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{{redirect|Yale}}
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{{Infobox university
|name = Yale University
|latin_name = Universitas Yalensis
|image_name = Yale University Shield 1.svg|150px
|caption= Yale University [[Seal (emblem)|Seal]]
|motto = אורים ותמים ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]) ([[Urim and Thummim#In popular culture|Urim V'Thummim]])<br />Lux et veritas ([[Latin]])
|mottoeng = Light and truth
|established = October 9, 1701
|type = [[Private university|Private]]
|calendar= Semester
|endowment = $23.9 billion<ref name="news.yale.edu">http://news.yale.edu/2014/09/24/investment-return-202-brings-yale-endowment-value-239-billion</ref>
|president = [[Peter Salovey]]<ref name=nhregister23rdPres >{{cite news | url=http://nhregister.com/articles/2013/07/01/news/new_haven/doc51d22565bfa00732291606.txt | title=Peter Salovey takes the helm as Yale’s 23rd president | work=New Haven Register | date=July 1, 2013 | accessdate=22 July 2013 | author=Shelton, Jim}}</ref>
|faculty = 4,171<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oir.yale.edu/yale-factsheet#Faculty |title=Yale "Factsheet" |website=Yale Office of Institutional Research |publisher=Yale University |date=Fall 2013 |accessdate=24 July 2014}}</ref>
|students = 12,223
|undergrad = 5,414
|postgrad = 6,809
|city = [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]]
|state = Connecticut
|country = United States {{flagicon|USA}}
|campus = Urban/[[College town]], {{convert|1015|acre|ha}} including Yale Golf Course
|former_names =''Collegiate School''<br />(1701–1718)<br/>''Yale College''<br />(1718–1887)
|athletics =[[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] [[Division I (NCAA)|Division I]] [[Football Championship Subdivision|FCS]]<br>[[Ivy League]]
|colors = {{color box|#0F4D92}} [[Yale Blue]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/printer/identity/yaleblue.html |title=Yale University – Identity Guidelines |publisher=Yale.edu |accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref>
|nickname = [[Yale Bulldogs|Bulldogs]]
|mascot = [[Handsome Dan]]
|affiliations = [[Ivy League]]<br />[[Association of American Universities|AAU]]<br />[[International Alliance of Research Universities|IARU]]<br>[[National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities|NAICU]]<ref>[http://www.naicu.edu/member_center/members.asp NAICU – Member Directory]</ref>
|website = {{URL|http://www.yale.edu/|Yale.edu}}
|logo = [[File:Yale University logo.svg|150px]]
}}

'''Yale University''' is a [[Private university|private]] [[Ivy League]] [[Doctoral university|research university]] in [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]], [[Connecticut]]. Founded in 1701 as the "Collegiate School," the [[university]] is the [[List of Colonial Colleges|third-oldest institution]] of [[higher education]] in the [[United States]]. In 1718, the school was renamed "Yale College" in recognition of a gift from [[Elihu Yale]], a governor of the [[British East India Company]]. Established to train [[Congregationalist]] ministers in theology and [[sacred language]]s, by 1777 the school's curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences. During the 19th century Yale gradually incorporated graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph.D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/schools/index.html |title=Academic programs &#124; Yale |publisher=Yale.edu |accessdate=September 16, 2009}}</ref>

Yale is organized into twelve constituent schools: the original [[Yale College|undergraduate college]], the [[Yale Graduate School of Arts & Sciences|Graduate School of Arts & Sciences]], and ten professional schools. While the university is governed by the [[Yale Corporation]], each school's [[faculty (division)|faculty]] oversees its curriculum and degree programs. In addition to a central campus in [[downtown New Haven]], the University owns athletic facilities in Western New Haven, including the [[Yale Bowl]], a campus in [[West Haven, Connecticut]], and forest and nature preserves throughout [[New England]]. The University's assets include an [[financial endowment|endowment]] valued at $23.9&nbsp;billion as of September 27, 2014, the second largest of any educational institution in the world.<ref name="news.yale.edu"/>

Yale College undergraduates follow a [[liberal arts education|liberal arts]] curriculum with departmental [[major (academic)|majors]] and are organized into a system of [[residential colleges at Yale University|residential colleges]]. Almost all faculty teach undergraduate courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lu |first1=Carmen |last2=Seager |first2=Ilana |url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/university news/2009/10/15/undergraduate-teaching-requirement-myth/ |title=Undergraduate Teaching Requirement A Myth |newspaper=Yale Daily News |date=15 October 2009 |accessdate=4 December 2011}}</ref> The [[Yale University Library]], serving all twelve schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States.<ref name="2013LibraryReport">{{cite report |last=Gibbons |first=Susan |title=Yale University Library Annual Report 2012–2013 |year=2013 |publisher=Yale University Library |url=http://elischolar.library.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=yul_annual-reports#page=2 |accessdate=1 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=American Library Association |title=ALA Library Fact Sheet 22 – The Nation's Largest Libraries: A Listing by Volumes Held |date=July 2010 |url=http://www.ala.org/ala/professionalresources/libfactsheets/alalibraryfactsheet22.cfm |accessdate=15 July 2014}}</ref> Besides academic studies, students compete intercollegiately as the [[Yale Bulldogs]] in the [[NCAA]] [[Division I (NCAA)|Division I]] [[Ivy League]].

Yale has graduated many notable [[alumni]], including five [[List of Presidents of the United States by education|U.S. Presidents]], 19 [[List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court Justices]], 13 living billionaires,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Ten Colleges Most Likely to Make You a Billionaire|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/03/the-10-colleges-most-likely-to-make-you-a-billionaire-harvard-is-1/273627/|website=theatlantic.com|accessdate=13 August 2014}}</ref> and many foreign heads of state. In addition, Yale has graduated hundreds of members of Congress and many high-level U.S. diplomats, including former U.S. Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]] and current Secretary of State [[John Kerry]]. [[List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation|Fifty-two Nobel laureates]] have been affiliated with the University as students, faculty, or staff, and 230 Rhodes Scholars graduated from the University.<ref>{{cite web|title=Number of Winners by Institution|url=http://www.rhodesscholar.org/assets/uploads/2013_Insitutions_Winner%20Count_8_8_13.pdf|website=rhodesscholar.org|accessdate=13 August 2014}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Charter for Collegiate School later Yale College 1701.jpg|thumb|right|[[Charter]] creating Collegiate School, which became [[Yale College]], October 9, 1701]]
[[File:A Front View of Yale College and the College Chapel New Haven printed by Daniel Bowen.jpg|thumb|upright|''A Front View of Yale-College and the College Chapel'', Daniel Bowen, 1786.]]

===Early history of Yale College===

====Origins====
Yale traces its beginnings to "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School," passed by the General Court of the [[Connecticut Colony|Colony of Connecticut]] on October 9, 1701, while meeting in New Haven. The Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten [[Congregational church|Congregationalist]] ministers: [[Samuel Andrew]], Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, [[James Noyes]], [[James Pierpont (Yale founder)|James Pierpont]], [[Abraham Pierson]], [[Noadiah Russell (Yale founder)|Noadiah Russell]], Joseph Webb and [[Timothy Woodbridge]], all alumni of [[Harvard]], met in the study of Reverend [[Samuel Russell (Yale co-founder)|Samuel Russell]] in [[Branford, Connecticut]], to pool their books to form the school's library.<ref>''[[The Harvard Crimson]]'': [http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=97832 "I'm Gonna Git Yoy Sukka: Classic Stories of Revenge at Harvard."]. Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref> The group, led by [[James Pierpont (Yale founder)|James Pierpont]], is now known as "The Founders".

Originally known as the "Collegiate School," the institution opened in the home of its first [[Rector (academia)|rector]], [[Abraham Pierson]],<ref>Although Pierson was "rector" in his own time, he is today considered the first president of Yale.</ref> in [[Killingworth, Connecticut|Killingworth]] (now [[Clinton, Connecticut|Clinton]]). The school moved to [[Old Saybrook, Connecticut|Saybrook]], and then [[Wethersfield, Connecticut|Wethersfield]]. In 1716 the college moved to [[New Haven, Connecticut]].
[[File:Yale College diploma Nathaniel Chauncey 1702.jpg|thumb|First diploma awarded by [[Yale College]], granted to Nathaniel Chauncey, 1702.]]
Meanwhile, there was a rift forming at Harvard between its sixth president [[Increase Mather]] and the rest of the Harvard clergy, whom Mather viewed as increasingly liberal, ecclesiastically lax, and overly broad in [[Ecclesiastical polity|Church polity]]. The feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would maintain the [[Puritan]] religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_057300_matherincrea.htm |title=Increase Mather}}, ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]]'', [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]</ref>

In 1718, at the behest of either [[Rector (academia)|Rector]] [[Samuel Andrew]] or the colony's Governor [[Gurdon Saltonstall]], [[Cotton Mather]] contacted a successful businessman named [[Elihu Yale]], who lived in [[Wales]] but had been born in [[Boston]] and whose father David had been one of the original settlers in New Haven, to ask him for financial help in constructing a new building for the college. Through the persuasion of [[Jeremiah Dummer]], Yale, who had made a fortune through trade while living in Madras as a representative of the [[East India Company]], donated nine bales of goods, which were sold for more than £560, a substantial sum at the time. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to [[Yale College]]. Meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and theology.<ref>{{cite book|author=Edwin Oviatt|title=The Beginnings of Yale (1701-1726)|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JKJLAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA298|year=1916|publisher=Yale UP|pages=298–302}}</ref> It had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate [[Jonathan Edwards (theologian)|Jonathan Edwards]] discovered John Locke's works and developed his original theology known as the "new divinity". In 1722 the Rector and six of his friends, who had a study group to discuss the new ideas, announced that they had given up Calvinism, become Arminians, and joined the Church of England. They were ordained in England and returned to the colonies as missionaries for the Anglican faith. [[Thomas Clapp]] became president in 1745, and struggled to return the college to Calvinist orthodoxy; but he did not close the library. Other students found Deist books in the library.<ref>Edmund S. Morgan, ''American Heroes: Profiles of Men and Women Who Shaped Early America'' (2010) pp 26-32</ref>

[[File:A View of the Buildings of Yale College at New Haven 1807.jpg|thumb|left|Old Brick Row in 1807.]]

====Curriculum====
Yale was swept up by the great intellectual movements of the period—the [[Great Awakening]] and the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]—thanks to the religious and scientific interests of presidents [[Thomas Clap]] and [[Ezra Stiles]]. They were both instrumental in developing the scientific curriculum at Yale, while dealing with wars, student tumults, graffiti, "irrelevance" of curricula, desperate need for endowment, and fights with the [[Connecticut General Assembly|Connecticut legislature]].<ref>Louis Leonard Tucker, ''Puritan Protagonist: President Thomas Clap of Yale College'' (1970); Edmund S. Morgan, ''The Gentle Puritan: A Life of Ezra Stiles, 1727–1795'' (1970).</ref>

Serious American students of [[theology]] and divinity, particularly in New England, regarded [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] as a [[classical language]], along with Greek and [[Latin]], and essential for study of the [[Old Testament]] in the original words. The Reverend [[Ezra Stiles]], president of the College from 1778 to 1795, brought with him his interest in the Hebrew language as a vehicle for studying ancient [[Bible|Biblical texts]] in their original language (as was common in other schools), requiring all [[freshmen]] to study Hebrew (in contrast to Harvard, where only upperclassmen were required to study the language) and is responsible for the Hebrew phrase אורים ותמים ([[Urim and Thummim]]) on the Yale seal. Stiles' greatest challenge occurred in July 1779 when hostile British forces occupied New Haven and threatened to raze the College. However, Yale graduate [[Edmund Fanning (colonial administrator)|Edmund Fanning]], Secretary to the British General in command of the occupation, interceded and the College was saved. Fanning later was granted an honorary degree [[LL.D.]], at 1803,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~jwickham/edmund.htm |title=Edmund Fanning (1739–1818)|accessdate=June 30, 2009}}</ref> for his efforts.
[[File:Woolsey Hall Memorial Hall University Dining Hall Yale University.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Woolsey Hall]]'' in c. 1905]]

====Students====
As the only college in Connecticut, Yale educated the sons of the elite.<ref>Historian Bruce Daniels has used biographical dictionaries of the college graduates of Yale University, presents statistics on Yale graduates from the classes of 1702 to 1780, focusing on the graduates' career choices, their success in life, religious affiliation, vital statistics, the percentage of those who supported the American Revolution, and geographic mobility. See Bruce C. Daniels, "College Students and Puritan Society: a Quantitative Profile of Yale Graduates in Colonial America," ''Connecticut History'' 1982 (23): 1–23</ref> Offenses for which students were punished included cardplaying, tavern-going, destruction of college property, and acts of disobedience to college authorities. During the period, Harvard was distinctive for the stability and maturity of its tutor corps, while Yale had youth and zeal on its side.<ref>Kathryn McDaniel. Moore, "The War with the Tutors: Student-faculty Conflict at Harvard and Yale, 1745–1771," ''History of Education Quarterly'' 1978 18(2): 115–127,</ref>

The emphasis on classics gave rise to a number of private student societies, open only by invitation, which arose primarily as forums for discussions of modern scholarship, literature and politics. The first such organizations were debating societies: [[Crotonia (literary society)|Crotonia]] in 1738, [[Linonia]] in 1753, and [[Brothers in Unity]] in 1768.<ref>None of these continue to exist today. They are commemorated in names given to campus structures, such as Brothers in Unity Courtyard in Branford College.</ref>

===19th century===
[[File:Yale Fence men sitting and leaning on it facing Chapel Street New Haven.jpg|thumb|right|Men leaning on the old Yale fence facing Chapel Street, c.&nbsp;1874.]]
The Yale Report of 1828 was a dogmatic defense of the Latin and Greek curriculum against critics who wanted more courses in modern languages, mathematics, and science. Unlike higher education in Europe, there was no national curriculum for colleges and universities in the United States. In the competition for students and financial support, college leaders strove to keep current with demands for innovation. At the same time, they realized that a significant portion of their students and prospective students demanded a classical background. The Yale report meant the classics would not be abandoned. All institutions experimented with changes in the curriculum, often resulting in a dual track. In the decentralized environment of higher education in the United States, balancing change with tradition was a common challenge because no one could afford to be completely modern or completely classical.<ref>Michael S. Pak, "The Yale Report of 1828: A New Reading and New Implications," ''History of Education Quarterly'' 2008 48(1): 30–57; Melvin I. Urofsky, "Reforms and Response: The Yale Report of 1828," ''History of Education Quarterly,'' Vol. 5, No. 1 (Mar., 1965), pp. 53–67 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/366937 in JSTOR]</ref> A group of professors at Yale and New Haven Congregationalist ministers articulated a conservative response to the changes brought about by the [[Victorian culture]]. They concentrated on developing a whole man possessed of religious values sufficiently strong to resist temptations from within, yet flexible enough to adjust to the 'isms' (professionalism, materialism, individualism, and consumerism) tempting him from without.<ref>Louise L. Stevenson, ''Scholarly Means to Evangelical Ends: The New Haven Scholars and the Transformation of Higher Learning in America, 1830–1890'' (1986)</ref>
Perhaps the most well-remembered{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} teacher was [[William Graham Sumner]], professor from 1872 to 1909. He taught in the emerging disciplines of economics and sociology to overflowing classrooms. He bested President [[Noah Porter]], who disliked social science and wanted Yale to lock into its traditions of classical education. Porter objected to Sumner's use of a textbook by [[Herbert Spencer]] that espoused agnostic materialism because it might harm students.<ref>Alfred McClung Lee, "The Forgotten Sumner," ''Journal of the History of Sociology'' 1980–1981 3(1): 87–106</ref>

Until 1887, the legal name of the university was "The President and Fellows of Yale College, in New Haven." In 1887, under an act passed by the [[Connecticut General Assembly]], Yale gained its current, and shorter, name of "Yale University."<ref>{{cite web|title=The Yale Corporation: Charter and Legislation|url=http://www.yale.edu/about/University-Charter.pdf|website=Yale University|accessdate=18 July 2014}}</ref>

====Sports and debate====
The Revolutionary War soldier [[Nathan Hale]] (Yale 1773) was the prototype of the Yale ideal in the early 19th&nbsp;century: a manly yet aristocratic scholar, equally well-versed in knowledge and sports, and a patriot who "regretted" that he "had but one life to lose" for his country. Western painter [[Frederic Remington]] (Yale 1900) was an artist whose heroes gloried in combat and tests of strength in the Wild West. The fictional, turn-of-the-20th-century Yale man Frank Merriwell embodied the heroic ideal without racial prejudice, and his fictional successor Frank Stover in the novel ''Stover at Yale'' (1911) questioned the business mentality that had become prevalent at the school. Increasingly the students turned to athletic stars as their heroes, especially since winning the big game became the goal of the student body, and the alumni, as well as the team itself.<ref>Robert Higgs, "'Götterdämmerung' and Palingenesis: Yale and the Heroic Ideal, 1865–1914," ''Proteus'' 1986 3(1): 18–24</ref>

Along with Harvard and [[Princeton University|Princeton]], Yale students rejected elite British concepts about 'amateurism' in sports and constructed athletic programs that were uniquely American, such as football.<ref>Ronald A. Smith, ''Sports and Freedom: The Rise of Big Time College Athletics'' (1988)</ref> The [[Harvard–Yale football rivalry]] began in 1875.
[[File:Yale's four-oared crew team with 1876 Centennial Regatta trophy.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Yale's four-oared [[Rowing (sport)|crew]] team, posing with 1876 Centennial [[Regatta]] [[trophy]], won at [[Philadelphia]].]]
Between 1892, when Harvard and Yale met in the first intercollegiate debate, and 1909, the year of the first Triangular Debate of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, the rhetoric, symbolism, and metaphors used in athletics were used to frame these early debates. Debates were covered on front pages of college newspapers and emphasized in yearbooks, and team members even received the equivalent of athletic letters for their jackets. There even were rallies sending off the debating teams to matches. Yet, the debates never attained the broad appeal that athletics enjoyed. One reason may be that debates do not have a clear winner, as is the case in sports, and that scoring is subjective. In addition, with late 19th-century concerns about the impact of modern life on the human body, athletics offered hope that neither the individual nor the society was coming apart.<ref>Roberta J. Park, "Muscle, Mind, and 'Agon:' Intercollegiate Debating and Athletics at Harvard and Yale, 1892–1909," ''Journal of Sport History'' 1987 14(3): 263–285</ref>

In 1909–10, football faced a crisis resulting from the failure of the previous reforms of 1905–06 to solve the problem of serious injuries. There was a mood of alarm and mistrust, and, while the crisis was developing, the presidents of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton developed a project to reform the sport and forestall possible radical changes forced by government upon the sport. President Arthur Hadley of Yale, A. Lawrence Lowell of Harvard, and Woodrow Wilson of Princeton worked to develop moderate changes to reduce injuries. Their attempts, however, were reduced by rebellion against the rules committee and formation of the Intercollegiate Athletic Association. The big three had tried to operate independently of the majority, but changes did reduce injuries.<ref>John S., Watterson III, "The Football Crisis of 1909–1910: the Response of the Eastern 'Big Three'," ''Journal of Sport History'' 1981 8(1): 33–49</ref>

====Expansion====
[[File:View of Connecticut Hall Old Campus Yale College New Haven Connecticut.jpg|thumb|left|Connecticut Hall, oldest building on the Yale campus, built between 1750 and 1753.]]

Yale expanded gradually, establishing the [[Yale School of Medicine]] (1810), [[Yale Divinity School]] (1822), [[Yale Law School]] (1843), [[Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]] (1847), the [[Sheffield Scientific School]] (1847),<ref name="ReferenceB">Sheffield was originally named Yale Scientific School; it was renamed in 1861 after a major donation from [[Joseph E. Sheffield]].</ref> and the [[Yale School of Art|Yale School of Fine Arts]] (1869). In 1887, as the college continued to grow under the presidency of [[Timothy Dwight&nbsp;V]], Yale College was renamed Yale University. The university would later add the [[Yale School of Music]] (1894), the [[Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies]] (founded by [[Gifford Pinchot]] in 1901), the [[Yale School of Public Health]] (1915), the [[Yale School of Nursing]] (1923), the [[Yale School of Drama]] (1955), the [[Yale Physician Associate Program]] (1973), and the [[Yale School of Management]] (1976). It would also reorganize its relationship with the Sheffield Scientific School.

Expansion caused controversy about Yale's new roles. [[Noah Porter]], moral philosopher, was president from 1871 to 1886. During an age of tremendous expansion in higher education, Porter resisted the rise of the new research university, claiming that an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education. Many of Porter's contemporaries criticized his administration, and historians since have disparaged his leadership. Levesque argues Porter was not a simple-minded reactionary, uncritically committed to tradition, but a principled and selective conservative.<ref>George Levesque, "Noah Porter Revisited," ''Perspectives on the History of Higher Education'' 2007 26: 29–66,</ref> He did not endorse everything old or reject everything new; rather, he sought to apply long-established ethical and pedagogical principles to a rapidly changing culture. He may have misunderstood some of the challenges of his time, but he correctly anticipated the enduring tensions that have accompanied the emergence and growth of the modern university.
[[File:Rummell, Richard Yale University cropped.jpg|thumb|right|Richard Rummell's 1906 [[watercolor painting|watercolor]] of the Yale campus, facing north.]]

===20th century===

====Behavioral sciences====
Between 1925 and 1940, [[Foundation (non-profit)|philanthropic foundation]]s, especially ones connected with the [[Rockefeller family|Rockefellers]], contributed about $7&nbsp;million to support the Yale Institute of Human Relations and the affiliated Yerkes Laboratories of [[Primate]] [[Biology]]. The money went toward behavioral science research, which was supported by foundation officers who aimed to "improve mankind" under an informal, loosely defined human engineering effort. The behavioral scientists at Yale, led by President [[James R. Angell]] and psychobiologist [[Robert M. Yerkes]], tapped into foundation largesse by crafting research programs aimed to investigate, then suggest, ways to control, sexual and social behavior. For example, Yerkes analyzed chimpanzee sexual behavior in hopes of illuminating the evolutionary underpinnings of human development and providing information that could ameliorate dysfunction. Ultimately, the behavioral-science results disappointed foundation officers, who shifted their human-engineering funds toward biological sciences.<ref>Kersten Jacobson Biehn, "Psychobiology, Sex Research and Chimpanzees: Philanthropic Foundation Support for the Behavioral Sciences at Yale University, 1923–41," ''History of the Human Sciences'' 2008 21(2): 21–43,</ref>

====Biology====
Slack (2003) compares three groups that conducted biological research at Yale during overlapping periods between 1910 and 1970. Yale proved important as a site for this research. The leaders of these groups were [[Ross Granville Harrison]], [[Grace E. Pickford]], and [[G.&nbsp;Evelyn Hutchinson]], and their members included both graduate students and more experienced scientists. All produced innovative research, including the opening of new subfields in embryology, endocrinology, and ecology, respectively, over a long period of time. Harrison's group is shown to have been a classic research school; Pickford's and Hutchinson's were not. Pickford's group was successful in spite of her lack of departmental or institutional position or power. Hutchinson and his graduate and postgraduate students were extremely productive, but in diverse areas of ecology rather than one focused area of research or the use of one set of research tools. Hutchinson's example shows that new models for research groups are needed, especially for those that include extensive field research.<ref>Nancy G. Slack, "Are Research Schools Necessary? Contrasting Models of 20th Century Research at Yale Led by Ross Granville Harrison, Grace E. Pickford and G. Evelyn Hutchinson," ''Journal of the History of Biology'' 2003 36(3): 501–529,</ref>

====Medicine====
Milton Winternitz led the [[Yale Medical School]] as its dean from 1920 to 1935. An innovative, even maverick, leader, he not only kept the school from going under but also turned it into a first-class research institution.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} Dedicated to the new scientific medicine established in Germany, he was equally fervent about "social medicine" and the study of humans in their culture and environment. He established the "Yale System" of teaching, with few lectures and fewer exams, and strengthened the full-time faculty system; he also created the graduate-level Yale School of Nursing and the Psychiatry Department, and built numerous new buildings. Progress toward his plans for an Institute of Human Relations, envisioned as a refuge where social scientists would collaborate with biological scientists in a holistic study of humankind, unfortunately lasted for only a few years before the opposition of resentful anti-Semitic colleagues drove him to resign.<ref>Howard Spiro and Priscilla Waters Norton, "Dean Milton C. Winternitz at Yale," ''Perspectives in Biology & Medicine'' 2003 46(3): 403–412,</ref>

====Faculty====
Before [[World War&nbsp;II]], most elite university faculties counted among their numbers few, if any, Jews, blacks, women, or other minorities; Yale was no exception. By 1980, this condition had been altered dramatically, as numerous members of those groups held faculty positions.<ref>William Palmer, "On or about 1950 or 1955 History Departments Changed: A Step in the Creation of the Modern History Department," ''Journal of the Historical Society'' (1529921x); 2007 7(3): 385–405</ref>

====History and American Studies====
The American studies program reflected the worldwide anti-Communist ideological struggle. [[Norman Holmes Pearson]], who worked for the Office of Strategic Studies in London during World War II, returned to Yale and headed the new American studies program, in which scholarship quickly became an instrument of promoting liberty. Popular among undergraduates, the program sought to instruct them in the fundamentals of American civilization and thereby instill a sense of nationalism and national purpose.<ref>Michael Holzman, "The Ideological Origins of American Studies at Yale," ''American Studies'' 40:2 (Summer 1999): 71–99</ref> Also during the 1940s and 1950s, Wyoming millionaire [[William Robertson Coe]] made large contributions to the American studies programs at Yale University and at the University of Wyoming. Coe was concerned to celebrate the 'values' of the Western United States in order to meet the "threat of communism."<ref>Liza Nicholas, "Wyoming as America: Celebrations, a Museum, and Yale," ''American Quarterly'', Vol. 54, No. 3 (Sep., 2002), pp. 437–465 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/30042228 in JSTOR]</ref>

====Women====
Women studied at Yale University as early as 1892, in graduate-level programs at the [[Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>[http://www.library.yale.edu/mssa/YHO/brief_history.html A Brief History of Yale :: Resources on Yale History]. Library.yale.edu (2005-02-24). Retrieved on 2013-07-15.</ref>

In 1966, Yale began discussions with its [[sister school]] [[Vassar College]] about merging to foster coeducation at the undergraduate level. Vassar, then all-female, declined the invitation. Both schools introduced coeducation independently in 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu/index.php/A_History_of_the_Curriculum_1865-1970s |title=A History of the Curriculum 1865-1970s – Vassar College Encyclopedia |publisher=Vassar.edu |accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref> Amy Solomon was the first woman to register as a Yale undergraduate;<ref>Yale Bulletin and Calendar: [http://www.yale.edu/opa/arc-ybc/v29.n23/story4.html "Transformations brought about by Yale women."]. Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref> she was also the first woman at Yale to join an undergraduate society, [[St. Anthony Hall]]. The undergraduate class of 1973 was the first class to have women starting from freshman year; at the time, all undergraduate women were housed in Vanderbilt Hall at the south end of [[Old Campus]].

A decade into co-education, rampant student assault and harassment by faculty became the impetus for the trailblazing lawsuit [[Alexander v. Yale]]. While unsuccessful in the courts, the legal reasoning behind the case changed the landscape of sex discrimination law and resulted in the establishment of Yale's Grievance Board and the Yale Women's Center.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcolaw.com/docs/ao_tobreakthesilence_speech.pdf |title=To Break the Silence |format=PDF |accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref> In March 2011 a [[Title IX]] complaint was filed against Yale by students and recent graduates, including editors of Yale's feminist magazine [[Broad Recognition]], alleging that the university had a hostile sexual climate.<ref>Huffington Post: [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/31/yale-students-file-title-_n_843306.html "Yale Students File Title IX Suit Against the University"]. Retrieved April 29, 2011.</ref> In response, the university formed a Title IX steering committee to address complaints of sexual misconduct.<ref>''[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/04/07/yale-sexual-misconduct_n_846078.html]'', Associated Press, "Yale Forms Committee To Address Sexual Misconduct," Huffington Post. Retrieved 7 February 2014.</ref>

====Class====
Yale, like other Ivy League schools, instituted policies in the early 20th century designed to maintain the proportion of white Protestants of notable families in the student body (see ''[[numerus clausus]]''), and was one of the last of the Ivies to eliminate such preferences, beginning with the class of 1970.<ref>''[[Yale Alumni Magazine]]'': [http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/99_12/admissions.html "The Birth of a New Institution."]. Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref>

====Town-gown relations====
Yale has a complicated relationship with its home city; for example, thousands of students volunteer every year in a myriad of community organizations, but city officials, who decry Yale's exemption from local property taxes, have long pressed the university to do more to help. Under President Levin, Yale has financially supported many of New Haven's efforts to reinvigorate the city. Evidence suggests that the [[town and gown]] relationships are mutually beneficial. Still, the economic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success amid a decline in the local economy.<ref>Gordon Lafer, "Land and Labor in the Post-Industrial University Town: Remaking Social Geography," ''Political Geography'' 2003 22(1): 89–117, focuses on Yale.</ref>

===21st century===
In 2006, Yale and [[Peking University]] (PKU) established a Joint Undergraduate Program in Beijing, an [[exchange program]] allowing Yale students to spend a semester living and studying with PKU honor students.<ref name="yalePKU2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2012/jul/27/end-yale-pku-admins-hopes-unfulfilled/ |title=With end of Yale-PKU, admins' hopes unfulfilled |first1=Gavan |last1=Gideon |first2=Daniel |last2=Sisgoreo |first3=Tapley |last3=Stephenson |work= [[Yale Daily News]] | date= July 27, 2012 |publisher=The Yale Daily News Publishing Company |location=New Haven, CT, USA |accessdate=August 1, 2012}}</ref> In July 2012, the Peking University-Yale University Program ended due to weak participation.<ref name="yalePKU2012"/>

In 2007 outgoing Yale President [[Rick Levin]] characterized Yale's institutional priorities: "First, among the nation's finest research universities, Yale is distinctively committed to excellence in undergraduate education. Second, in our graduate and professional schools, as well as in Yale College, we are committed to the education of leaders."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Yale Alumni Magazine| url= http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/96_12/levin.html|title=Preparing for Yale's Fourth Century| accessdate= 2007-04-10}}</ref>

President [[George W. Bush]], a Yale alumnus, criticized the university for the snobbery and intellectual arrogance he encountered as a student there.<ref>{{cite web |last=Carney |first=James |url=http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,127630,00.html |title=George W's Love-Hate Affair with Yale |publisher=''[[TIME]]'' |date=May 23, 2001|accessdate=April 21, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Edwin |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2001/may/22/news/mn-1027 |title=Bush Returns to Yale, Gives Graduates the Last Laugh |publisher=''[[Los Angeles Times]]''|date=May 22, 2001|accessdate=April 21, 2015}}</ref>

The ''[[Boston Globe]]'' wrote that "if there's one school that can lay claim to educating the nation's top national leaders over the past three decades, it's Yale."<ref name="Magazine p. 6">''[[Boston Globe]]'' November 17, 2002, Magazine, p. 6</ref> [[Yale alumni]] were represented on the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] or [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] ticket in every U.S. Presidential election between 1972 and 2004. Yale-educated Presidents since the end of the [[Vietnam War]] include [[Gerald Ford]], [[George H.W. Bush]], [[Bill Clinton]], and [[George W. Bush]], and major-party nominees during this period include [[John Kerry]] (2004), [[Joseph Lieberman]] (Vice President, 2000), and [[Sargent Shriver]] (Vice President, 1972). Other Yale alumni who made serious bids for the Presidency during this period include [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]] (2008), [[Howard Dean]] (2004), [[Gary Hart]] (1984 and 1988), [[Paul Tsongas]] (1992), [[Pat Robertson]] (1988) and [[Jerry Brown]] (1976, 1980, 1992).

Several explanations have been offered for Yale’s representation in national elections since the end of the Vietnam War. Various sources note the spirit of campus activism that has existed at Yale since the 1960s, and the intellectual influence of Reverend [[William Sloane Coffin]] on many of the future candidates.<ref name="ReferenceA">''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' October 4, 2000, p. E1</ref> Yale President Richard Levin attributes the run to Yale’s focus on creating "a laboratory for future leaders," an institutional priority that began during the tenure of Yale Presidents [[Alfred Whitney Griswold]] and [[Kingman Brewster]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> [[Richard H. Brodhead]], former dean of Yale College and now president of [[Duke University]], stated: "We do give very significant attention to orientation to the community in our admissions, and there is a very strong tradition of [[volunteerism]] at Yale."<ref name="Magazine p. 6"/> Yale historian [[Gaddis Smith]] notes "an ethos of organized activity" at Yale during the 20th century that led John Kerry to lead the [[Yale Political Union]]'s Liberal Party, [[George Pataki]] the Conservative Party, and Joseph Lieberman to manage the ''[[Yale Daily News]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=August 13, 2000|page=14|postscript=}}</ref> [[Camille Paglia]] points to a history of networking and elitism: "It has to do with a web of friendships and affiliations built up in school."<ref>{{Cite news|newspaper=[[Boston Globe]]|date=August 13, 2000|page=F1|postscript=}}</ref> CNN suggests that George W. Bush benefited from preferential admissions policies for the "son and grandson of alumni", and for a "member of a politically influential family."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/01/20/timep.affirm.action.tm/|last=Kinsley|first=Michael|title=How affirmative action helped George W.|date=January 20, 2003 | work=CNN}}</ref> ''[[New York Times]]'' correspondent [[Elisabeth Bumiller]] and ''[[The Atlantic Monthly]]'' correspondent [[James Fallows]] credit the culture of community and cooperation that exists between students, faculty, and administration, which downplays self-interest and reinforces commitment to others.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Yale Alumni Magazine|date=May–June 2004|page=45}}</ref>

During the 1988 presidential election, [[George H.&nbsp;W. Bush]] (Yale '48) derided [[Michael Dukakis]] for having "foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique". When challenged on the distinction between Dukakis's Harvard connection and his own Yale background, he said that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was "so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it" and said Yale did not share Harvard's reputation for "liberalism and elitism".<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.tarpley.net/bush22.htm|title=George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography: Chapter XXII Bush Takes The Presidency|first=Webster G.| last=Tarpley| first2=Anton|last2=Chaitkin| publisher= Webster G. Tarpley|accessdate=December 17, 2006}} <!--obviously a poor source but it has the exact phrase the New York Times columnists are referring to, which I couldn't find in the NYT articles themselves-->
</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Dowd|first=Maureen|title=Bush Traces How Yale Differs From Harvard|newspaper=New York Times|date=June 11, 1998|page=10|authorlink=Maureen Dowd}}</ref> In 2004 [[Howard Dean]] stated, "In some ways, I consider myself separate from the other three (Yale) candidates of 2004. Yale changed so much between the class of '68 and the class of '71. My class was the first class to have women in it; it was the first class to have a significant effort to recruit African Americans. It was an extraordinary time, and in that span of time is the change of an entire generation".<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Yale Alumni Magazine|url=http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2004_05/presidents.html|title=For Country: The (Second) Great All-Blue Presidential Race|accessdate=April 9, 2007}}</ref>

In 2009, former [[British Prime Minister]] [[Tony Blair]] picked Yale as one location – the others are Britain's [[Durham University]] and [[Universiti Teknologi Mara]] – for the [[Tony Blair Faith Foundation]]'s United States Faith and Globalization Initiative.<ref>{{cite web|title=Seeking to Understand Faith and Globalisation |url=http://www.tonyblairfaithfoundation.org/projects/faith-and-globalisation/|publisher=The Tony Blair Faith Foundation|accessdate=September 16, 2009}}</ref> As of 2009, former Mexican President [[Ernesto Zedillo]] is the director of the [[Yale Center for the Study of Globalization]] and teaches an undergraduate seminar, "Debating Globalization".<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.ycsg.yale.edu/center/zedillo.html|title=Ernesto Zedillo Biography|publisher=Yale Center for the Study of Globalization|accessdate=September 1, 2010}}</ref> As of 2009, former presidential candidate and DNC chair [[Howard Dean]] teaches a residential college seminar, "Understanding Politics and Politicians."<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2009/jan/26/howard-dean-professor/|title=Howard Dean, professor?|first=Eileen|last=Shim|publisher=Yale Daily News|accessdate=September 1, 2010}}</ref> Also in 2009, an alliance was formed among Yale, [[University College London]], and both schools’ affiliated hospital complexes to conduct research focused on the direct improvement of patient care—a growing field known as translational medicine. President Richard Levin noted that Yale has hundreds of other partnerships across the world, but "no existing collaboration matches the scale of the new partnership with UCL".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2009/oct/09/yale-joins-research-alliance|title=Yale joins research alliance|author=Drew Henderson|publisher=Yale Daily News}}</ref>

New international Yale initiatives launched included (among many others):
* Jackson Institute for Global Affairs, promoting international education University-wide;
* Global Health Initiative, uniting and expanding global health efforts across campus;
* Yale India Initiative, expanding the study of and engagement with India;
* Yale Center for the Study of Globalization, bridging the gap between academia and the world of public policy; and
* Yale China Law Center, promoting the rule of law in China.
* Yale - Management Guild
* New global research and educational partnerships included (among many others):
* Yale-Universidad de Chile International Program in Astronomy Education and Research;
* Peking-Yale Joint Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Agrobiology;
* Todai–Yale Initiative for the Study of Japan;
* Fudan-Yale Biomedical Research Center in Shanghai;
* Yale-University College London Collaboration; and
* UNSAAC-Yale Center for the Study of Machu Picchu and Inca Culture in Peru.

The most ambitious international partnership to date is [[Yale-NUS College]] in Singapore, a joint effort with the National University of Singapore to create a new liberal arts college in Asia featuring an innovative curriculum that weaves Western and Asian traditions, set to open in August 2013.<ref name="NYT1">Karin Fischer, "With Opening Near, Yale Defends Singapore Venture" ''The New York Times'' Aug 27, 2012 [http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/27/world/asia/27iht-educlede27.html?pagewanted=all]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2012/apr/04/benhabib-whats-stake-yale-nus/ |title=BENHABIB: What’s at stake at Yale-NUS |publisher=Yale Daily News |date=2012-04-04 |accessdate=2013-04-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2012/mar/21/letters-32112/ |title=LETTERS: 3.21.12 |publisher=Yale Daily News |date=2012-03-21 |accessdate=2013-04-23}}</ref>

==Administration and organization==

===Leadership===
{|class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em; width:280px;"
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''School founding'''
|-
| '''School''' || <center>'''Year founded'''</center>
|-
| [[Yale College]] || <center>1701</center>
|-
| [[Yale School of Medicine]] || <center>1810</center>
|-
| [[Yale Divinity School]] || <center>1822</center>
|-
| [[Yale Law School]] || <center>1843</center>
|-
| [[Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]] || <center>1847</center>
|-
| [[Sheffield Scientific School]]<ref name="ReferenceB"/> || <center>1847</center>
|-
| [[Yale School of Art|Yale School of Fine Arts]] || <center>1869</center>
|-
| [[Yale School of Music]] || <center>1894</center>
|-
| [[Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies]] || <center>1901</center>
|-
| [[Yale School of Public Health]]|| <center>1915</center>
|-
| [[Yale School of Nursing]] || <center>1923</center>
|-
| [[Yale School of Drama]]|| <center>1955</center>
|-
| [[Yale School of Management]] || <center>1976</center>
|}
The [[President and Fellows of Yale College]], also known as the Yale Corporation, is the governing board of the University.

Yale's former president [[Richard C. Levin]] was, at the time, one of the highest paid university presidents in the United States with a 2008 salary of $1.5 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=Million-dollar college presidents on the rise|work=Washington Post|date=November 15, 2010|first=Daniel|last=de Vise|page=B1}}</ref>

The Yale Provost's Office has launched several women into prominent university presidencies. In 1977 [[Hanna Holborn Gray]] was appointed acting President of Yale from this position, and went on to become President of the [[University of Chicago]], the first woman to be full president of a major university. In 1994 Yale Provost [[Judith Rodin]] became the first female president of an Ivy League institution at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. In 2002 Provost [[Alison Richard]] became the Vice Chancellor of the [[University of Cambridge]]. In 2004, Provost [[Susan Hockfield]] became the President of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. In 2007 Deputy Provost Kim Bottomly was named President of [[Wellesley College]]. In 2003, the Dean of the Divinity School, [[Rebecca Chopp]], was appointed president of Colgate University and now heads Swarthmore College.

The university has three major academic components: Yale College (the undergraduate program), the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and the professional schools.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yale University - Academic Schools|url=http://www.yale.edu/schools/index.html|publisher=Yale University|accessdate=2013-09-09}}</ref> In 2008 Provost [[Andrew D. Hamilton|Andrew Hamilton]] was confirmed to be the Vice Chancellor of the University of Oxford.<ref>''[[Yale Daily News]]'': [http://www.yaledailynews.com/articles/view/21069 "Bottomly to Leave for Wellesley Presidency."]</ref> Former Dean of Yale College [[Richard H. Brodhead]] serves as the President of [[Duke University]].

===Staff and labor unions===
{{Main|Federation of Hospital and University Employees}}
Much of Yale University's staff, including most maintenance staff, dining hall employees, and administrative staff, are [[Trade union|unionized]]. [[Clerk|Clerical]] and technical employees are represented by Local&nbsp;34 of [[UNITE HERE]] and service and maintenance workers by Local&nbsp;35 of the same [[Trade union|international]]. Together with the [[Graduate Employees and Students Organization]] (GESO), an unrecognized union of graduate employees, Locals&nbsp;34 and 35 make up the [[Federation of Hospital and University Employees]]. Also included in FHUE are the dietary workers at [[Yale-New Haven Hospital]], who are members of [[1199SEIU United Healthcare Workers East|1199 SEIU]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yaleunions.org/ |title=YaleUnions.org |publisher=YaleUnions.org |accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref> In addition to these unions, officers of the Yale University Police Department are members of the Yale Police Benevolent Association, which affiliated in 2005 with the Connecticut Organization for Public Safety Employees.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2005/apr/01/yale-police-union-to-join-cops/ | work=Yale Daily News | title=Yale Police union to join COPS | first=Sam | last=Kahn | date=April 1, 2005}}</ref> Finally, Yale security officers voted to join the [[Security Guard#Security, Police, and Fire Professionals of America|International Union of Security, Police and Fire Professionals of America]] in fall 2010 after the [[National Labor Relations Board]] ruled they could not join [[AFSCME]]; the Yale administration contested the election.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2010/oct/14/yale-security-votes-to-unionize-thursday/ | work=Yale Daily News | title=Yale Security votes to unionize Thursday | first=Everett | last=Rosenfeld | date=October 14, 2010}} {{cite news| url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2010/oct/15/union-vote-contested-by-yale/ | work=Yale Daily News | title=Union Vote Contested by Yale | first=Everett | last=Rosenfeld | date=October 15, 2010}}</ref>

Yale has a history of difficult and prolonged labor negotiations, often culminating in strikes.<ref>See Toni Gilpin, Gary Isaac, Dan Letwin, and Jack McKivigan, ''On Strike for Respect: The Clerical and Technical Workers' Strike at Yale University, 1984–85'' (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995).</ref> There have been at least eight strikes since 1968, and ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote that Yale has a reputation as having the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9501E2DE173FF937A35750C0A9659C8B63 | work=New York Times | title=Yale's Labor Troubles Deepen as Thousands Go on Strike | first=Steven | last=Greenhouse | date=March 4, 2003}}</ref> Yale's unusually large endowment exacerbates the tension over wages. Moreover, Yale has been accused of failing to treat workers with respect.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aflcio.org/aboutus/ns03062003.cfm |title=Solidarity Strong as Yale Strike Ends |publisher=Aflcio.org |date=March 6, 2003 |accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref> In a 2003 strike, however, the university claimed that more union employees were working than striking.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/opa/newsr/03-09-12-02.all.html |title=Office of Public Affairs at Yale – News Release |publisher=Yale.edu |date=September 12, 2003 |accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref> Professor [[David Graeber]] was 'retired' after he came to the defense of a student who was involved in campus labor issues.<ref>[http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/473 Charlie Rose Show], Interview with David Graeber, 2006, PBS</ref>

==Campus==
[[File:Yale Law School in the Sterling Law Building.jpg|left|thumb|[[Yale Law School]]]]

Yale's central campus in [[downtown New Haven]] covers {{convert|260|acre|km2|1}} and comprises its main, historic campus and a medical campus adjacent to the Yale-New Haven Hospital. In western New Haven, the university holds {{convert|500|acre|km2}} of athletic facilities, including the [[Yale Golf Course]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yale.edu/about/YALEFRMW.pdf |publisher=Yale.edu |format=PDF |title=A Framework for Campus Planning |accessdate= April 9, 2007}}</ref> In 2008, Yale purchased the {{convert|136|acre|km2|adj=on}} former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus in [[West Haven, Connecticut]], the buildings of which are now used as laboratory and research space. Yale also owns seven forests in Connecticut, Vermont, and New Hampshire—the largest of which is the {{convert|7,840|acre|km2|adj=on}} [[Yale-Myers Forest]] in Connecticut's [[Quiet Corner]]—and nature preserves including [[Thimble Islands|Horse Island]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The School Forests: Locations |website=Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies |publisher=Yale University |url=https://environment.yale.edu/forests/about/locations/ |accessdate=15 May 2015}}</ref>

Yale is noted for its largely [[Collegiate Gothic]] campus<ref>[http://www.pbase.com/czsz/yale&page=all Assorted pictures of Yale's campus.]. Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref> as well as for several iconic modern buildings commonly discussed in architectural history survey courses: [[Louis Kahn]]'s Yale Art Gallery<ref>[http://artgallery.yale.edu/pages/collection/buildings/build_kahn.html About the Yale Art Gallery.], Retrieved April 10, 2007. {{Wayback | url=http://artgallery.yale.edu/pages/collection/buildings/build_kahn.html | date=20070408085433 }}</ref> and Center for British Art, [[Eero Saarinen]]'s Ingalls Rink and Ezra Stiles and Morse Colleges, and [[Paul Rudolph (architect)|Paul Rudolph's]] [[Yale Art and Architecture Building|Art & Architecture Building]]. Yale also owns and has restored many noteworthy 19th-century mansions along [[Hillhouse Avenue]], which was considered the most beautiful street in America by [[Charles Dickens]] when he visited the United States in the 1840s. In 2011, [[Travel+Leisure]] listed the Yale campus as one of the most beautiful in the United States.<ref>[http://www.travelandleisure.com/articles/americas-most-beautiful-college-campuses/19 "America's most beautiful college campuses", ''Travel+Leisure'' (September, 2011)]</ref>

Many of Yale's buildings were constructed in the [[Collegiate Gothic]] architecture style from 1917 to 1931, financed largely by [[Edward S. Harkness]]<ref>Synnott, Marcia Graham. ''The Half-Opened Door: Discrimination and admissions at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, 1900 – 1970'', [[Greenwood Press]], 1979. [[Westport, Connecticut]], London, England</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/TNEQ_a_00090#.VGSgkJOsUk8 |first=Benjamin |last=Sacks |title=Harvard’s "Constructed Utopia" and the Culture of Deception: The Expansion toward the Charles River, 1902-1932 |publisher=The New England Quarterly | date= June 2011 | accessdate =November 13, 2014}}</ref> Stone sculpture built into the walls of the buildings portray contemporary college personalities such as a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading. Similarly, the decorative [[frieze]]s on the buildings depict contemporary scenes such as policemen chasing a robber and arresting a prostitute (on the wall of the Law School), or a student relaxing with a mug of beer and a cigarette. The architect, [[James Gamble Rogers]], faux-aged these buildings by splashing the walls with acid,<ref>''[[Yale Herald]]'': [http://www.yaleherald.com/article.php?Article=3566 "Donor steps up to fund CCL renovations."]. Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref> deliberately breaking their [[lead glass|leaded glass]] windows and repairing them in the style of the [[Middle Ages]], and creating niches for decorative statuary but leaving them empty to simulate loss or theft over the ages. In fact, the buildings merely simulate Middle Ages architecture, for though they appear to be constructed of solid stone blocks in the authentic manner, most actually have steel framing as was commonly used in 1930. One exception is [[Harkness Tower]], {{convert|216|ft|m|0}} tall, which was originally a free-standing stone structure. It was reinforced in 1964 to allow the installation of the [[Yale Memorial Carillon]].

[[File:Vanderbilt Hall at Yale university.jpg|thumb|[[Vanderbilt family|Vanderbilt Hall]]]]
Other examples of the Gothic (also called neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic) style are on [[Old Campus]] by such architects as [[Henry Austin (architect)|Henry Austin]], [[Charles C. Haight]] and [[Russell Sturgis]]. Several are associated with members of the [[Vanderbilt family]], including Vanderbilt Hall,<ref>[http://www.hsnparch.com/projects/yale/vanderbilt/vanderEXT1.htm Vanderbilt Hall]</ref> Phelps Hall,<ref>[http://mssa.library.yale.edu/madid/showzoom.php?id=ru&ruid=151&pg=1&imgNum=4912 Phelps Hall]{{dead link|date=December 2011}}</ref> [[St. Anthony Hall]] (a commission for member [[Frederick William Vanderbilt]]), the Mason, Sloane and Osborn laboratories, dormitories for the [[Sheffield Scientific School]] (the engineering and sciences school at Yale until 1956) and elements of [[Silliman College]], the largest residential college.<ref>[http://www.facilities.yale.edu/Campus/Building1.asp%3FlstBldg%3D1800+charles+haight+yale&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=8 Silliman College]{{dead link|date=December 2011}}</ref>
[[File:NathanHaleStatue.jpg|upright|thumb|left|Statue of [[Nathan Hale]] in front of [[Connecticut Hall]]]]

The oldest building on campus, [[Connecticut Hall]] (built in 1750), is in the [[Georgian architecture|Georgian style]]. Georgian-style buildings erected from 1929 to 1933 include [[Timothy Dwight College]], [[Pierson College]], and [[Davenport College]], except the latter's east, York Street façade, which was constructed in the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic style]] so as to co-ordinate with adjacent structures.

The [[Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library]], designed by [[Gordon Bunshaft]] of [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]], is one of the largest buildings in the world reserved exclusively for the preservation of rare books and manuscripts.<ref>Beinecke Rare Book Library: [http://www.library.yale.edu/beinecke/brblinfo/brblslides.html "About the Library Building."]. Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref> It is located near the center of the University in [[Hewitt Quadrangle]], which is now more commonly referred to as "[[Beinecke Plaza]]".

The library's six-story above-ground tower of book stacks is surrounded by a windowless rectangular building with walls made of translucent Vermont marble, which transmit subdued lighting to the interior and provide protection from direct light, while glowing from within after dark.

[[File:BeineckeInterior.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Beinecke Library|Interior of Beinecke Library]]]]

The sculptures in the sunken courtyard by [[Isamu Noguchi]] are said to represent time (the pyramid), the sun (the circle), and chance (the cube).

Alumnus [[Eero Saarinen]], Finnish-American architect of such notable structures as the [[Gateway Arch]] in St.&nbsp;Louis, [[Washington Dulles International Airport]] main terminal, [[Bell Labs Holmdel Complex]] and the [[CBS Building]] in Manhattan, designed [[Ingalls Rink]] at Yale and the newest residential colleges of Ezra Stiles and Morse. These latter were modelled after the medieval Italian hilltown of [[San Gimignano]] – a prototype chosen for the town's pedestrian-friendly milieu and fortress-like stone towers. These tower forms at Yale act in counterpoint to the college's many Gothic spires and Georgian cupolas.<ref>[http://www.ezrastilescollege.org/Images/album6/ Assorted pictures of Ezra Stiles College], Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref>

Yale's Office of Sustainability develops and implements sustainability practices at Yale.<ref name="Yale Sustainability Strategy">{{cite web
| title =Yale Sustainability Strategy
| publisher =Yale University
| url = http://www.yale.edu/sustainability/strategy.htm
| accessdate =June 3, 2008 }}</ref> Yale is committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions 10% below 1990 levels by the year 2020. As part of this commitment, the university allocates renewable energy credits to offset some of the energy used by residential colleges.<ref name="Yale commits to long-term Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Renewable Energy Strategy">{{cite web
| title =Yale commits to long-term Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Renewable Energy Strategy
| publisher =Yale University
| url =http://www.yale.edu/sustainability/yaleCommits.htm
| accessdate =June 3, 2008 }}</ref> Eleven campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certification.<ref name="Yale’s Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategy">{{cite web
| title =Yale’s Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategy
| publisher =Yale University
| url =http://www.yale.edu/environ/docs/greenhouse_fin1.pdf | accessdate =June 3, 2008
| archiveurl =http://web.archive.org/web/20080907043032/http://www.yale.edu/environ/docs/greenhouse_fin1.pdf
| archivedate =September 7, 2008 }}</ref> Yale Sustainable Food Project initiated the introduction of local, organic vegetables, fruits, and beef to all residential college dining halls.<ref name="Yale Sustainable Food Project">{{cite web
| title =Yale Sustainable Food Project
| publisher =Yale University
| url = http://www.yale.edu/sustainablefood/
| accessdate =June 3, 2008 }}</ref> Yale was listed as a Campus Sustainability Leader on the Sustainable Endowments Institute’s College Sustainability Report Card 2008, and received a “B+” grade overall.<ref name="Sustainable Endowments Institute Report Card">{{cite web
| title =College Sustainability Report Card 2008
| publisher =Sustainable Endowments Institute
| url =http://www.endowmentinstitute.org/
| accessdate =June 3, 2008 }}</ref>
* [[Grove Street Cemetery, New Haven]]
* [[Marsh Botanical Garden]]
* [[Yale Sustainable Food Project|Yale Sustainable Food Project Farm]]

{{wide image|YaleOldCampus2009.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|Yale Old Campus Courtyard in winter}}

===Notable nonresidential campus buildings===
Notable nonresidential campus buildings and landmarks include [[Battell Chapel]], [[Beinecke Rare Book Library]], [[Harkness Tower]], [[Ingalls Rink]], Kline Biology Tower, [[Osborne Memorial Laboratories]], [[Payne Whitney Gymnasium]], [[Peabody Museum of Natural History]], Sterling Hall of Medicine, [[Sterling Law Buildings]], [[Sterling Memorial Library]], [[Woolsey Hall]], [[Yale Center for British Art]], [[Yale University Art Gallery]], and [[Yale Art & Architecture Building]].

Yale's secret society buildings (some of which are called "tombs") were built both to be private yet unmistakable. A diversity of architectural styles is represented: [[Berzelius (secret society)|Berzelius]], [[Donn Barber]] in an austere cube with classical detailing (erected in 1908 or 1910); [[Book and Snake]], Louis R. Metcalfe in a [[Greek Ionic]] style (erected in 1901); [[Elihu (secret society)|Elihu]], architect unknown but built in a [[American colonial architecture|Colonial]] style (constructed on an early 17th-century foundation although the building is from the 18th century); [[Mace and Chain]], in a late colonial, early [[Victorian fashion|Victorian style]] (built in 1823). Interior moulding is said to have belonged to [[Benedict Arnold]]; [[Manuscript Society]], King Lui-Wu with Dan Kniley responsible for landscaping and [[Josef Albers]] for the brickwork intaglio mural. Building constructed in a [[mid-century modern]] style; [[Scroll and Key]], [[Richard Morris Hunt]] in a Moorish- or Islamic-inspired [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts style]] (erected 1869–70); [[Skull and Bones]], possibly [[Alexander Jackson Davis]] or [[Henry Austin (architect)|Henry Austin]] in an [[Egyptian Revival|Egypto-Doric style]] utilizing [[Brownstone]] (in 1856 the first wing was completed, in 1903 the second wing, 1911 the [[Neo-Gothic]] towers in rear garden were completed); [[St. Elmo (secret society)|St. Elmo]], (former tomb) [[Kenneth MacKenzie Murchison|Kenneth M. Murchison]], 1912, designs inspired by Elizabethan manor. Current location, brick colonial; and [[Wolf's Head (secret society)|Wolf's Head]], [[Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue]] (erected 1923-4).

<gallery mode=packed heights=170>
File:Starr Reading Room east.jpg|The Starr Reading Room in [[Sterling Memorial Library|Sterling Library]]
File:Yale Harkness Tower.JPG|Harkness Tower
File:Yale-library-counter.jpg|The Library Circulation Desk
File:Dwight Chapel vertical.JPG|Memorial Chapel on Yale's Old Campus
File:Yale_School_of_Management_Evans_Hall_front.JPG|The Yale School of Management
File:Yale Art and Architecture Building, October 20, 2008.jpg|Yale School of Architecture
File:Kroon Hall exterior - 1.jpg|Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies
File:Old Campus, Yale University (2).jpg|Connecticut Hall
File:Yale Peabody Museum 2.JPG|Yale Peabody Museum
File:Yale-Harvard-Game.jpg|The Yale Bowl
</gallery>

===Campus safety===
Several campus safety strategies have been pioneered at Yale. The first campus police force was founded at Yale in 1894, when the university contracted city police officers to exclusively cover the campus.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sloan |first=John J. |title=Modern Campus Police: An Analysis of Their Evolution, Structure, and Function |journal=American Journal of Police |date=1991 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=85–104}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Powell |title=The Beginning—Yale Campus Police Department—1894 |journal=Campus Law Enforcement Journal |volume=24 |pages=2–5}}</ref> Later hired by the university, the officers were originally brought in to quell unrest between students and city residents and curb destructive student behavior.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gehrand |first=Keith A. |chapter=Higher Education Policing: The New Millennium |title=IACLEA 50th Anniversary Commemorative Publication |publisher=International Association of Campus Law Enforcement Administrators |date=2008 |pages=67–68 |url=http://iaclea.org/visitors/PDFs/IACLEA-ContentPages_67-126.pdf |accessdate=5 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kurtz-Phelan |first=Daniel |title=Crossing Enemy Lines |magazine=The New Journal |date=1 April 2002 |url=http://www.thenewjournalatyale.com/2002/04/crossing-enemy-lines/ |accessdate=5 May 2015}}</ref> In addition to the Yale Police Department, a variety of safety services are available including blue phones, a [[safety escort]], and 24-hour shuttle service.

In the 1970s and 1980s, [[Connecticut locations by per capita income|poverty]] and [[violent crime]] rose in New Haven, dampening Yale's student and faculty recruiting efforts.<ref>AJ Giannini. Life, love, death and prestige in New Haven. Neon. 27:113–116, 1984.</ref> Between 1990 and 2006, New Haven's crime rate fell by half, helped by a [[community policing|community policing strategy]] by the [[New Haven Police Department|New Haven Police]] and Yale's campus became the safest among the Ivy League and other peer schools.<ref>Office of Post-Secondary Education: [http://www.ope.ed.gov/security/Search.asp "Security search."], Retrieved April 9, 2007.</ref> Nonetheless, across the board, the city of New Haven has retained the highest levels of crime of any Ivy League city for more than a decade.<ref>''City-Data.com:[http://www.city-data.com/city/New-Haven-Connecticut.html], Retrieved December 4, 2010.</ref>

In 2004, the national non-profit watchdog group Security on Campus filed a complaint with the [[U.S.&nbsp;Department of Education]], accusing Yale of under-reporting rape and sexual assaults.<ref>{{cite news |last=Anand |first=Easha |title=Panel questions way University handles sex crimes |newspaper=Yale Daily News |date=14 February 2005 |url=http://yaledailynews.com/blog/2005/02/14/panel-questions-way-university-handles-sex-crimes/ |accessdate=15 May 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sullivan |first=Will |title=Yale may not report all crimes |newspaper=Yale Daily News |date=6 September 2004 |url=http://yaledailynews.com/blog/2004/09/06/yale-may-not-report-all-crimes/ |access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref>

==Academics==

===Admissions===
[[File:Sterling Memorial Library 2, September 1, 2008.jpg|Sterling Memorial Library|upright|thumb|Yale University's [[Sterling Memorial Library]], as seen from [[Maya Lin|Maya Lin's]] sculpture, ''Women's Table''. The sculpture records the number of women enrolled at Yale over its history; female undergraduates were not admitted until 1969.]]

Undergraduate admission to Yale College is considered highly competitive.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pérez-Peña |first=Richard |title=Best, Brightest and Rejected: Elite Colleges Turn Away Up to 95% |date=8 April 2014 |newspaper=New York Times |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/09/us/led-by-stanfords-5-top-colleges-acceptance-rates-hit-new-lows.html |accessdate=5 August 2014}}</ref> In 2014, Yale accepted 1,935 students to the Class of 2018 out of 30,932 applicants, an acceptance rate of 6.3%.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhandari |first=Rishabh |title=6.26 percent of applicants admitted to class of 2018 |newspaper=Yale Daily News |date=27 March 2014 |url=http://yaledailynews.com/blog/2014/03/27/6-26-percent-of-applicants-admitted-to-class-of-2018/ |accessdate=5 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bhandari |first=Rishabh |title=Yale posts record-high yield rate |newspaper=Yale Daily News |date=27 March 2014 |url=http://yaledailynews.com/blog/2014/03/27/6-26-phttp://yaledailynews.com/blog/2014/05/13/yale-posts-record-high-yield-rate/ |accessdate=5 August 2014}}</ref> 98% of students graduate within six years.<ref name="2013YCBN" />

Through its program of need-based financial aid, Yale commits to meet the full demonstrated financial need of all applicants. Most financial aid is in the form of grants and scholarships that do not need to be paid back to the university, and the average need-based aid grant for the Class of 2017 was $46,395.<ref name="2013CDS"/> 15% of Yale College students are expected to have no parental contribution, and about 50% receive some form of financial aid.<ref name="2013YCBN">{{cite web |title=Yale College by the Numbers |publisher=Yale University Office of Institutional Research |date=2013 |url=http://oir.yale.edu/sites/default/files/Yale-College-By-the-Numbers_1.pdf |accessdate=5 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Zax |first=David |title=Wanted: smart students from poor families |date=Jan–Feb 2014 |magazine=Yale Alumni Magazine |url=http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/articles/3801 |accessdate=5 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="FinAidPolicy">[http://admissions.yale.edu/financial-aid Yale University Financial Aid Policies]</ref> About 16% of the Class of 2013 had some form of student loan debt at graduation, with an average debt of $13,000 among borrowers.<ref name="2013YCBN" />

Half of all Yale undergraduates are women, more than 39% are [[ethnic minority]] U.S. citizens (19% are underrepresented minorities), and 10.5% are [[international student]]s.<ref name="2013CDS">{{cite web |title=2013–14 Common Data Set |publisher=Yale University Office of Institutional Research |date=2013 |url=http://oir.yale.edu/sites/default/files/CDS2013_2014.pdf |accessdate=5 August 2014}}</ref> Fifty-five percent attended public schools and 45% attended private, religious, or international schools, and 97% of students were in the top 10% of their high school class.<ref name="2013YCBN" /> Every year, Yale College also admits a small group of [[non-traditional student]]s through the [[Eli Whitney Students Program]].

===Collections===
[[File:Le café de nuit (The Night Café) by Vincent van Gogh.jpeg|thumb|left|''[[The Night Café]]'', Vincent van Gogh, 1888, [[Yale University Art Gallery|Yale Art Gallery]].]]
[[Yale University Library]], which holds over 15 million volumes, is the third-largest university collection in the United States.<ref name="2013LibraryReport"/><ref>{{cite report |title=ARL Statistics 2011–2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Association of Research Libraries |page=53 |url=http://publications.arl.org/ARL-Statistics-2011-2012/ |accessdate=1 July 2014}}</ref> The main library, [[Sterling Memorial Library]], contains about 4&nbsp;million volumes, and other holdings are dispersed at subject libraries.

Rare books are found in several Yale collections. The [[Beinecke Rare Book Library]] has a large collection of rare books and manuscripts. The [[Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library]] includes important historical medical texts, including an impressive collection of rare books, as well as historical medical instruments. The [[Lewis Walpole Library]] contains the largest collection of 18th‑century British literary works. The [[Elizabethan Club]], technically a private organization, makes its Elizabethan folios and first editions available to qualified researchers through Yale.

Yale's museum collections are also of international stature. The [[Yale University Art Gallery]], the country's first university-affiliated art museum, contains more than 180,000 works, including Old Masters and important collections of modern art, in the Swartout and Kahn buildings. The latter, [[Louis Kahn]]'s first large-scale American work (1953), was renovated and reopened in December 2006. The [[Yale Center for British Art]], the largest collection of British art outside of the UK, grew from a gift of [[Paul Mellon]] and is housed in another Kahn-designed building.

The [[Peabody Museum of Natural History]] in New Haven is used by school children and contains research collections in anthropology, archaeology, and the natural environment. The [[Yale University Collection of Musical Instruments]], affiliated with the Yale School of Music, is perhaps the least-known of Yale's collections, because its hours of opening are restricted.

The museums also house the artifacts brought to the United States from [[Peru]] by Yale history professor [[Hiram Bingham III|Hiram Bingham]] in his expedition to [[Machu Picchu]] in 1912 – when the removal of such artifacts was legal. Peru would now like to have the items returned; Yale has so far declined.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://opa.yale.edu/opa/mpi/MP-EnCaja-English-20080626.pdf |title=Machu Picchu in a Box |format=PDF |accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref> In November 2010, a Yale University representative agreed to return the artifacts to a Peruvian university.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/11/20/peru.yale.artifacts/index.html?hpt=T2|title=CNN: "Peru's president: Yale agrees to return Incan artifacts" | date=November 20, 2010}}</ref>

===University rankings===
{{Infobox US university ranking
| ARWU_W =11
| ARWU_N =9
| ARWU_SCI =29
| ARWU_LIFE =10
| ARWU_MED =18
| ARWU_SOC =8
| EC = 27
| FT =19
| QS_W =10
| THES_W = 9
| THES_N =2
| USNWR_NU = 3
| CGC_NU = 6
| USNWR_Bus = 10
| USNWR_Law = 1
| USNWR_Medr = 6
| USNWR_Eng = 40
| Wamo_NU =39
| WSJ =8
| Forbes =4
| Forbes_Bus =10
}}
The ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' ranked Yale third among U.S. national universities for 2015,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities|title=National University Rankings|publisher=''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''|accessdate=September 10, 2013}}</ref> as it has for each of the past thirteen years. It was ranked fourth in the 2011 [[QS&nbsp;World University Rankings]] and tenth in the 2010 [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2011 |title=QS World University Rankings |publisher=Topuniversities |accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref><ref name="World University Rankings">{{cite web |url= http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2010-2011/top-200.html |title=World University Rankings|year=2010 |publisher=The Times Higher Educational Supplement |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> Shanghai Jiao Tong University’s [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]], placed Yale at 11 in 2010. ARWU also ranked Yale 25th in Natural Sciences and Mathematics, 76–100th in Engineering/Technology and Computer Sciences, 9th in Life and Agriculture Sciences, 21st in Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy, and 8th in Social Sciences worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arwu.org/Institution.jsp?param=Yale%20University |title=Yale University |publisher=Arwu.org |accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref>

===Faculty, research, and intellectual traditions===
The college is, after normalization for institution size, the tenth-largest baccalaureate source of [[doctorate|doctoral degree]] recipients in the United States, and the largest such source within the Ivy League.<ref>[http://web.centre.edu/ir/student/OverallBaccOrigins.pdf Centre.edu] "Baccalaureate Origins Peer Analysis 2000, Center College."</ref>

Yale's English and Comparative Literature departments were part of the [[New Criticism]] movement. Of the New Critics, [[Robert Penn Warren]], [[W.K. Wimsatt]], and [[Cleanth Brooks]] were all Yale faculty. Later, the Yale Comparative literature department became a center of American [[deconstruction]]. [[Jacques Derrida]], the father of deconstruction, taught at the Department of Comparative Literature from the late seventies to mid-1980s. Several other Yale faculty members were also associated with deconstruction, forming the so-called "[[Yale school (deconstruction)|Yale School]]". These included [[Paul de Man]] who taught in the Departments of Comparative Literature and French, [[J.&nbsp;Hillis Miller]], [[Geoffrey Hartman]] (both taught in the Departments of English and Comparative Literature), and [[Harold Bloom]] (English), whose theoretical position was always somewhat specific, and who ultimately took a very different path from the rest of this group. Yale's history department has also originated important intellectual trends. Historians [[C.&nbsp;Vann Woodward]] and [[David Brion Davis]] are credited with beginning in the 1960s and 1970s an important stream of [[American South|southern]] historians; likewise, [[David Montgomery (historian)|David Montgomery]], a labor historian, advised many of the current generation of labor historians in the country. Yale's Music School and Department fostered the growth of Music Theory in the latter half of the 20th&nbsp;century. The ''Journal of Music Theory'' was founded there in 1957; [[Allen Forte]] and [[David Lewin]] were influential teachers and scholars.

Since summer 2010, Yale has also been host to [[Yale Publishing Course]].

==Campus life==
Yale is a medium-sized research university, most of whose students are in the [[Graduate school|graduate]] and [[Professional school|professional]] schools. [[Undergraduate education|Undergraduates]], or [[Yale College]] students, come from a variety of ethnic, national, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Of the 2010–2011 freshman class, 10% are non‑U.S. citizens, while 54% went to public high schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/oir/factsheet.html#Yale%20College%20Student%20Body%20Characteristics |title=Yale Factsheet |publisher=Yale.edu |accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref>

===Residential colleges===
{{Main|Residential colleges of Yale University}}
Yale has a system of twelve [[residential college]]s, instituted in 1933 by donation of [[Edward S. Harkness]], who admired the social intimacy of the college systems at Oxford and Cambridge. Although they resemble the [[Oxbridge]] colleges organizationally and architecturally, unlike the federal system of their precursors the residential colleges are [[Collegiate university#Dependent colleges|dependent entities]] of Yale College. All undergraduates are members of a college, assigned before their freshman year, and 85 percent live in the college quadrangle or a college-affiliated dormitory.<ref>{{cite news |author1-last=Lloyd-Thomas |author1-first=Matthew |author2-last=Rodrigues |author2-first=Adrian |title=New colleges to help reduce overcrowding |newspaper=Yale Daily News |date=15 April 2014 |url=http://yaledailynews.com/blog/2014/04/15/new-colleges-to-help-reduce-overcrowding/ |accessdate=6 September 2014}}</ref> The colleges are led by a master and an academic dean, who reside in the college, and university faculty and affiliates comprise each college's fellowship. All twelve college quadrangles are organized around a courtyard, and each has a dining hall, courtyard, library, common room, seminar rooms, and a variety of student facilities like gyms, game rooms, printing presses, and squash courts. Colleges offer their own seminars (which can be taken for credit), social events, and speaking engagements known as "Master's Teas," but they do not contain programs of study or academic departments. Instead, all undergraduate courses are taught by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and are open to members of any college.

Residential colleges are named for important people or places in university history. The dominant architecture of the residential colleges is [[Collegiate Gothic]], the architectural style most characteristic of the university. Several colleges are revivalist interpretations of [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] or [[Federal architecture|Federal]] styles, and the two most recent, ([[Morse College|Morse]] and [[Ezra Stiles College|Ezra Stiles]]), have modernist structures. While the majority of upperclassman live in the colleges, most on-campus freshmen live on the [[Old Campus]], the university's oldest precinct. Each residential college has its own dining hall, but students are permitted to eat in any residential college dining hall or the large dining facility called "Commons".

<gallery mode=packed>
File:Berkeley_College_(South)_at_Yale.jpg|Berkeley College
File:Branford_Court_spring_2.JPG|Branford College
File:Dport.jpg|Davenport College
File:MainCourtyardTrumbull.jpg|Trumbull College
</gallery>

This is a list of residential colleges at Yale.<ref>Yale University: [http://www.yale.edu/admit/freshmen/residential_life/index.html "Undergraduate Residential Life."]. Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref>
# [[Berkeley College (Yale)|Berkeley College]], named for the Rt. Rev. [[George Berkeley]] (1685–1753), early benefactor of Yale.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/berkeley/ |title=Berkeley College Home Page |publisher=Yale.edu |accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref>
# [[Branford College]], named for [[Branford, Connecticut]], where Yale was briefly located.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/branford/ |title=Branford College Home Page |publisher=Yale.edu |accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref>
# [[Calhoun College]], named for [[John C. Calhoun]], vice-president and influential member of Congress of the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/calhoun/ |title=Calhoun College Home Page |publisher=Yale.edu |accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref>
# [[Davenport College]], named for Rev. [[John Davenport (clergyman)|John Davenport]], the founder of New Haven. Often called "D'port".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/davenport/ |title=Davenport College Home Page |publisher=Yale.edu |accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref>
# [[Ezra Stiles College]], named for the Rev. [[Ezra Stiles]], a president of Yale. Generally called "Stiles," despite an early-1990s crusade by then-master [[Traugott Lawler]] to preserve the use of the full name in everyday speech. Its buildings were designed by [[Eero Saarinen]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ezrastilescollege.org/ |title=Ezra Stiles College Home Page |publisher=Ezrastilescollege.org |accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref>
# [[Jonathan Edwards College]], named for theologian, Yale alumnus, and Princeton co-founder [[Jonathan Edwards (theology)|Jonathan Edwards]]. Generally called "J.E." The oldest of the residential colleges, J.E. is the only college with an independent endowment, the Jonathan Edwards Trust.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/je/ |title=Jonathan Edwards College Home Page |publisher=Yale.edu |accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref>
# [[Morse College]], named for [[Samuel F. B. Morse]], inventor of [[Morse code]] and the [[telegraph]]. Also designed by [[Eero Saarinen]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/morse/ |title=Morse College Home Page |publisher=Yale.edu |accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref>
# [[Pierson College]], named for Yale's first rector, [[Abraham Pierson]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/pierson/ |title=Pierson College Home Page |publisher=Yale.edu |accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref> A statue of [[Abraham Pierson]] stands on Yale's Old Campus.<ref>Pierson History. http://pierson.yalecollege.yale.edu/history. Retrieved on Nov 7, 2011</ref>
# [[Saybrook College]], named for [[Old Saybrook, Connecticut]], the town in which Yale was founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/saybrook/ |title=Saybrook College Home Page |publisher=Yale.edu |date=November 30, 2011 |accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref>
# [[Silliman College]], named for noted scientist and Yale professor [[Benjamin Silliman]]. About half of its structures were originally part of the [[Sheffield Scientific School]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/sm/ |title=Silliman College Home Page |publisher=Yale.edu |accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref>
# [[Timothy Dwight College]], named for the two Yale presidents of that name, [[Timothy Dwight IV]] and [[Timothy Dwight V]]. Often abbreviated "T.D."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/td/ |title=Timothy Dwight College Home Page |publisher=Yale.edu |date=October 6, 2009 |accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref>
# [[Trumbull College]], named for [[Jonathan Trumbull]], first Governor of Connecticut.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/trumbull/ |title=Trumbull College Home Page |publisher=Yale.edu |accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref>
<br />
In 1998, Yale launched a series of extensive renovations to the older residential buildings, which in many decades of existence had seen only routine maintenance and incremental improvements to plumbing, heating, and electrical and network wiring. Many of these renovations have now been completed, and among other improvements, renovated colleges feature newly built basement facilities including snack bars called "butteries," game rooms, theaters, athletic facilities, fine arts studios, and music practice rooms.

In June 2008, President Levin announced that the Yale Corporation had authorized the construction of two new residential colleges, scheduled to open in 2013. The additional colleges, to be built in the northern part of the campus, will allow for expanded admission and a reduction of crowding in the existing residential colleges.<ref>Yale University Office of Public Affairs: [http://opa.yale.edu/news/article.aspx?id=5868 "Yale to Establish Two New Residential Colleges."]. Retrieved June 7, 2008.</ref> Designs have been released, and some public controversy has surfaced over Yale's decision to demolish a number of historic buildings on the site, including a recently constructed library, in order to clear it for the $600&nbsp;million new structures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://downtownnewhaven.blogspot.com/2009/08/demolition-date-approaches-for-new.html |title=Design New Haven: Demolition Date Approaches for New Residential College Site: Preservation Issues Spark Appeals to Yale |publisher=Downtownnewhaven.blogspot.com |date=August 29, 2009 |accessdate=September 16, 2009}}</ref>

===Student organizations===
{{Main|List of Yale University student organizations}}

The university hosts a variety of student journals, magazines, and newspapers. Established in 1872, ''[[The Yale Record]]'' is the world's oldest [[humor magazine]]. Newspapers include the ''[[Yale Daily News]]'', which was first published in 1878, and the weekly ''[[Yale Herald]]'', which was first published in 1986. Dwight Hall, an independent, non-profit community service organization, oversees more than 2,000 Yale undergraduates working on more than 70 community service initiatives in New Haven. The Yale College Council runs several agencies that oversee campus wide activities and student services. The [[Yale Dramatic Association]] and Bulldog Productions cater to the theater and film communities, respectively. In addition, the Yale Drama Coalition<ref>[http://www.yaledramacoalition.org yaledramacoalition.org]</ref> serves to coordinate between and provide resources for the various Sudler Fund sponsored theater productions which run each weekend. WYBC Yale Radio<ref>[http://wybc.com wybc.com]</ref> is the campus's radio station, owned and operated by students. While students used to broadcast on AM & FM frequencies, they now have an Internet-only stream.

The [[Yale College Council]] (YCC) serves as the campus's undergraduate student government. All registered student organizations are regulated and funded by a subsidiary organization of the YCC, known as the Undergraduate Organizations Committee (UOC). The Graduate and Professional Student Senate (GPSS) serves as Yale's graduate and professional student government.

[[The Yale Political Union]] is advised by alumni political leaders such as [[John Kerry]] and [[George Pataki]]. The [[Yale International Relations Association]] functions as the umbrella organization for the top-ranked Model UN team.

The campus includes several [[fraternities and sororities]]. The campus features at least 18 [[a&nbsp;cappella]] groups, the most famous of which is [[The Whiffenpoofs]], who are unusual among college singing groups in being made up solely of senior men.

Yale's [[secret society|secret societies]] include [[Skull and Bones]], [[Scroll and Key]], [[Wolf's Head (secret society)|Wolf's Head]], [[Book and Snake]], [[Elihu (secret society)|Elihu]], [[Berzelius (secret society)|Berzelius]], [[St. Elmo (secret society)|St.&nbsp;Elmo]], [[Manuscript Society|Manuscript]], and [[Mace and Chain]]. The two oldest existing honor societies are the [[Aurelian Honor Society|Aurelian]] (1910) and the Torch Honor Society (1916).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.library.yale.edu/mssa/YHO/ExtracurricularandSocialOrganizations.pdf |title=In Focus &#124; Yale University Library |publisher=Library.yale.edu |date=2014-05-19 |accessdate=2014-08-14}}</ref>

The [[Elizabethan Club]], a social club, has a membership of undergraduates, graduates, faculty and staff with literary or artistic interests. Membership is by invitation. Members and their guests may enter the "Lizzie's" premises for conversation and tea. The club owns first editions of a Shakespeare Folio, several Shakespeare Quartos, a first edition of Milton's ''[[Paradise Lost]]'', among other important literary texts.

===Traditions===
===Traditions===
Yale has learned to suck.
Yale seniors at graduation smash clay pipes underfoot to symbolize passage from their "[[Bright College Years|bright college years]]," though in recent history the pipes have been replaced with "bubble pipes".<ref>{{cite news|title=Singing the Blues at Yale|first=Thomas|last=Toch|publisher=US News & World Report|date=June 8, 1992}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://yaledailynews.com/blog/2008/02/12/class-day-speaker-may-not-be-announced-until-march/ |title=Class Day speaker may not be announced until March |publisher=Yale Daily News |date=2008-02-12 |accessdate=2014-08-14}}</ref> ("Bright College Years," the University's alma mater, was penned in 1881 by [[Henry Strong Durand|Henry Durand]], Class of 1881, to the tune of ''[[Die Wacht am Rhein]]''.) Yale's student tour guides tell visitors that students consider it good luck to rub the toe of the statue of [[Theodore Dwight Woolsey]] on Old Campus. Actual students rarely do so.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/98_03/talltales.html|title=Yale's Tallest Tales|first=Mark Alden|last=Branch|journal=Yale Alumni Magazine|date=March 1998}}</ref> In the second half of the twentieth century [[Bladderball]], a campus-wide game played with a large inflatable ball, became a popular tradition but was banned by administration due to safety concerns. In spite of administration opposition, students revived the game in 2009 and 2011, but its future remains uncertain.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2011/oct/10/bladderball-reemerges-brief-game/|title=THE NEWS WINS BLADDERBALL|first=Gavan|last=Gideon|first=Ben| last=Prawdzik|publisher=Yale Daily News|date=October 10, 2011}}</ref>


===Athletics===
===Athletics===


Yale always loses to Harvard.
[[File:Walter Camp Gate 1.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Walter Camp]] Gate at the Yale Athletic Complex.]]
{{Main|Yale Bulldogs}}
Yale supports 35 varsity athletic teams that compete in the [[Ivy League]] Conference, the [[Eastern College Athletic Conference]], the [[New England Intercollegiate Sailing Association]]. Yale athletic teams compete intercollegiately at the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] Division&nbsp;I level. Like other members of the Ivy League, Yale does not offer athletic scholarships.

Yale has numerous athletic facilities, including the [[Yale Bowl]] (the nation's first natural "bowl" stadium, and prototype for such stadiums as the [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]] and the [[Rose Bowl (stadium)|Rose Bowl]]), located at The [[Walter Camp]] Field athletic complex, and the [[Payne Whitney Gymnasium]], the second-largest indoor athletic complex in the world.<ref>''[[Yale Herald]]'': [http://www.yaleherald.com/archive/frosh/2000/field/p78payne.html "House of Payne gets ready for the new millennium." Retrieved April 9, 2007.]</ref>
October 21, 2000, marked the dedication of Yale's fourth new boathouse in 157&nbsp;years of collegiate rowing. The [[Richard Gilder]] [[Boathouse]] is named to honor former Olympic rower Virginia Gilder&nbsp;'79 and her father Richard Gilder&nbsp;'54, who gave $4&nbsp;million towards the $7.5&nbsp;million project. Yale also maintains the [[Gales Ferry]] site where the heavyweight men's team trains for the [[Yale-Harvard Boat Race]].

Yale crew is the oldest collegiate athletic team in America, and won [[Olympics|Olympic Games]] [[Gold Medal]] for men's eights in 1924 and 1956. The [[Yale Corinthian Yacht Club]], founded in 1881, is the oldest collegiate [[sailing]] club in the world.

In 1896, Yale and [[Johns Hopkins University|Johns Hopkins]] played the first known [[ice hockey]] game in the United States<!-- ice hockey is not played on "soil" -->. Since 2006, the school's ice hockey clubs have played a commemorative game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/clubhockey/teamhistory.html |title=Yale Club Ice Hockey |publisher=Yale.edu |date=October 19, 2007 |accessdate=September 16, 2009}}</ref>

For kicks, between 1954 and 1982, residential college teams and student organizations played [[bladderball]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Muller |first=Eli |url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/university-news/2001/02/28/bladderball-30-years-of-zany-antics-dangerous-fun/ |title=Bladderball: 30 years of zany antics, dangerous fun |publisher=Yale Daily News |date=February 28, 2001 |accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref>

Yale students claim to have invented [[Frisbee]], by tossing empty [[Frisbie Pie Company]] tins.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2007/nov/05/local-pie-tin-first-frisbee-legend-holds/|title=Local pie tin first Frisbee, legend holds|publisher=Yale Daily News|accessdate=September 1, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ct.gov/ctportal/cwp/view.asp?a=843&q=246434|title=About Connecticut: General Description and Facts|publisher=Connecticut State Government|accessdate=September 1, 2010}}</ref>

Yale athletics are supported by the [[Yale Precision Marching Band]]. "Precision" is used here ironically; the band is a scatter-style band that runs wildly between formations rather than actually marching.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.yale.edu/yaleband/ypmb/faq.html |title= Yale Precision Marching Band Frequently Asked Questions|accessdate=December 14, 2009|quote= "The YPMB is one of twelve scatter-style marching bands in the country....Between formations we run around wildly.}}</ref> The band attends every home football game and many away, as well as most hockey and basketball games throughout the winter.

Yale intramural sports are also a significant aspect of student life. Students compete for their respective residential colleges, fostering a friendly rivalry. The year is divided into fall, winter, and spring seasons, each of which includes about ten different sports. About half the sports are coeducational. At the end of the year, the residential college with the most points (not all sports count equally) wins the Tyng Cup.

====Song====
Notable among the songs commonly played and sung at events such as [[graduation|commencement]], [[convocation]], alumni gatherings, and athletic games are the alma mater, "[[Bright College Years]]", and the Yale [[fight song]], "Down the Field."<!--Down the Field is NOT the Yale fight song-->

Two other fight songs, "Bulldog, Bulldog" and "Bingo Eli Yale", written by [[Cole Porter]] during his undergraduate days, are still sung at football games. Another fight song sung at games is "[[Boola Boola]]". According to “College Fight Songs: An Annotated Anthology” published in 1998, “Down the Field” ranks as the fourth-greatest fight song of all time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Victory March rated No. 1 college fight song |url=http://newsinfo.nd.edu/news/6427-victory-march-rated-no-1-college-fight-song/|publisher=University of Notre Dame News|accessdate=September 1, 2010}}</ref>

====Mascot====
The school mascot is "[[Handsome Dan]]," the known Yale [[bulldog]], and the Yale [[fight song]] (written by [[Cole Porter]] while he was a student at Yale) contains the [[refrain]], "Bulldog, bulldog, bow wow wow." The school color, since 1894, is [[Yale Blue]].<ref>(prior to 1894, Yale's color was green) (see: {{cite web|url=http://www.thenewjournalatyale.com/2002/10/true-blue/|title=True Blue|first=Ellen|last=Thompson|publisher=The New Journal|date=October 1, 2002|accessdate=January 4, 2012}})</ref> Yale's [[Handsome Dan]] is believed to be the first college [[mascot]] in America, having been established in 1889.<ref name = "YaleBulldogs">{{cite web | url = http://yalebulldogs.cstv.com/trads/mascot.html | title = History of the Yale Bulldog "Handsome Dan" | work = Yale Bulldogs | accessdate =June 8, 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070605212605/http://yalebulldogs.cstv.com/trads/mascot.html |archivedate = June 5, 2007}}</ref>

==Notable people==

===Benefactors===
Yale has had many financial supporters, but some stand out by the magnitude or timeliness of their contributions. Among those who have made large donations commemorated at the university are: [[Elihu Yale]]; [[Jeremiah Dummer]]; the [[Edward S. Harkness|Harkness family]] ([[Edward S. Harkness|Edward]], [[Anna Harkness|Anna]], and [[William Harkness|William]]); the [[Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library|Beinecke]] family (Edwin, Frederick, and Walter); [[John William Sterling]]; [[Payne Whitney]]; [[Joseph E. Sheffield]], [[Paul Mellon]], [[Charles B.&nbsp;G. Murphy]] and [[William K. Lanman]]. The Yale Class of 1954, led by [[Richard Gilder]], donated $70&nbsp;million in commemoration of their 50th&nbsp;reunion.<ref>{{cite news |first= Stephanie|last= Strom|title=$75,000 a Record Gift for Yale? Here's How |url= http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D05E7D81631F932A35755C0A9629C8B63&scp=1&sq=Yale%20class%20of%201954%20%24110%20million&st=cse|work= The New York Times |location= New York|id= |date= June 1, 2004|accessdate=November 22, 2008 |quote= }}</ref> [[Charles B. Johnson]], a 1954 graduate of Yale College, pledged a $250 million gift in 2013 to support of the construction of two new residential colleges.<ref>{{cite web|last=Conroy|first=Tom|title=Historic $250 million gift to Yale from alumnus is largest ever|url=http://news.yale.edu/2013/09/29/historic-250-million-gift-yale-alumnus-largest-ever|work=YaleNews|publisher=Yale University|accessdate=29 March 2014}}</ref>

===Notable alumni and faculty===
{{Further|List of Yale University people|List of Yale Law School alumni}}
{{multiple issues|section=yes|{{refimprove section|date=January 2015}}{{overlink|section|date=January 2015}}}}
[[File:Streep san sebastian 2008 2.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Academy Award Winning Actress [[Meryl Streep]], [[Yale School of Drama]] class of 1975]]
[[File:William Howard Taft, Bain bw photo portrait, 1908.jpg|upright|thumb|President [[William Howard Taft]] graduated from Yale in 1878.]]
Yale has produced alumni distinguished in their respective fields. Among the best-known are U.S.&nbsp;Presidents [[William Howard Taft]], [[Gerald Ford]], [[George H.&nbsp;W. Bush]], [[Bill Clinton]] and [[George W. Bush]]; royals [[Victoria Bernadotte]], [[Prince Rostislav Romanov (born 1985)|Prince Rostislav Romanov]] and [[Kyebambe III of Toro|Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo]]; heads of state, including Italian prime minister [[Mario Monti]], Turkish prime minister [[Tansu Çiller]], Mexican president [[Ernesto Zedillo]], German president [[Karl Carstens]], and Philippines president [[José Paciano Laurel]]; U.S. Supreme Court Justices [[Sonia Sotomayor]], [[Samuel Alito]] and [[Clarence Thomas]]; U.S.&nbsp;Secretaries of State [[John Kerry]], [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]], [[Cyrus Vance]], and [[Dean Acheson]]; authors [[Sinclair Lewis]], [[Stephen Vincent Benét]], and [[Tom Wolfe]]; lexicographer [[Noah Webster]]; inventors [[Samuel F.&nbsp;B. Morse]] and [[Eli Whitney]]; patriot and "first spy" [[Nathan Hale]]; theologian [[Jonathan Edwards (theologian)|Jonathan Edwards]]; actors, directors and producers [[Paul Newman]], [[Henry Winkler]], [[Vincent Price]], [[Meryl Streep]], [[Sigourney Weaver]], [[Jodie Foster]], [[Angela Bassett]], [[Courtney Vance]], [[Frances McDormand]], [[Elia Kazan]], [[George Roy Hill]], [[Edward Norton]], [[Lupita Nyong'o]], [[Allison Williams (actress)|Allison Williams]], [[Oliver Stone]], [[Sam Waterston]], and [[Michael Cimino]]; "Father of American football" [[Walter Camp]], "The perfect oarsman" [[Rusty Wailes]]; baseball players [[Ron Darling]], [[Bill Hutchinson (baseball)|Bill Hutchinson]], and [[Craig Breslow]]; basketball player [[Chris Dudley]]; football players [[Gary Fencik]], and [[Calvin Hill]]; hockey players [[Chris Higgins (ice hockey, born 1983)|Chris Higgins]] and [[Mike Richter]]; figure skater [[Sarah Hughes]]; swimmer [[Don Schollander]]; skier [[Ryan Max Riley]]; runner [[Frank Shorter]]; composers [[Charles Ives]], [[Douglas Moore]] and [[Cole Porter]]; Peace Corps founder [[Sargent Shriver]]; child psychologist [[Benjamin Spock]]; architects [[Eero Saarinen]] and [[Norman Foster]]; sculptor [[Richard Serra]]; film critic [[Gene Siskel]]; television commentators [[Dick Cavett]] and [[Anderson Cooper]]; New York Times journalist [[David Gonzalez (journalist)|David Gonzalez]]; pundits [[William F. Buckley,&nbsp;Jr.]], and [[Fareed Zakaria]]; economists [[Irving Fischer]], [[Mahbub ul Haq]], and [[Paul Krugman]]; [[cyclotron]] inventor and Nobel laureate in Physics, [[Ernest Lawrence]]; [[Human Genome Project]] director [[Francis S. Collins]]; mathematician and chemist [[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]; and businesspeople, including [[Time Magazine]] co-founder [[Henry Luce]], [[Morgan Stanley]] founder [[Harold Stanley]], [[Boeing]] CEO [[James McNerney]], [[FedEx]] founder [[Frederick W. Smith]], [[Time Warner]] president [[Jeffrey Bewkes]], Electronic Arts co-founder [[Bing Gordon]], and investor/philanthropist Sir John Templeton.

==Yale in fiction and popular culture==
{{Further|List of Yale University people|Yale in popular culture}}
Yale University, one of the oldest universities in the United States, is a [[culture|cultural referent]] as an institution that produces some of the most elite members of society<ref name="isbn0-8014-3479-3">{{cite book |author=Thalmann, William G. |title=The swineherd and the bow: representations of class in the Odyssey |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, N.Y |year=1998 |isbn=0-8014-3479-3 |oclc= |accessdate=August 15, 2007}}</ref> and its grounds, alumni, and students have been prominently portrayed in fiction and U.S. popular culture. For example, [[Owen Johnson (writer)|Owen Johnson]]'s novel, ''Stover at Yale'', follows the college career of Dink Stover<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.yaleherald.com/archive/xxv/2.20.98/ae/book.html |title = Memoir demonstrates Yalies have always been crazy |first = Jenna |last = Baddeley |publisher = Yale Herald|location = New Haven, Connecticut |accessdate =January 27, 2012}}</ref> and [[Frank Merriwell]], the model for all later juvenile sports fiction, plays football, baseball, crew, and track at Yale while solving mysteries and righting wrongs.<ref>University of Georgia: [http://www.uga.edu/honors/curo/juro/2001_10_13/Turano6.html "The Rise of Intercollegiate Football and Its Portrayal in American Popular Literature."]. Retrieved April 9, 2007.</ref><ref>The text of ''Frank Merriwell at Yale'' is published online by [[Project Gutenberg]], [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/11115/11115-h/11115-h.htm Gutenberg.org]</ref> Yale University also is featured in [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]]'s novel "[[The Great Gatsby]]". The narrator, Nick Carraway, wrote a series of editorials for the ''Yale News'', and Tom Buchanan was "one of the most powerful [[Defensive end|ends]] that ever played football" for Yale.

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* Bagg, Lyman H. ''Four Years at Yale'', New Haven, 1891.
* Blum, John Morton. ''A life with history'' (2004) 283pp, memoir of history professor and advisor to the president
* Brown, Chandos Michael. ''Benjamin Silliman: A Life in the Young Republic.'' (1989). 377 pp.
* [[William F. Buckley, Jr.|Buckley, William F., Jr.]] ''[[God and Man at Yale]]'', 1951.
* Dana, Arnold G. ''Yale Old and New'', 78 vols. personal scrapbook, 1942.
* Deming, Clarence. ''Yale Yesterdays'', New Haven, [[Yale University Press]], 1915.
* Dexter, Franklin Bowditch. ''Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Yale: Yale College with Annals of the College History, 6 vols. New York, 1885–1912.''
* Dexter, Franklin Bowditch. [http://books.google.com/books?id=LvAKAAAAIAAJ&client=firefox-a ''Documentary History of Yale University: Under the Original Charter of the Collegiate School of Connecticut, 1701–1745.''] New Haven: [[Yale University Press]], 1901.
* Fitzmier, John R. ''New England's Moral Legislator: Timothy Dwight, 1752–1817'' (1998). 261 pp.
* French, Robert Dudley. ''The Memorial Quadrangle'', New Haven, Yale University Press, 1929.
* Furniss, Edgar S. ''The Graduate School of Yale'', New Haven, 1965.
* Gilpen, Toni, et al. ''On Strike For Respect,'' (updated edition: [[University of Illinois Press]], 1995,)
* Holden, Reuben A. ''Yale: A Pictorial History'', New Haven, Yale University Press, 1967.
* Kabaservice, Geoffrey. ''The Guardians: Kingman Brewster, His Circle, and the Rise of the Liberal Establishment,'' (2004). 573 pp.
* Kalman, Laura. ''Legal Realism at Yale, 1927–1960'' (1986). 314pp.
* Kelley, Brooks Mather. [http://books.google.com/books?id=B2aDRhohtx8C&client=firefox-a ''Yale: A History.''] New Haven: [[Yale University Press]], 1999. 10-ISBN 0-300-07843-9: 13-ISBN 978-0-300-07843-5; [http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/810552 OCLC 810552]
* Kingsley, William L. ''Yale College. A Sketch of its History'', 2 vols. New York, 1879.
* Mendenhall, Thomas C. ''The Harvard-Yale Boat Race, 1852–1924, and the Coming of Sport to the American College.'' (1993). 371 pp.
* [[Cary Nelson|Nelson, Cary]]. ''Will Teach for Food: Academic Labor in Crisis,'' Minneapolis, [[University of Minnesota Press]], 1997.
* Nissenbaum, Stephen, ed. ''The Great Awakening at Yale College'' (1972). 263 pp.
* Oren, Dan A. ''Joining the Club: A History of Jews and Yale,'' New Haven, Yale University Press, 1985.* Oviatt, Edwin. ''The Beginnings of Yale (1701–1726)'', New Haven, Yale University Press, 1916.
* {{cite book|author=Oviatt, Edwin |title=The Beginnings of Yale (1701-1726)|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JKJLAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA298|year=1916|publisher=Yale UP|pages=298–302}}
* [[George Wilson Pierson|Pierson, George Wilson]]. ''Yale College, An Educational History (1871–1921)'', (Yale University Press, 1952); ''Yale, The University College (1921–1937)'', (Yale University Press, 1955)
* Pierson, George Wilson. ''The Founding of Yale: The Legend of the Forty Folios'', New Haven, Yale University Press, 1988.
* Pinnell, Patrick L. ''The Campus Guide: Yale University'', [[Princeton Architectural Press]], New York, 1999.
* Stevenson, Louise L. ''Scholarly Means to Evangelical Ends: The New Haven Scholars and the Transformation of Higher Learning in America, 1830–1890'' (1986). 221 pp.
* [[Vincent Scully|Scully, Vincent]] ''et al.'', eds. ''Yale in New Haven: Architecture and Urbanism''. New Haven: Yale University, 2004.
* [[Anson Phelps Stokes (philanthropist)|Stokes, Anson Phelps]]. ''Memorials of Eminent Yale Men'', 2 vols. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1914.
* {{Cite EB1922|wstitle=Yale University|author=[[Anson Phelps Stokes (philanthropist)|Stokes, Anson Phelps]] |short=x}}
* Synnott, Marcia Graham. ''The Half-Opened Door: Discrimination and Admissions at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, 1900–1970'' (1979). 310 pp.
* Tucker, Louis Leonard. ''Connecticut's Seminary of Sedition: Yale College.'' Chester, Conn.: Pequot, 1973. 78 pp.
* Warch, Richard. ''School of the Prophets: Yale College, 1701–1740.'' (1973). 339 pp.
* Welch, Lewis Sheldon, and [[Walter Camp]]. ''Yale, her campus, class-rooms, and athletics'' (1900). [http://books.google.com/books?id=qy44AAAAYAAJ&dq=inauthor:Welch+inauthor:Lewis+inauthor:Sheldon&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=0 online]
* Whitehead, John S. ''The Separation of College and State: Columbia, Dartmouth, Harvard, and Yale, 1776–1876'' (1973). 262 pp.
* Wilson, Leonard G., ed. ''Benjamin Silliman and His Circle: Studies on the Influence of Benjamin Silliman on Science in America'' (1979). 228 pp.
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Yale University |short=x}}
{{refend}}

===Secret societies===
{{Main|Yale secret societies}}
* [[Alexandra Robbins|Robbins, Alexandra]], ''Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the Hidden Paths of Power'', Little Brown & Co., 2002; ISBN 0-316-73561-2 (paper edition).
* [[Kris Millegan|Millegan, Kris]] (ed.), ''Fleshing Out Skull & Bones'', TrineDay, 2003. ISBN 0-9752906-0-6 (paper edition).

==External links==
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=Category:Yale University | b=no | n=Yale University | q=no | s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=Q49112}}
* {{LOCFC|yale/}}
* [http://www.yale.edu Official website]
* [http://www.yalebulldogs.com Official athletics website]
* [http://map.yale.edu/map/ Campus map from Yale University website]

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Revision as of 06:43, 24 May 2015

Traditions

Yale has learned to suck.

Athletics

Yale always loses to Harvard.

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