Manila massacre: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Manila Walled City Destruction May 1945.jpg|thumb|Manila walled city destruction, May 1945]] |
[[Image:Manila Walled City Destruction May 1945.jpg|thumb|Manila walled city destruction, May 1945]] |
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The '''Manila massacre''' refers to the |
The '''Manila massacre''' refers to the indiscriminate killings of [[Filipino people|Filipino]] civilians in [[Manila]], [[Philippines]] by [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] troops and by Allied artillery in the [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Battle of Manila]] in February 2014 during World War II. |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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To preserve as large a force as possible to continue defensive operations in rural Luzon, [[Imperial Japanese Army]] General [[Tomoyuki Yamashita]] had insisted on a complete withdrawal of Japanese troops from Manila. However, this was not realized because of objections from Imperial headquarters. 10,000 [[Imperial Japanese Navy Land Forces|marines]] under Vice Admiral [[Iwabuchi Sanji]] remained in Manila along with some IJA stragglers |
To preserve as large a force as possible to continue defensive operations in rural Luzon, [[Imperial Japanese Army]] General [[Tomoyuki Yamashita]] had insisted on a complete withdrawal of Japanese troops from Manila. However, this was not realized because of objections from Imperial headquarters. 10,000 [[Imperial Japanese Navy Land Forces|marines]] under Vice Admiral [[Iwabuchi Sanji]] remained in Manila along with some [[Imperial Japanese Army|IJA]] stragglers. |
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Various credible Western and Eastern sources agree that the death toll was at least 100,000,<ref>{{cite web | last =White | first =Matthew | title = Death Tolls for the Man-made Megadeaths of the 20th Century | url=http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/battles.htm#Manila | accessdate = 2007-08-01}}</ref> tallying to around 10% of the population of the city. The [[massacre]] was at its worst in the [[Battle for the Liberation of Manila|Battle of Manila]], in which the Allies shelled the city of Manila to drive out the Japanese. In this shelling, the city of Manila was totally destroyed. By the time the Japanese were driven out, the city was in ruins, becoming the second most severely damaged Allied capital city during the war, the first being [[Warsaw]] in [[Poland]].<ref name="6in">{{cite web |last=Quezon|first=Taylor|url=http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=7§ion=0&article=91871&d=7&m=2&y=2007 |title=The Warsaw of Asia: How Manila Was Flattened in WWII |accessdate=25 January 2011 |work= |publisher=Arab News|date=7 February 2007 }}</ref> It is said that during lulls in the battle for control of the city, Japanese troops took out their anger and frustration on the civilians caught in the crossfire. |
Various credible Western and Eastern sources agree that the death toll was at least 100,000,<ref>{{cite web | last =White | first =Matthew | title = Death Tolls for the Man-made Megadeaths of the 20th Century | url=http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/battles.htm#Manila | accessdate = 2007-08-01}}</ref> tallying to around 10% of the population of the city. The [[massacre]] was at its worst in the [[Battle for the Liberation of Manila|Battle of Manila]], in which the Allies shelled the city of Manila to drive out the Japanese. In this shelling, the city of Manila was totally destroyed. By the time the Japanese were driven out, the city was in ruins, becoming the second most severely damaged Allied capital city during the war, the first being [[Warsaw]] in [[Poland]].<ref name="6in">{{cite web |last=Quezon|first=Taylor|url=http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=7§ion=0&article=91871&d=7&m=2&y=2007 |title=The Warsaw of Asia: How Manila Was Flattened in WWII |accessdate=25 January 2011 |work= |publisher=Arab News|date=7 February 2007 }}</ref> It is said that during lulls in the battle for control of the city, Japanese troops took out their anger and frustration on the civilians caught in the crossfire. A total of 100,000 civilian deaths was estimated after the battle, but the proportions of causalities due to Allied artillery versus Japanese troops is not known. |
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The Manila massacre was said to be one of several major [[war crimes]] committed by the Imperial Japanese Army, as judged by the postwar [[military tribunal]]. Although General Yamashita didn't |
The Manila massacre was said to be one of several major [[war crimes]] committed by the Imperial Japanese Army, as judged by the postwar [[military tribunal]]. Although General Yamashita didn't have any control over the troops in the city during the [[Battle for the Liberation of Manila|Battle of Manila]], he was nonetheless judged to be responsible and executed. The [[Yamashita standard]] — regarding a commander's responsibility for action taken by anyone under his command — is based upon his trial. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 07:45, 30 December 2013
The Manila massacre refers to the indiscriminate killings of Filipino civilians in Manila, Philippines by Japanese troops and by Allied artillery in the Battle of Manila in February 2014 during World War II.
Description
To preserve as large a force as possible to continue defensive operations in rural Luzon, Imperial Japanese Army General Tomoyuki Yamashita had insisted on a complete withdrawal of Japanese troops from Manila. However, this was not realized because of objections from Imperial headquarters. 10,000 marines under Vice Admiral Iwabuchi Sanji remained in Manila along with some IJA stragglers.
Various credible Western and Eastern sources agree that the death toll was at least 100,000,[1] tallying to around 10% of the population of the city. The massacre was at its worst in the Battle of Manila, in which the Allies shelled the city of Manila to drive out the Japanese. In this shelling, the city of Manila was totally destroyed. By the time the Japanese were driven out, the city was in ruins, becoming the second most severely damaged Allied capital city during the war, the first being Warsaw in Poland.[2] It is said that during lulls in the battle for control of the city, Japanese troops took out their anger and frustration on the civilians caught in the crossfire. A total of 100,000 civilian deaths was estimated after the battle, but the proportions of causalities due to Allied artillery versus Japanese troops is not known.
The Manila massacre was said to be one of several major war crimes committed by the Imperial Japanese Army, as judged by the postwar military tribunal. Although General Yamashita didn't have any control over the troops in the city during the Battle of Manila, he was nonetheless judged to be responsible and executed. The Yamashita standard — regarding a commander's responsibility for action taken by anyone under his command — is based upon his trial.
See also
Notes
- ^ White, Matthew. "Death Tolls for the Man-made Megadeaths of the 20th Century". Retrieved 1 August 2007.
- ^ Quezon, Taylor (7 February 2007). "The Warsaw of Asia: How Manila Was Flattened in WWII". Arab News. Retrieved 25 January 2011.
References
- Taylor, Lawrence. A Trial of Generals. Icarus Press, South Bend IN, 1981
- Quezon, Taylor (7 February 2007). "The Warsaw of Asia: How Manila Was Flattened in WWII". Arab News. Retrieved 25 January 2011.
External links
- WW2DB: The Philippines Campaign
- The Battling Bastards of Bataan
- The Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century by Matthew White
