Inverted sugar syrup

Inverted sugar

Clinical data
Routes of administration	Oral, local injection
ATC code	C05BB03 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status	US: OTC
Pharmacokinetic data
Metabolism	Glycolysis, fructolysis
Excretion	Normally none (unless glycosuria)
Identifiers
CAS Number	8013-17-0 Y
PubChem CID	21924868
ChemSpider	NA Y
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1201647 N
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C12H24O12
Molar mass	360.312 g/mol g·mol−1
NY (what is this?)  (verify)

Inverted or invert sugar syrup is a mixture of glucose and fructose; it is obtained by splitting sucrose into these two components. Compared with its precursor, sucrose, inverted sugar is sweeter and its products tend to retain moisture and are less prone to crystallization. Inverted sugar is therefore valued by bakers, who refer to the syrup as trimoline or invert syrup.

In technical terms, sucrose is a disaccharide, which means that it is a molecule derived from two simple sugars (monosaccharides). In the case of sucrose, these monosaccharide building blocks are fructose and glucose. The splitting of sucrose is a hydrolysis reaction. The hydrolysis can be induced simply by heating an aqueous solution of sucrose, but more commonly, catalysts are added to accelerate the conversion. The biological catalysts that are added are called sucrases (in animals) and invertases (in plants). Sucrases and invertases are types of glycoside hydrolase enzymes. Acid, such as lemon juice or cream of tartar, can also accelerate the conversion of sucrose to invert.

Chemical reaction of the inversion

The term 'inverted' is derived from the method of measuring the concentration of sugar syrup using a polarimeter. Plane polarized light, when passed through a sample of pure sucrose solution, is rotated to the right (optical rotation). As the solution is converted to a mixture of sucrose, fructose and glucose, the amount of rotation is reduced until (in a fully converted solution) the direction of rotation has changed (inverted) from right to left.

C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ (sucrose, Specific rotation = +66.5°) + H₂O (water, no rotation) → C₆H₁₂O₆ (glucose, Specific rotation = +52.7°) + C₆H₁₂O₆ (fructose, Specific rotation = −92°)

net: +66.5° converts to −39°

Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which a molecule breaks down by the addition of water. Hydrolysis of sucrose yields glucose and fructose about 85%, the reaction temperature can be maintained at 50–60 °C (122–140 °F).

Inverting sugar

Inverted sugar syrup can be easily made by adding water and roughly one gram of citric acid or ascorbic acid per kilogram of sugar. Cream of tartar (one gram per kilogram) or fresh lemon juice (10 milliliters per kilogram) may also be used.

The mixture is boiled for 20 minutes to get to a temperature of 114 °C (237 °F), and will convert enough of the sucrose to effectively prevent crystallization, without giving a noticeably sour taste. Invert sugar syrup may also be produced without the use of acids or enzymes by thermal means alone: two parts granulated sucrose and one part water simmered for five to seven minutes will convert a modest portion to invert sugar.

Basic formula by weight
sucrose	100%
water	50%
acid	0.1%

All inverted sugar syrups are created from hydrolyzing sucrose to glucose (dextrose) and fructose (levulose) by heating a sucrose solution, then relying on time alone, with the catalytic properties of an acid or enzymes used to speed the reaction.

Commercially prepared enzyme-catalyzed solutions are inverted at 60 °C (140 °F). The optimum pH for inversion is 5.0. Invertase is added at a rate of about 0.15% of the syrup's weight, and inversion time will be about 8 hours. When completed the syrup temperature is raised to inactivate the invertase, but the syrup is concentrated in a vacuum evaporator to preserve color.

Commercially prepared hydrochloric-acid catalysed solutions may be inverted at the relatively low temperature of 50 °C (122 °F). The optimum pH for acid-catalysed inversion is 2.15. As the inversion temperature is increased, the inversion time decreases. They are neutralized when the desired level of inversion is reached.

In confectionery and candy making, cream of tartar is commonly used as the acidulant, with typical amounts in the range of 0.15-0.25% of the sugar's weight. The use of cream of tartar imparts a honey-like flavor to the syrup. After the inversion is completed, it may be neutralized with baking soda using a weight of 45% of the cream of tartar's weight.

Neutralization
cream of tartar	100%
baking soda	45%

When adding baking soda and whipping or mixing, the hot syrup will foam and bubble up, so some care is required. A much taller pan than otherwise needed will contain the foam. Insure there is enough water remaining in the syrup to dissolve the baking soda. Alternatively, dissolve the baking soda in a little extra water, and insure the syrup's temperature is somewhat below 100 °C (212 °F).

Concentrating the syrup and final temperature
Sucrose	Water	Boiling point
30%	70%	100 °C (212 °F)
40%	60%	101 °C (214 °F)
50%	50%	102 °C (216 °F)
60%	40%	103 °C (217 °F)
70%	30%	106 °C (223 °F)
80%	20%	112 °C (234 °F)
90%	10%	123 °C (253 °F)
95%	5%	140 °C (284 °F)
97%	3%	151 °C (304 °F)
98.2%	1.8%	160 °C (320 °F)
99.5%	0.5%	166 °C (331 °F)
99.6%	0.4%	171 °C (340 °F)

The amount of water can be increased to increase the time it takes to reach the desired final temperature, and increasing the time increases the amount of inversion that occurs. In general, higher final temperatures result in thicker syrups, and lower final temperatures, in thinner ones.

All constituent sugars (sucrose, glucose and fructose) support fermentation, so invert sugar solutions may be fermented as readily as sucrose solutions.

Shelf life

Invert sugar has a lower water activity than that of sucrose, so it provides more powerful preserving qualities (a longer shelf life) to products that use it.

The shelf life of partial inverts is approximately six months, depending on storage and climatic conditions. Crystallized invert sugar solutions may be restored to their liquid state by gently heating.

Notable uses

• Honey is a mixture (principally) of glucose and fructose, giving it similar properties to invert syrup. This gives it the ability to remain liquid for long periods of time.
• Jam, when made, produces invert sugar during extensive heating under the action of the acid in the fruit.
• Golden syrup is a syrup of approximately 56% invert syrup, 44% sucrose.
• Fondant filling for chocolates is unique in that the conversion enzyme is added, but not activated before the filling is enrobed with chocolate. The very viscous (and thus formable) filling then becomes less viscous with time, giving the creamy consistency desired.
• Cigarettes use inverted sugar as a casing to add flavour.
• Alcoholic beverage manufacturers often add invert sugar in the production of drinks like gin, Scotch whisky, beer and sparkling wines for flavouring. Candi sugar is a type of invert sugar used in the brewing of Belgian-style beers to boost alcohol content without drastically increasing the body of the beer; it is frequently found in the styles of beer known as dubbel and tripel.

See also

• High-fructose corn syrup

External links

• "Carbohydrates". Carbohydrates. Retrieved 2006-05-01.
• "Making simple syrup is an exercise in chemical reactions". A Word from Carol Kroskey. Archived from the original on 2007-07-14. Retrieved 2006-05-01.
• "Invert Sugar in Distillery". InvertSugarSyrup. Retrieved 2011-10-20.
• "Invertase". Retrieved 2012-11-27.