Variant Chinese characters

Variant character
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	異體字
Simplified Chinese	异体字
Literal meaning	different form character
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin yìtǐzì Yue: Cantonese Jyutping ji6 tai2 zi6
Alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	又體
Simplified Chinese	又体
Literal meaning	also form
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin yòutǐ Yue: Cantonese Jyutping jau6 tai2
Second alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	或體
Simplified Chinese	或体
Literal meaning	or form
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin huòtǐ Yue: Cantonese Jyutping waak6 tai2
Third alternative Chinese name
Chinese	重文
Literal meaning	repeated writing
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin chóngwén Yue: Cantonese Jyutping cung4 man4
Korean name
Hangul	이체자
Hanja	異體字
Transcriptions Revised Romanization icheja
Japanese name
Hiragana	いたいじ
Kyūjitai	異體字
Shinjitai	異体字
Transcriptions Romanization itaiji

Variant Chinese characters (simplified Chinese: 异体字; traditional Chinese: 異體字; pinyin: yìtǐzì; Kanji: 異体字; Hepburn: itaiji; Hanja: 異體字; Hangul: 이체자; Revised Romanization: icheja) are Chinese characters that are homophones and synonyms. Almost all variants are allographs in most circumstances, such as casual handwriting. Some contexts require the usage of certain variants, such as in textbook editing.

Regional standards

From right to left: Kangxi Dictionary forms, Mainland China standard, Hong Kong standard, Taiwan standard, Japanese standard. Areas in the rightmost column where there are significant differences among different standards are highlighted in yellow. (玄 is not written completely in the Kangxi Dictionary because 玄 is a character in the Kangxi Emperor's given name, 玄燁. It was taboo to write a character in the emperor's given name.)

Variant Chinese characters exist within and across all regions where Chinese characters are used, whether Chinese-speaking (mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Singapore), Japanese-speaking (Japan), or Korean-speaking (North Korea, South Korea). Some of the governments of these regions have made efforts to standardize the use of variants, by establishing certain variants as standard. The choice of which variants to use has resulted in some divergence in the forms of Chinese characters used in mainland China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea and Taiwan. This effect compounds with the sometimes drastic divergence in the standard Chinese character sets of these regions resulting from the character simplifications pursued by mainland China and by Japan.

The standard character forms of each region are described in:

• The List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese for mainland China
• The List of Graphemes of Commonly-Used Chinese Characters for Hong Kong
• The Standard Form of National Characters for Taiwan
• The list of Jōyō kanji for Japan
• The Kangxi Dictionary (de facto) for Korea

Orthodox and vulgar variants

Character forms that are most orthodox are known as orthodox characters (Chinese: 正字; pinyin: zhèngzì) or Kangxi Dictionary form (Chinese: 康熙字典體; pinyin: Kāngxī zìdiǎn tǐ), as the forms found in the Kangxi dictionary are usually orthodox. Other variants are known as vulgar characters (Chinese: 俗字; pinyin: súzì; Hepburn: zokuji).

Usage in computing

Variants of the Chinese character for guī 'turtle', collected ca. 1800 from printed sources.

Five of the 30 variant characters found in the preface of the Kangxi Dictionary which are not found in the dictionary itself.

Unicode deals with variant characters in a complex manner, as a result of the process of Han unification. In Han unification, some variants that are nearly identical between Chinese-, Japanese-, Korean-speaking regions are encoded in the same code point, and can only be distinguished using different typefaces. Other variants that are more divergent are encoded in different code points. On web pages, displaying the correct variants for the intended language is dependent on the typefaces installed on the computer, the configuration of the web browser, and the language tags of web pages. Systems that are ready to display the correct variants are rare because many computer users do not have standard typefaces installed and the most popular web browsers are not configured to display the correct variants by default. The following are some examples of variant forms of Chinese characters with different code points and language tags.

Different code points, Mainland China language tag	Different code points, Taiwan language tag	Different code points, Hong Kong language tag	Different code points, Japanese language tag
戶戸户	戶戸户	戶戸户	戶戸户
爲為为	爲為为	爲為为	爲為为
強强	強强	強强	強强
畫畵画	畫畵画	畫畵画	畫畵画
線綫线	線綫线	線綫线	線綫线
匯滙	匯滙	匯滙	匯滙
裏裡	裏裡	裏裡	裏裡
夜亱	夜亱	夜亱	夜亱
龜亀龟	龜亀龟	龜亀龟	龜亀龟

The following are some examples of variant forms of Chinese characters with the same code points and different language tags.

Same code point, different language tags
Mainland China language tag	Taiwan language tag	Hong Kong language tag	Japanese language tag
刃	刃	刃	刃
令	令	令	令
難	難	難	難
骨	骨	骨	骨
詩	詩	詩	詩
海	海	海	海
雪	雪	雪	雪
起	起	起	起
及	及	及	及
英	英	英	英
次	次	次	次
誤	誤	誤	誤
能	能	能	能
函	函	函	函
純	純	純	純
船	船	船	船
述	述	述	述
灰	灰	灰	灰
窗	窗	窗	窗

Graphemic variants

Some variants are not allographic. For a set of variants to be allographs, someone who could read one should be able to read the others, but some variants cannot be read if one only knows one of them. An example is 搜 and 蒐, where someone who is able to read 搜 might not be able to read 蒐. Another example is 㠯, which is a variant of 以, but some people who could read 以 might not be able to read 㠯.

See also

• Ryakuji

External links

• Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants