Green Ramp disaster

Green Ramp disaster

Wreckage of the C-141 Starlifter destroyed by the accident.
Accident
Date	March 23, 1994
Summary	Mid-air collision
Site	Pope Air Force Base North Carolina, USA
Total fatalities	24 (on ground)
Total injuries	over 100
First aircraft
Type	F-16D Fighting Falcon
Operator	United States Air Force
Registration	88-0171
Crew	2
Survivors	2
Second aircraft
Type	C-130E Hercules
Operator	United States Air Force
Registration	68-10942
Third aircraft
Type	C-141 Starlifter
Operator	United States Air Force
Registration	66-0173

The Green Ramp disaster was a 1994 mid-air collision and subsequent ground collision at Pope Air Force Base (Pope AFB), North Carolina that killed twenty-four members of the U.S. Army's 82nd Airborne Division preparing for an airborne operation. It was the worst peacetime loss of life suffered by the Division since the end of World War II.

Crash

The "Green Ramp" is the large north-south parking ramp at the west end of Pope AFB's east-west runway, used by the U.S. Army and Air Force to stage joint operations. Several buildings sit along its western edge, including Building 900, the building housing the Air Force operations group. A personnel shed ("pax shed", a large open-bay building) sat next to Building 900, which the Army used to prepare troops for parachute drops. A large grassy area, where troops could stage before drops, lay between the two buildings. Behind the area, several concrete mock-ups of the backs of Air Force cargo aircraft had been constructed, where troops could rehearse their drop procedures.

On the day of the accident, about 500 paratroopers from Fort Bragg were in the pax shed, the concrete mock-ups or resting in the grassy area. The personnel came from three division units, the First Brigade Combat Team, 504th Infantry Regiment, and 505th Infantry Regiment. While the jumpers prepared to board several C-130s and C-141 aircraft parked on Green Ramp, the sky was filled with Air Force F-16, A-10 and C-130 aircraft conducting Air Force training.

Mid-air collision

Shortly after 14:00 hours on March 23, 1994, a twin-seat F-16D (AF Ser. No. 88-0171, c/n 1D-25, of the 74th Fighter Squadron, 23rd Operations Group) with two pilots on board was conducting a simulated flameout (SFO) approach when it collided with a USAF Lockheed C-130E Hercules, (AF Ser. No. 68-10942, c/n 4322, of the 2nd Airlift Squadron, 317th Group). Both aircraft were members of the 23rd Wing, which was a tenant wing at Pope Air Force Base at the time. The aircraft were on short final approach to runway 23 at an altitude of about 300 feet. The nose of the F-16 severed the C-130's right elevator. On impact, the F-16 pilot applied full afterburner to try to recover the aircraft, but the aircraft began to disintegrate, showering debris on the runway and a road which ran around it. Both F-16 crewmembers ejected, but their aircraft, still on full afterburner, continued on an arc towards Green Ramp. At the same time, the C-130 crew took their aircraft away from the airfield and checked to ensure it could safely land. While the C-130 crew knew they were most likely struck by the F-16, they had no idea how it happened or the extent of the damage. After performing their checks, the crew returned to Pope and landed on the debris-littered runway.

Ground collision

Diagram of the Green Ramp area and the path of the fireball

By the time the C-130 landed, the F-16 had hit Green Ramp heading west. The aircraft struck the ground in an empty parking place between two Air Force C-130s with crews on board preparing the aircraft for departure. When the F-16 hit the ground, its momentum carried the wreckage westward through the right wing of a C-141 (AF Ser. No. 66-0173 of the 438th Airlift Wing, McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey) parked on the ramp. The C-141 crew was also preparing the aircraft for joint Army-Air Force operations, however, no Army troops besides the jumpmaster team had yet boarded the plane. The wreckage of the F-16 punctured the fuel tanks in the C-141's right wing, causing a large fireball which combined with the F-16 wreckage and continued on a path taking it between Building 900 and the Pax Shed, directly into the area where the mass of Army paratroopers were sitting and standing. Twenty-three men died and over 80 were injured; one severely burned paratrooper died later on 3 January 1995.

Paratroopers at the scene pulled troopers from the flames and the exploding 20mm F-16 ammunition. Military and civilian vehicles were commandeered to ferry the injured to Womack Army Medical Center before first responder vehicles arrived. Also, vehicles and medics from the Army Delta Force, which is adjacent to Green ramp, arrived early and provided assistance.

Aftermath

USAF firefighters drag hoses in front of the C-141 Starlifter destroyed during the disaster.

Several of the more severely burned victims were taken to the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research at Brooke Army Medical Center, Texas. Two months after the accident, only one paratrooper remained critical, while the others were either in satisfactory condition or convalescing at home.

A subsequent U.S. Air Force investigation placed most of the blame for the accident on the military and civilian air traffic controllers working Pope air traffic that day. One of the enlisted controllers was later subject to Article 15 action. A later investigation, however, stated that pilot error by the F-16 pilots also contributed to the mishap, but no disciplinary action was taken against the pilots. The ramifications of the Air Force decision, since abandoned, of operating dissimilar aircraft (in this case C-130s and F-16s) at the same air base were not examined by the two accident investigation boards.

References

• Diehl, Alan E. (2003). Silent Knights: Blowing the Whistle on Military Accidents and Their Cover-Ups. Potomac Books. ISBN 1-57488-544-8. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Kern, Tony T. (1999). Darker Shades of Blue: The Rogue Pilot. McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing. ISBN 0-07-034927-4. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Condon-Rall, Mary Ellen (1996). Disaster on Green Ramp: The Army's Response. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |origmonth=, |chapterurl=, and |origdate= (help)
• LaRaia, Becky J. "Base recalls teamwork following ramp horror". Air Force Link, 2004-03-25.
• General Assembly of North Carolina, Senate Joint Resolution 1100 (1995): A Joint Resolution Honoring the Contributions of the 82nd Airborne Division and Remembering the Twenty-Four Paratroopers from the 82nd Airborne Division Who Lost Their Lives During a Routine Training Mission
• Pope Air Force Base, NC "Green Ramp Disaster" Jet And Transport Collide, Mar 1994, GenDisasters.com.
• Hull-loss description at the Aviation Safety Network