and colleagues to refer to a very specific and molecularly defined cluster of neurons, refers specifically to neurons that lie medial to and intermingled with the [[mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve]] and its tract at levels of the rostral pons that also contain the [[superior cerebellar peduncle]]. Pre-LC neurons are found just rostral to one of the best-known nuclei in the brainstem, the LC, hence the name "pre-LC." The picture |
The name "pre-LC," as coined by Geerling and colleagues to refer to a very specific and molecularly defined cluster of neurons, refers specifically to neurons that lie medial to and intermingled with the [[mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve]] and its tract at levels of the rostral pons that also contain the [[superior cerebellar peduncle]]. Pre-LC neurons are found just rostral to one of the best-known nuclei in the brainstem, the LC, hence the name "pre-LC." The picture above shows the anatomic relationship between the pre-LC and LC. In this image, in the [[sagittal]] plane, the [[noradrenergic]] LC neurons are labeled in red, for TH (tyrosine hydroxylase, a catecholamine-synthetic enzyme found in all LC neurons). These red LC neurons and their rostral dendritic [[arborization]] are located [[caudal]] to (behind) all neurons in the pre-LC. The nuclei of pre-LC neurons are labeled in green, for FoxP2 (see above regarding FoxP2 as a marker for pre-LC neurons). Based on their shared connections, gene-expression, and c-Fos activity patterns, the pre-LC is probably related functionally to neurons in the [[parabrachial nucleus]], which is located lateral to the pre-LC (out of the plane of section in this figure). |
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[[File:PVH-PHAL+TH+ChAT sagittal.jpg|thumbnail|default]] |
[[File:PVH-PHAL+TH+ChAT sagittal.jpg|thumbnail|default]] |
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The input connections of the pre-LC have not been studied comprehensively. As described above, the pre-LC receives heavy input from the HSD2 neuron subregion of the nucleus of the solitary tract;<ref name="Geerling 2006 HSD2 efferents" /><ref name="Geerling 2007 NTS-PB c-Fos" /> and this input appears to be functionally active based on c-Fos analysis . It also receives descending input from the [[paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus]] (PVH), as shown in the [[sagittal plane]] in the figure at right (red axon terminal labeling after injection into the PVH; LC neurons are labeled in blue, and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus or LDT neurons is labeled in green). |
The input connections of the pre-LC have not been studied comprehensively. As described above, the pre-LC receives heavy input from the HSD2 neuron subregion of the nucleus of the solitary tract;<ref name="Geerling 2006 HSD2 efferents" /><ref name="Geerling 2007 NTS-PB c-Fos" /> and this input appears to be functionally active based on c-Fos analysis . It also receives descending input from the [[paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus]] (PVH), as shown in the [[sagittal plane]] in the figure at right (red axon terminal labeling after injection into the PVH; LC neurons are labeled in blue, and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus or LDT neurons is labeled in green). |
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The output connections of the pre-LC have been studied extensively, using [[anterograde axonal tracing]] experiments followed by [[retrograde axonal tracing]] experiments that utilized FoxP2 as a marker for the neurons in pre-LC.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Shin|first=JW|coauthors=Geerling, JC; Stein, MK; Miller, RL; Loewy, AD|title=FoxP2 brainstem neurons project to sodium appetite regulatory sites.|journal=Journal of chemical neuroanatomy|date=2011 Sep|volume=42|issue=1|pages=1–23|pmid=21605659}}</ref> Pre-LC neurons project heavily to |
The output connections of the pre-LC have been studied extensively, using [[anterograde axonal tracing]] experiments followed by [[retrograde axonal tracing]] experiments that utilized FoxP2 as a marker for the neurons in pre-LC.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Shin|first=JW|coauthors=Geerling, JC; Stein, MK; Miller, RL; Loewy, AD|title=FoxP2 brainstem neurons project to sodium appetite regulatory sites.|journal=Journal of chemical neuroanatomy|date=2011 Sep|volume=42|issue=1|pages=1–23|pmid=21605659}}</ref> Pre-LC neurons project heavily to the diencephalon, particularly to subregions of the midline [[thalamus]] and the posterior and lateral [[hypothalamus]]. |
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==Function== |
==Function== |
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To date, the functional roles of pre-LC neurons are unknown. Possibilities include regulating sodium appetite and arousal, and are discussed in |
To date, the functional roles of pre-LC neurons are unknown. Possibilities include regulating sodium appetite and arousal, and are discussed in some the references listed below. |
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==References== |
==References== |
Revision as of 18:06, 20 July 2013
Pre-locus coeruleus is a small nucleus in the brainstem. This small cluster of neurons also is referred to by the abbreviation "pre-LC". It was named "pre-LC" because it lies just rostral to (in front of) the locus coeruleus, which is commonly abbreviated "LC".[1][2][3][4]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/FoxP2%2BTH_sagittal.jpg/220px-FoxP2%2BTH_sagittal.jpg)
Definition
The pre-locus coeruleus was first formally defined during the course of neuroanatomical tract-tracing and c-Fos experiments aimed at uncovering the connections and functions of aldosterone-sensitive HSD2 neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract. HSD2 neurons were found to innervate the pre-LC, as evidenced by dense labeling with an anterograde axonal tracer in pre-LC.[1] Further, experimental conditions which activate the HSD2 neurons simultaneously activate a cluster of neurons in the same location as these axon terminals from the NTS.[2]
Based on these observations, the pre-locus coeruleus ("pre-LC") was defined as the cluster of neurons which: (1) are found in a specific location rostral to the LC (see "Location," below), (2) receive axonal input from HSD2 neurons in the NTS, and (3) become c-Fos positive during dietary sodium deprivation.
These features consistently and reliably identify a very specific subset of neurons in the dorsolateral pons, named the pre-locus coeruleus, or "pre-LC." Some investigators have used other terms including "precoeruleus," "peri5Me," and "pericoeruleus" to refer less specifically to regions of the brainstem anterior to the LC, but the term pre-LC very specifically refers to the group of neurons as defined above. Subsequently, it was discovered that every c-Fos-positive neuron in the pre-LC (after sodium deprivation) also expresses the transcription factor FoxP2.[4] Given that sodium deprivation is a time-consuming experimental manipulation, and that FoxP2 is stably expressed without any experimental manipulation, this transcription factor can serve as a useful surrogate marker for labeling pre-LC neurons. However, it should be noted that FoxP2 expression is found in several nearby brain regions (not including the locus coeruleus, mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal, or laterodorsal tegmental nucleus), so it is not unique to the pre-LC. That is, every pre-LC neuron expresses FoxP2, but not every neuron that expresses FoxP2 is part of the pre-LC.
Location
The name "pre-LC," as coined by Geerling and colleagues to refer to a very specific and molecularly defined cluster of neurons, refers specifically to neurons that lie medial to and intermingled with the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and its tract at levels of the rostral pons that also contain the superior cerebellar peduncle. Pre-LC neurons are found just rostral to one of the best-known nuclei in the brainstem, the LC, hence the name "pre-LC." The picture above shows the anatomic relationship between the pre-LC and LC. In this image, in the sagittal plane, the noradrenergic LC neurons are labeled in red, for TH (tyrosine hydroxylase, a catecholamine-synthetic enzyme found in all LC neurons). These red LC neurons and their rostral dendritic arborization are located caudal to (behind) all neurons in the pre-LC. The nuclei of pre-LC neurons are labeled in green, for FoxP2 (see above regarding FoxP2 as a marker for pre-LC neurons). Based on their shared connections, gene-expression, and c-Fos activity patterns, the pre-LC is probably related functionally to neurons in the parabrachial nucleus, which is located lateral to the pre-LC (out of the plane of section in this figure).
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/PVH-PHAL%2BTH%2BChAT_sagittal.jpg/220px-PVH-PHAL%2BTH%2BChAT_sagittal.jpg)
Connections
The input connections of the pre-LC have not been studied comprehensively. As described above, the pre-LC receives heavy input from the HSD2 neuron subregion of the nucleus of the solitary tract;[1][2] and this input appears to be functionally active based on c-Fos analysis . It also receives descending input from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), as shown in the sagittal plane in the figure at right (red axon terminal labeling after injection into the PVH; LC neurons are labeled in blue, and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus or LDT neurons is labeled in green).
The output connections of the pre-LC have been studied extensively, using anterograde axonal tracing experiments followed by retrograde axonal tracing experiments that utilized FoxP2 as a marker for the neurons in pre-LC.[5] Pre-LC neurons project heavily to the diencephalon, particularly to subregions of the midline thalamus and the posterior and lateral hypothalamus.
Function
To date, the functional roles of pre-LC neurons are unknown. Possibilities include regulating sodium appetite and arousal, and are discussed in some the references listed below.
References
- ^ a b c Geerling, JC (2006 Jul 10). "Aldosterone-sensitive neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract: efferent projections". The Journal of comparative neurology. 497 (2): 223–50. PMID 16705681.
{{cite journal}}
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ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Geerling, JC (2007 Oct 1). "Sodium deprivation and salt intake activate separate neuronal subpopulations in the nucleus of the solitary tract and the parabrachial complex". The Journal of comparative neurology. 504 (4): 379–403. PMID 17663450.
{{cite journal}}
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(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Geerling, JC (2010 May 1). "Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus: axonal projections to the brainstem". The Journal of comparative neurology. 518 (9): 1460–99. PMID 20187136.
{{cite journal}}
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(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b Geerling, JC (2011 Feb 23). "FoxP2 expression defines dorsolateral pontine neurons activated by sodium deprivation". Brain research. 1375: 19–27. PMID 21108936.
{{cite journal}}
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(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Shin, JW (2011 Sep). "FoxP2 brainstem neurons project to sodium appetite regulatory sites". Journal of chemical neuroanatomy. 42 (1): 1–23. PMID 21605659.
{{cite journal}}
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(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help)