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== Perceptions ==
== Perceptions ==
According to studies of social attitudes,{{clarify|reason=in which countries?|date=March 2015}} violence is perceived as more or less serious depending on the gender of victim and perpetrator. According to a study in the publication ''Aggressive Behavior'', violence against women was about a third more likely to be reported by third parties to the police regardless of the gender of the attacker,<ref name="Felson">{{Cite journal|title = When a Man Hits a Woman: Moral Evaluations and Reporting Violence to the Police|last = Felson|first = Richard|date = 2009|journal = Aggressive Behavior|doi = 10.1002/ab.20323|pmid = |access-date = March 1, 2015|subscription = yes}}</ref> although the most likely to be reported gender combination was a male perpetrator and female victim.<ref name="Felson" /> Similarly, international law scholar Solange Mouthaan argues that, in conflict scenarios, sexual violence against men has been ignored in favour of a focus on sexual violence against women and children.<ref name="Mouthaan">{{Cite journal|title = Sexual Violence against Men and International Law: Criminalising the Unmentionable.|last = Mouthaan|first = Solange|date = 2013|journal = International Criminal Law Review|doi = 10.1163/15718123-01303004|access-date = March 1, 2015|subscription = yes}}</ref> One explanation for this difference in focus is the physical power that men hold over women making people more likely to condemn violence with this gender configuration.<ref name="Hamby">{{Cite journal|title = Size Does Matter: The Effects of Gender on Perceptions of Dating Violence.|last = Hamby|first = Sherry|date = 2010|journal = Sex Roles|doi = 10.1007/s11199-010-9816-0|access-date = March 1, 2015|subscription = yes}}</ref> The concept of male survivors of violence go against social perceptions of the male [[gender role]] and leading to low recognition and provision.{{clarify|reason=what does "provision" mean here?|date=March 2015}}<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Social Constructions of Masculinity and Male Survivors of Wartime Sexual Violence: an Analytical Review|last = Onyango|first = Monica|date = 2011|journal = International Journal of Sexual Health|doi = 10.1080/19317611.2011.608415|access-date = March 1, 2015|subscription = yes}}</ref>
According to studies of social attitudes,{{clarify|reason=in which countries?|date=March 2015}} violence is perceived as more or less serious depending on the gender of victim and perpetrator. According to a study in the publication ''Aggressive Behavior'', violence against women was about a third more likely to be reported by third parties to the police regardless of the gender of the attacker,<ref name="Felson">{{Cite journal|title = When a Man Hits a Woman: Moral Evaluations and Reporting Violence to the Police|last = Felson|first = Richard|date = 2009|journal = Aggressive Behavior|doi = 10.1002/ab.20323|pmid = |access-date = March 1, 2015|subscription = yes}}</ref> although the most likely to be reported gender combination was a male perpetrator and female victim.<ref name="Felson" /> Similarly, international law scholar Solange Mouthaan argues that, in conflict scenarios, sexual violence against men has been ignored in favour of a focus on sexual violence against women and children.<ref name="Mouthaan">{{Cite journal|title = Sexual Violence against Men and International Law: Criminalising the Unmentionable.|last = Mouthaan|first = Solange|date = 2013|journal = International Criminal Law Review|doi = 10.1163/15718123-01303004|access-date = March 1, 2015|subscription = yes}}</ref> One explanation for this difference in focus is the physical power that men hold over women making people more likely to condemn violence with this gender configuration.<ref name="Hamby">{{Cite journal|title = Size Does Matter: The Effects of Gender on Perceptions of Dating Violence.|last = Hamby|first = Sherry|date = 2010|journal = Sex Roles|doi = 10.1007/s11199-010-9816-0|access-date = March 1, 2015|subscription = yes}}</ref> The concept of male survivors of violence go against social perceptions of the male [[gender role]], leading to low recognition and few legal provisions.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Social Constructions of Masculinity and Male Survivors of Wartime Sexual Violence: an Analytical Review|last = Onyango|first = Monica|date = 2011|journal = International Journal of Sexual Health|doi = 10.1080/19317611.2011.608415|access-date = March 1, 2015|subscription = yes}}</ref>


==Domestic violence ==
==Domestic violence ==

Revision as of 02:47, 2 March 2015

Part of a series on
Violence against men
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Killing
Sexual assault and rape
Related topics

Violence against men is any act of violence that is aimed at men and caused at least in part by their being men. Men are overrepresented as both victims[1] and perpetrators of violence.[2][3] Sexual violence against men is treated differently in any given society, and may be unrecognized by international law.[4]

Perceptions

According to studies of social attitudes,[clarification needed] violence is perceived as more or less serious depending on the gender of victim and perpetrator. According to a study in the publication Aggressive Behavior, violence against women was about a third more likely to be reported by third parties to the police regardless of the gender of the attacker,[5] although the most likely to be reported gender combination was a male perpetrator and female victim.[5] Similarly, international law scholar Solange Mouthaan argues that, in conflict scenarios, sexual violence against men has been ignored in favour of a focus on sexual violence against women and children.[6] One explanation for this difference in focus is the physical power that men hold over women making people more likely to condemn violence with this gender configuration.[7] The concept of male survivors of violence go against social perceptions of the male gender role, leading to low recognition and few legal provisions.[8]

Domestic violence

Main article: Domestic violence against men

Men who are victims of domestic violence are at times reluctant to report it or to seek help. As with other forms of violence against men, intimate partner violence is generally less recognized in society when the victims are men.[9] Violence of women against men in relationship is often trivialized due to the supposed weaker physique of women, in such cases the use of dangerous objects and weapons is omitted.[10]

Mass killings

In situations of war and genocide, men and boys are sometimes singled out and killed.[11] During the Kosovo War, estimates of civilian male victims of mass killings suggest that they made up more than 90% of all civilian casualties.[11] The International Court of Justice determined in 2007 that during the Bosnian War, Bosnian Serbs devised a plan to massacre all military aged Bosnian Muslim men.[12] Other examples of selective mass killings of civilian men include some of Stalin's purges.[13]

Non-combatant men and boys have been and continue to be the most frequent targets of mass killing and genocidal slaughter, as well as a host of lesser atrocities and abuses.[14]

Sexual violence

Forced castration of men has been widely practiced by societies for several reasons, including payment of debt, cultivated birthright, assimilation, and punishment. Once a man underwent the procedure, he was to be called a eunuch. These individuals were frequently assigned to serve in some domestic capacity. The earliest records for intentional castration to produce eunuchs are from the Sumerian city of Lagash in the 21st century BC.[15][16] The practice was conducted by various regimes across Europe, Africa, and Asia until the 19th century, when it was largely eradicated. During the 20th century, many nations began using chemical castration to sterilize mentally ill males & as punishment for male sexual offenders. The practice as punishment is still used by developed nations as of 2015.[17][18][19]

In armed conflict, sexual violence is committed by men against men as psychological warfare in order to demoralize the enemy.[20] The practice dates back to Ancient Persia and the Crusades.[21] International criminal law does not consider gender based sexual violence against men a separate type of offense and treats it as war crimes or torture.[22] The culture of silence around this issue often leaves men with no support.[23] In one study, less than 3% of organizations that address rape as a weapon of war, mention men or provide services to male victims.[24]

See also

References

  1. ^ Felson, Richard (2002). Violence and gender reexamined. American Psychological Association. p. abstract. ISBN 1557988951.
  2. ^ "The Surprising Truth About Women and Violence". TIME. June 25, 2014. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
  3. ^ "Our attitude to violence against men is out of date". The Telegraph. April 9, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2014.
  4. ^ Lewis, Dustin (2009). "Unrecognized Victims: Sexual Violence Against Men in Conflict Settings Under International Law". Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict (PILAC).
  5. ^ a b Felson, Richard (2009). "When a Man Hits a Woman: Moral Evaluations and Reporting Violence to the Police". Aggressive Behavior. doi:10.1002/ab.20323. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Mouthaan, Solange (2013). "Sexual Violence against Men and International Law: Criminalising the Unmentionable". International Criminal Law Review. doi:10.1163/15718123-01303004. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Hamby, Sherry (2010). "Size Does Matter: The Effects of Gender on Perceptions of Dating Violence". Sex Roles. doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9816-0. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ Onyango, Monica (2011). "Social Constructions of Masculinity and Male Survivors of Wartime Sexual Violence: an Analytical Review". International Journal of Sexual Health. doi:10.1080/19317611.2011.608415. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Das Dasgupta, Shamita (November 2002). "A Framework for Understanding Women's Use of Nonlethal Violence in Intimate Heterosexual Relationships". Violence Against Women. 8 (11): 1364–1389. doi:10.1177/107780102237408. Retrieved July 2, 2014. (subscription required)
  10. ^ http://time.com/2921491/hope-solo-women-violence/
  11. ^ a b Jones, Adam Gendercide and Genocide. Journal of Genocide Research, 2: 2 (June 2000), pp. 185-211. DOI:10.1080/713677599
  12. ^ Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro. 26 February 2007.
  13. ^ Jones, Adam (2000). Journal of Genocide Research, 2: 2, p. 188.
  14. ^ Human Security Report 2005: War and Peace in the 21st Century, p. 111.
  15. ^ Maekawa, Kazuya (1980). Animal and human castration in Sumer, Part II: Human castration in the Ur III period. Zinbun [Journal of the Research Institute for Humanistic Studies, Kyoto University], pp. 1–56.
  16. ^ Maekawa, Kazuya (1980). Female Weavers and Their Children in Lagash – Presargonic and Ur III. Acta Sumerologica 2:81–125.
  17. ^ "Statutes & Constitution :View Statutes  :->2006->Ch0794->Section 0235  : Online Sunshine". state.fl.us. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |title= at position 25 (help)
  18. ^ "BBC News - 'Menace' jailed over child rape and abduction attempt". bbc.co.uk.
  19. ^ "Russia introduces chemical castration for pedophiles". RT. 4 October 2011.
  20. ^ Will Storr. "The rape of men: the darkest secret of war". the Guardian.
  21. ^ Sivakumaran, Sandesh (2007). "Sexual Violence Against Men in Armed Conflict". School of Law, University of Nottingham.
  22. ^ "The invisibility of gender violence in International Criminal Law - addressing sexual violence against men and women in conflict". TransConflict. February 18, 2015. Retrieved February 18, 2015.
  23. ^ "HEALTH: Rape as a "weapon of war" against men". Irin News. 2011.
  24. ^ "Rape as a Weapon of War: Men Suffer, Too". TIME. August 3, 2011. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
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