Jonathan Sacks, Baron Sacks

Not to be confused with Yonason Sacks, Jonathan Sachs, or Jonathan Sacks (composer).

Emeritus Chief Rabbi The Right Honourable Lord Sacks Kt
File:Rabbi Sacks biog profile.jpg
Title	Emeritus Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth
Personal
Born	Jonathan Henry Sacks (Yaakov Zvi) (1948-03-08) 8 March 1948 London, England
Religion	Judaism
Nationality	British
Spouse	Elaine Taylor Sacks
Children	Joshua, Dina and Gila
Denomination	Modern Orthodox Judaism
Alma mater	Gonville & Caius College, Cambridge New College, Oxford King's College London
Jewish leader
Predecessor	The Lord Jakobovits
Successor	Ephraim Mirvis
Website	The Office of the Rabbi Sacks
Position	Emeritus Chief Rabbi
Organisation	United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth
Began	1st September 1991
Ended	1st September 2013
Semikhah	Jews' College and Etz Chaim Yeshiva (London)

Jonathan Henry Sacks, Baron Sacks, Kt (Hebrew: Yaakov Zvi, יעקב צבי) (born 8 March 1948) is a rabbi, philosopher and scholar of Judaism.

He was the Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth. As the spiritual head of the United Synagogue, the largest synagogue body in the UK, he was the Chief Rabbi of those Orthodox synagogues, but was not recognized as the religious authority for the haredi Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations or more secular movements such as Masorti, Reform and Liberal Judaism. As Chief Rabbi, Sacks formally carried the title of Av Beit Din (head) of the London Beth Din.

Since stepping down as Chief Rabbi, in addition to his international travelling and speaking engagements and prolific writing, Sacks has served as the Ingeborg and Ira Rennert Global Distinguished Professor of Judaic Thought at New York University and the Kressel and Ephrat Family University Professor of Jewish Thought at Yeshiva University. He has also been appointed as Professor of Law, Ethics and the Bible at King’s College London.

Biography

Sacks was born in London, England on 8 March 1948. As a child he was educated at St Mary's Primary School and Christ's College Finchley. He completed his higher education at Gonville & Caius College, Cambridge where he gained a first-class Honours Degree in Philosophy. While a student at Cambridge, Sacks traveled to New York to meet Rabbi Menachem M. Schneerson, to discuss a variety of issues relating to religion, faith and philosophy. Schneerson urged Sacks to seek rabbinic ordination and enter the rabbinate. Sacks subsequently continued his studies at New College, Oxford as well as King's College London, achieving a Doctorate in 1981. That same year, Sacks received his rabbinic ordination from Jew’s College and London's Etz Chaim Yeshiva. He married Elaine in 1970 and together they had three children: Joshua, Dina and Gila.

His first rabbinic appointment was as the Rabbi for the Golders Green synagogue (1978–82) in London. In 1983 he became Rabbi of the prestigious Marble Arch synagogue in Central London, a position he held until 1990. Between 1984 and 1990, Sacks also served as Principal of Jews’ College, the world’s oldest rabbinical seminary.. His time as Principal at Jews College became controversial as a result of the redundancy enforced on Rabbi Simcha Lieberman who was an outstanding Jewish scholar and a courageous and brave hero of Jewish resistance to the Nazis. The treatment of Rabbi Lieberman by Jews College when Dr Sacks was Principal received international criticism, was publicised in the national press and in the end Rabbi Lieberman went on to publish works of great distinction and received higher compensation than was originally offered. Dr Sacks was inducted to serve as Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth on 1 September 1991, a position he held until 1 September 2013.

Sacks was made a Knight Bachelor in the Queen's Birthday Honours in 2005 "for services to the Community and to Inter-faith Relations". He was made an Honorary Freeman of the London Borough of Barnet in September 2006. On 13 July 2009 it was announced that Sacks was recommended for a life peerage with a seat in the House of Lords by the House of Lords Appointments Commission. He took the title Baron Sacks, of Aldgate in the City of London.

A visiting professor at several universities in Britain, the United States and Israel, Sacks holds 16 honorary degrees, including a doctorate of divinity conferred on him in September 2001 by the then Archbishop of Canterbury, Lord Carey, to mark his first ten years in office as Chief Rabbi. In recognition of his work, Sacks has won several international awards, including the Jerusalem Prize in 1995 for his contribution to diaspora Jewish life and The Ladislaus Laszt Ecumenical and Social Concern Award from Ben Gurion University in Israel in 2011.

The author of 25 books, Sacks has published commentaries to the daily Jewish prayer book siddur and has completed commentaries to the Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur and Pesach festival prayer books (machzorim) to date. His most recent secular book – The Great Partnership: God, Science and the Search for Meaning – was published in July 2011. A number of his books have won literary awards, including the Grawemeyer Prize for Religion in 2004 for The Dignity of Difference, and a National Jewish Book Award in 2000 for A Letter in the Scroll. Covenant & Conversation: Genesis was also awarded a National Jewish Book Award in 2009, and most recently his commentary to the Pesach festival prayer book won the Modern Jewish Thought and Experience Dorot Foundation Award in the 2013 National Jewish Book Awards in America. His Covenant & Conversation commentaries on the weekly Torah portion are read by thousands of people in Jewish communities around the world.

Sacks' contribution to wider British society have also been recognised. A regular contributor to national media, frequently appearing on BBC Radio 4's Thought for the Day or writing the Credo column or opinion pieces in The Times, Sacks was awarded The Sanford St Martin's Trust Personal Award for 2013 for "his advocacy of Judaism and religion in general". He was invited to the wedding of Prince William of Wales and Kate Middleton as a representative for the Jewish community.

At a Gala Dinner held in Central London in May 2013 to mark the completion of the Chief Rabbi's time in office, HRH The Prince of Wales called Sacks a "light unto this nation", "a steadfast friend" and "a valued adviser" whose "guidance on any given issue has never failed to be of practical value and deeply grounded in the kind of wisdom that is increasingly hard to come by".

Philosophy

Much has been written about Sacks' philosophical contribution to Judaism and beyond, most recently in three works: (1) a volume on his work entitled Universalizing Particularity that forms part of The Library of Contemporary Jewish Philosophers series, edited by Hava Tirosh-Samuelson and Aaron W. Hughes; (2) a book entitled Radical Responsibility edited by Michael J. Harris, Daniel Rynhold and Tamra Wright; and (3) a book entitled Morasha Kehillat Yaakov edited by Rabbi Michael Pollak and Dayan Shmuel Simons.

Early Influencers

In a pamphlet written to mark the completion of his time as Chief Rabbi entitled "A Judaism Engaged with the World", Sacks cites three individuals who have had a profound impact on his own philosophical thinking. The first figure was the Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson who "was fully aware of the problem of the missing Jews... inventing the idea, revolutionary in its time, of Jewish outreach... [He] challenged me to lead." Indeed, Sacks called him "one of the greatest Jewish leaders, not just of our time, but of all time" The second was Rabbi Joseph Soloveichik who Sacks described as "the greatest Orthodox thinker of the time [who] challenged me to think." Sacks argued that for Rav Soloveichik "Jewish philosophy, he said, had to emerge from halakhah, Jewish law. Jewish thought and Jewish practice were not two (sic) different things but the same thing seen from different perspectives. Halakhah was a way of living a way of thinking about the world – taking abstract ideas and making them real in everyday life." The third figure was Rabbi Nachum Rabinovitch, a former principal of the London School of Jewish Studies. Sacks called Rabinovitch "One of the great Maimonidean scholars of our time, [who] he taught us, his students, that Torah leadership demands the highest intellectual and moral courage. He did this in the best way possible: by personal example. The following thoughts, which are his, are a small indication of what I learned from him – not least that Torah is, among other things, a refusal to give easy answers to difficult questions."

Universalism vs Particularism

As a rabbi, social philosopher, proponent of interfaith dialogue and public intellectual, Tirosh-Samuelson and Hughes note that "...his [Sacks'] vision - informed as it is by the concerns of modern Orthodoxy - is paradoxically one of the most universalizing voices within contemporary Judaism. Sacks possesses a rare ability to hold in delicate balance the universal demands of the modern, multicultural world with the particularism associated with Judaism." This is a view supported by Rabbi Nathan Lopez Cardozo who wrote in The Jerusalem Post that Sacks' "confidence in the power of Judaism and its infinite wisdom enabled him to enter the lion’s den, taking on famous philosophers, scientists, religious thinkers and sociologists and showing them that Judaism had something to teach that they couldn’t afford to miss if they wanted to be at the forefront of philosophy and science." Harris and Rynhold, in their introduction to Radical Responsibility argued that: "The special contribution made by the thought of Chief Rabbi Sacks is that it not only continues the venerable Jewish philosophical tradition of maintaining traditional faith in the face of external intellectual challenges, but also moves beyond this tradition by showing how core Jewish teachings can address the dilemmas of the secular world itself. What make Lord Sacks' approach so effective is that he is able to do so without any exception of the wider world taking on Judaism's theological beliefs."

Torah v'Chokhma

The frame work for Sacks' philosophical approach and his interaction between the universal and the particular is not too dissimilar from those positions adopted by other leading Orthodox thinkers of recent times. The favoured phrase of Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch was Torah im derekh eretz, 'Torah and general culture'; for Rabbi Norman Lamm is was Torah u-mada. 'Torah and Science'. For Sacks, his favoured phrase has been Torah vehokhmah, 'Torah and Wisdom'. As noted in the introduction to Radical Responsibility: "Torah, for Jonathan Sacks represents the particularistic, inherited teachings of Judaism, while hokhmah (wisdom) refers to the universal realm of the sciences and humanities." Framed in religious terms, as Sacks sets out in his book Future Tense: "Chokhmah is the truth we discover; Torah is the truth we inherit. Chokhmah is the universal language of humankind; Torah is the specific heritage of Israel. Chokhmahis what we attain by being in the image of God; Torah is what guides Jews as the people of God. Chokhmah is acquired by seeing and reasoning; Torah is received by listening and responding. Chokhmah tells us what is; Torah tells us what ought to be."

Tirosh-Samuelson and Hughes note that whilst Torah v'Chokhmah is certainly a valid overarching framework, they note that Sacks' perspective is one rooted in modern orthodoxy: "Although he [Sacks] will try to understand various denominations of Judaism, he is always quick to point out that Orthodoxy cannot recognize the legitimacy of interpretations of Judaism that abandon fundamental beliefs of halakhic (Jewish law) authority. Judaism that departs from the truth and acceptance of the halakha is a departure from authentic Judaism and, he reasons, is tantamount to the accomodation of secularism. So, while Sacks will develop a highly inclusive account of the world's religions, there were times when he was critical of the denominations within Judaism."

Chief Rabbinate

In his Installation address upon succeeding Lord Jakobovits as Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth in September 1991, Sacks called for a Decade of Renewal which would "revitalize British Jewry’s great powers of creativity". He said this renewal should be based on five central values: "love of every Jew, love of learning, love of God, a profound contribution to British society and an unequivocal attachment to Israel." Sacks said he wanted to be "a catalyst for creativity, to encourage leadership in others, and to let in the fresh air of initiative and imagination". This led to a series of innovative communal projects including Jewish Continuity, a national foundation for Jewish educational programmes and outreach; the Association of Jewish Business Ethics; the Chief Rabbinate Awards for Excellence; the Chief Rabbinate Bursaries, and Community Development, a national scheme to enhance Jewish community life. The Chief Rabbi began his second decade of office with a call to 'Jewish Responsibility' and a renewed commitment to the ethical dimension of Judaism.

Sacks' Chief Rabbinate was not without challenges. One of the central issues was the inter-denominational relationship between Orthodox Judaism - which Sacks belonged to - and the other strands of Judaism: Masorti, Reform and Liberal movement who emphasised that, despite wider society viewing Sacks as the spokesman for the whole Jewish community, the Chief Rabbi did not speak for them on religious issues. This became a major issue following the death of Rabbi Hugo Gryn, a respected leader of Reform, in 1996. Though he did not attend the funeral, Sacks attended the shiva, memorial prayers, for Gryn, a move that caused anger with some in the ultra-Orthodox community. In a private response to an Ultra-Orthodox leader, Sacks wrote in Hebrew that Gryn was "among those who destroy the faith". The letter was leaked and published, and received wide coverage within the Jewish community and beyond. However in a letter to The Jewish Chronicle in May 2013, Jackie Gryn, the wife of Rabbi Gryn, wrote: "I feel the time has come for me to lay to rest, once and for all , the idea… that there ever was a ‘Hugo Gryn Affair’, as far as I am concerned, regarding the absence of the Chief Rabbi at the funeral of my late husband, Hugo.” "From the beginning, relations were cordial and sympathetic and have remained so,” she wrote. “There has never been any personal grievance between us concerning his non-attendance at the funeral, which promoted such venomous and divisive comments and regrettably continues to do so.”

Despite Mrs Gryn's noble and kind comments there was unquestionably a  Hugo Gryn affair in so far as Dr Sacks is concerned and the contents of his reported private letter to Rabbi Padwa of the ultra orthodox community,  revealed by the Jewish Chronicle at the time, highlight the apparent discrepancy between Dr Sacks' private view of Rabbi Gryn and the differing impression that was clearly conveyed to Mrs Gryn.  It is regrettable  that Dr Sacks allowed Mrs Gryn's version to stand as the official record and did not explain why his letter to Rabbi Padwa implied a very different situation nor why he allegedly used  the offensive and pejorative wording "oso haish" in that letter.  

As a result of the Gryn Affair, Sacks developed two key principles that spanned the rest of his Chief Rabbinate when it came to inter-denominational relations within the UK Jewish community. When asked about it in a farewell interview published in The Jewish News in August 2013, Sacks said: "As a result of the turbulence at that time, I was forced to think this whole issue through and I came up with these two principles; on all matters that affect us as Jews regardless of our religious differences we work together regardless of our religious differences, and on all things that touch our religious differences we agree to differ, but with respect. As a result of those two principles relations between Reform and Orthodox have got much better and are actually a model for the rest of the Jewish world. Progressive rabbis sit with me on the top table of the Council of Christians and Jews, we stand together for Israel. All of this flowed from those two principles. Until then there had been a view never to do anything with the non-Orthodox movements but once you thought it through you saw that there were all sorts of opportunities."

A second controversy occurred after the publication of his book The Dignity of Difference when a group of Haredi rabbis, most notably Rabbis Yosef Shalom Elyashiv and Bezalel Rakow accused Sacks of heresy against what they consider the traditional Orthodox viewpoint. According to them, some words seemed to imply an endorsement of pure relativism between religions, and that Judaism is not the sole true religion. This led Sacks to rephrase more clearly some sentences in the book for its second edition, though he refused to recall books already in the stores. In his "Preface to the Second Edition" of the book, Sacks wrote that certain passages in the book had been misconstrued: he had already explicitly criticised cultural and religious relativism in his book, and he did not deny Judaism's uniqueness. He also stressed however that mainstream rabbinic teachings teach that wisdom, righteousness and the possibility of a true relationship with God are all available in non-Jewish cultures and religions as an on-going heritage from the covenant that God made with Noah and all his descendants, so the tradition teaches that one does not need to be Jewish to know God or truth or to attain salvation. As this diversity of covenantal bonds implies, however, traditional Jewish sources do clearly deny that any one creed has a monopoly on spiritual truth. Monopolistic and simplistic claims of universal truth he has characterized as imperialistic, pagan and Platonic, and not Jewish at all. The changes made did not change the substantive arguments in the book itself, which received international acclaim, winning the Grawemeyer Award in 2004.

Views

Some Orthodox opposition

After the publication of his book The Dignity of Difference, a group of Haredi rabbis, most notably Rabbis Yosef Shalom Elyashiv and Bezalel Rakow, accused Sacks of heresy against what they consider the traditional Orthodox viewpoint. According to them, some words seemed to imply an endorsement of pure relativism between religions, and that Judaism is not the sole true religion, e.g. "No one creed has a monopoly on spiritual truth." This led him to rephrase more clearly some sentences in the book for its second edition, though he refused to recall books already in the stores.

In his "Preface to the Second Edition" of the book, Sacks wrote that certain passages in the book had been misconstrued: he had already explicitly criticised cultural and religious relativism in his book, and he did not deny Judaism's uniqueness. He also stressed however that mainstream rabbinic teachings teach that wisdom, righteousness and the possibility of a true relationship with God are all available in non-Jewish cultures and religions as an on-going heritage from the covenant that God made with Noah and all his descendants, so the tradition teaches that one does not need to be Jewish to know God or truth or to attain salvation. As this diversity of covenantal bonds implies, however, traditional Jewish sources do clearly deny that any one creed has a monopoly on spiritual truth. Monopolistic and simplistic claims of universal truth he has characterized as imperialistic, pagan and Platonic, and not Jewish at all.

Efforts to accommodate Haredi Jews

A book by the British historian and journalist Meir Persoff, Another Way, Another Time, has argued that "Sacks’s top priority has been staying in the good graces of the Haredi, or strictly Orthodox, faction, whose high birthrate has made it the fastest-growing component of British Jewry." But, Persoff has argued, "the Orthodox circles Sacks strives to placate will never consider him Orthodox enough no matter what he does."

Rabbi Gryn and Rabbi Jacobs

Sacks provoked considerable controversy in the Anglo-Jewish community in 1996 when he refused to attend the funeral service of the late Reform Rabbi Hugo Gryn and a private letter he had written in Hebrew, which (in translation) asserted that Gryn was "among those who destroy the faith," was leaked and published. He wrote further that he was an "enemy" of the Reform, Liberal and Masorti movements, leading some to reject the notion that he is "Chief Rabbi" for all Jews in Britain. He attended a memorial meeting for Gryn, a move that brought the wrath of some in the ultra-Orthodox community. Rabbi Dow Marmur argued that after attending the memorial service, Sacks then attempted to placate the ultra-Orthodox community, an attempt which Marmur has described as “neurotic and cowardly."

A similar stance was taken by Sacks and his Beth Din when they prevented the retired Rabbi Louis Jacobs, who had helped establish the British branch of the Masorti movement, from being called up for the Reading of the Torah on the Saturday before his granddaughter's wedding. It is interesting to note that Dr Sacks' stance on this occasion differed from that of his immediate predecessor and angered many even within the traditional community who continue to regard the treatment of arguably Britain's greatest Jewish scholar, Rabbi Dr Louis Jacobs, as outrageous and totally inconsistent with other call up practice.

Secularism and Europe's changing demographics

Sacks has expressed concern at what he regards as the negative effects of materialism and secularism in European society, arguing that they undermine the basic values of family life and lead to selfishness. In 2009 Sacks gave an address claiming that Europeans have chosen consumerism over the self-sacrifice of parenting children, and that "the major assault on religion today comes from the neo-Darwinians." He argued that Europe is in population decline "because non-believers lack shared values of family and community that religion has."

Consumerism and Steve Jobs

Rabbi Sacks made remarks at an inter-faith reception attended by the Queen, in November 2011, in which he criticised what he believed to be the selfish consumer culture that has only brought unhappiness. "The consumer society was laid down by the late Steve Jobs coming down the mountain with two tablets, iPad one and iPad two, and the result is that we now have a culture of iPod, iPhone, iTune, i, i, i. When you're an individualist, egocentric culture and you only care about 'I,’ you don’t do terribly well." In a later statement, the Chief Rabbi's office said "The Chief Rabbi meant no criticism of either Steve Jobs personally or the contribution Apple has made to the development of technology in the 21st century."

Opposition to gay marriage

In July 2012 a group of prominent UK Jews criticised Sacks for opposing plans to allow civil marriage for gays and lesbians.

Animal welfare

Sacks is a practising Jewish vegetarian.

Interfaith Dialogue

Rabbi Sacks is an advocate of interfaith dialogue and sits on the Board of World Religious Leaders for the Elijah Interfaith Institute.

Current positions

• Professor of Judaic Thought, New York University, New York (announced 29 October 2013).
• Professor of Jewish Thought, Yeshiva University, New York (announced 29 October 2013).
• Professor of Law, Ethics and the Bible at King’s College, London (announced 5 December 2013).

Previous positions held

• Chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth (1 September 1991 – 1 September 2013).
• Lecturer in moral philosophy, Middlesex Polytechnic, 1971–1973.
• Lecturer, Jews' College London, 1973–82; director of its rabbinic facility, 1983–1990; Principal, 1984–1990.
• Visiting professor of philosophy at the University of Essex, 1989–1990.
• Sherman lecturer at the University of Manchester, 1989.
• Riddell lecturer at the University of Newcastle.
• Cook lecturer at the University of Oxford, University of Edinburgh and the University of St Andrews.
• Visiting professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Sacks is also a frequent guest on both television and radio, and regularly contributes to the national press. He delivered the 1990 BBC Reith Lectures on The Persistence of Faith.

Published Books

• The Koren Sacks Pesach Mahzor (Koren, Jerusalem, March 2013)
• The Koren Sacks Yom Kippur Mahzor (Koren, Jerusalem, 2012)
• The Koren Sacks Rosh Hashana Mahzor (Koren, Jerusalem, 2011)
• The Great Partnership: God Science and the Search for Meaning (Hodder & Stoughton, London, 2011; Schocken, New York, 2012)
• Covenant and Conversation: Exodus (Koren, Jerusalem, 2010)
• Future Tense (Hodder, London, 2009; Schocken, New York, 2010)
• Covenant and Conversation: Genesis (Koren, Jerusalem, 2009)
• The Koren (Sacks) Siddur (Koren, Jerusalem, 2009)
• The Home We Build Together (Continuum, London, 2007)
• The Authorised Daily Prayer Book (HarperCollins, London, 2006)
• To Heal A Fractured World (Continuum, London; Schocken, New York, 2005)
• From Optimism to Hope (Continuum, London, 2004)
• Rabbi Jonathan Sacks’s Haggadah (Harper Collins, London, Continuum, New York, 2003)
• The Dignity of Difference (Continuum, London / New York / Toronto, 2002)
• Radical Then, Radical Now (Continuum, London, 2001) - published in the USA as: A Letter In the Scroll (The Free Press, New York, 2000)
• Celebrating Life (Continuum, London, 2006)
• Morals and Markets (Occasional Paper 108) (Institute of Economic Affairs, London, 1998)
• The Politics of Hope (Vintage, London, 2000)
• The Persistence of Faith (Continuum, London, 2005) - based on the BBC Reith Lectures
• One People: Tradition, Modernity and Jewish Unity (The Littman Library, London, 1993)
• Community of Faith (Peter Halban, London, 1995)
• Faith in the Future (Darton, Longman and Todd, 1995)
• Will We Have Jewish Grandchildren? (Vallentine Mitchell, 1994)
• Crisis and Covenant (Manchester University Press, 1992)
• Arguments for the Sake of Heaven (Jason Aronson, 1991)
• Tradition in an Untraditional Age (Vallentine Mitchell, 1990)

In addition he has edited:

• Torah Studies:Discourses by Rabbi Menachem M. Schneerson (Kehot, New York, 1996)
• Orthodoxy Confronts Modernity (Ktav, New York, 1991)
• Tradition and Transition (Jews College Publications, 1986)

Awards Received

• 2014: American National Jewish Book Award for The Koren Sacks Pesah Mahzor
• 2013: The Sanford St Martin's Trust Personal Award for Excellence in Religious Broadcasting
• 2011: Keter Torah Award, Open University (Israel)
• 2011: The Ladislaus Laszt Ecumenical and Social Concern Award, Ben Gurion University (Israel)
• 2010: The Abraham Kuyper Prize, Princeton Theological Seminary (USA)
• 2010: The Norman Lamm Prize, Yeshiva University (USA)
• 2009: American National Jewish Book Award for Covenant & Conversation Genesis: The Book of Beginnings
• 2004: The Grawemeyer Prize for Religion (USA)
• 2000: American National Jewish Book for A Letter in the Scroll
• 1995: Jerusalem Prize (Israel)

External links

• Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks' new website
• Koren Publishers Jerusalem website
• Amazon Author Page
• The 1990 BBC Reith Lectures 1990: The Persistence of Faith
• Jonathan Sacks and Richard Dawkins at BBC RE:Think festival on YouTube, 12 September 2012.
• How the Rebbe Changed My Life