Long-tailed pangolin

Long-tailed pangolin
Stuffed specimen
Conservation status
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Pholidota
Family:	Manidae
Genus:	Phataginus
Species:	P. tetradactyla
Binomial name
Phataginus tetradactyla Linnaeus, 1766
Long-tailed pangolin range

The long-tailed pangolin (Phataginus tetradactyla), also called the black-bellied pangolin, or ipi, is an arboreal pangolin belonging to the family Manidae, sometimes referred to Pholidota. The common names for this species stem from physical characteristics, such as the extremely long tail or the dark hairs that cover the underside of their bodies and limbs. Pangolin comes from the Malay word pengguling, meaning “something that rolls up”.

Physical Description

Phataginus tetradactyla showing its long tail

Phataginus tetradactyla has a characteristic very long tail (hence its common name), reaching a length of about 60–70 cm (24–28 in). The body can reach a length of 30–40 cm (12–16 in) and weigh 2-2.5 kg. The males are larger than the females.

Even with the long tail, this species is the smallest of eight extant species of pangolin. As with other pangolins, the long-tailed pangolin is covered with nine to thirteen rows of overlapping, artichoke leave-shaped keratinous scales. The scales are dark brown color with a brighter rim, which serves as camouflage. The feet have large, curved claws. The tip of the tail is bare and contains a sensory pad that allows the individual to seek out and grip branches. They don't have teeth, while the tongue is very long. The abdomen, underside of the arms and legs, and face is covered in dark fur instead of scales.

Distribution and habitat

Native to parts of western and central Africa, the long tailed-pangolin has been found as far west and north as Senegal, across the continent to Uganda, and south into Angola. They are found in areeas such as the Congo Basin and Guinean forests. A distinct gap in populations has been observed starting in southwest Ghana, with no record of individuals found until west Nigeria.

Long tailed pangolins are found in moist, tropical riverine and swamp forest environments, but have been observed in altered forests (bush), and agricultural areas of former lowland rain forests. They are almost exclusively arboreal, spending the majority of their time in the canopy region. They prefer to live in the interior part of the forests, avoiding the outermost edges. They are capable swimmers, and are usually found near water.

Life History

Behavior

Long-tailed pangolins are a solitary, shy species. They communicate with other members of their species using pheromones that are produced in a pair of anal scent glands. The pheromones in the exudate are likely used to attract mates and establish territorial edges. They are the only species of pangolin known to be diurnal, which may be a method of avoiding food competition with its sister species, the tree pangolin (Manis tricuspis). They have developed a number of antipredatory mechanisms to protect themselves from predators, such as pythons and leopards, starting with their scales, which act as camouflage. When threatened, long-tailed pangolin roll themselves into a tight ball, exposing only their sharp scales. They may also emit a foul smelling fluid from their anal glands. They have been observed sleeping in this rolled-up posture in tree hollows and epiphytes.

The primarily arboreal lifestyle of the long-tailed pangolin has come with the development of a number of climbing adaptations. Their long prehensile tail can easily support their body weight, and is commonly used to seek out supportive holds. Occasionally, they will dangle just by their tails. Their durable claws also allow them to dig into the bark of the trees and pull themselves up into the canopy. When they are unable to reach another branch, they have been known to extent their tail to the next hold and climb up it.

While the species spends most of its life in the canopy, it is also an apt swimmer. They occasionally drop from overhanging branches into streams below. They move through the water with a quick, undulating movement.

Diet

The long-tailed pangolin is myrmecophagous, primarily feeding on ants. They are the only known species of pangolin known not to depend on termites as a large portion of their diet. Using their well-developed sense of smell, they seek out arboreal ant nests, then tear them open with their strong, curved claws. They use their long, sticky tongues to capture escaping ants, pulling them into their mouths and swallowing them whole. Since they lack teeth to physically digest the food, they possess a muscular, gizzard-like stomach with horny coated walls to grind the food.

Reproduction

Little is currently known about long-tailed pangolin reproduction. It is assumed that they mate throughout the year, with an average gestation period of roughly 140 days. Female pangolins give birth to a live, single offspring at a time. The newborns are born with soft scales that harden within a few days. The young will ride on their mother’s tail for up to three months after birth. It is believed that long-tailed pangolin reach sexual maturity at two years of age.

Conservation Threats

Long tailed pangolins are listed as a species of least concern on the IUCN Red List. However, population numbers are decreasing due to an increase the amount of bushmeat hunting. They are relatively tolerant of moderate habitat modification, as seen in populations that have found homes in agricultural areas of former lowland rain forests.

Trivia

The tail of the long-tailed pangolin contains 46-47 caudal vertebrae, a record among mammals. They are the smallest species of extant pangolin, as well as the only diurnal species. Pangolin are also the only mammal species to have keratinous scales.

Drawing

Synonyms

Manis tetradactyla Manis Macrura

Bibliography

• Angelici, F., B. Egbide, G. Akani. 2001. Some New Mammal Records from the Rainforests of South-eastern Nigeria. Hystrix - Italian Journal of Mammalogy, 12: 37-43.
• Encyclopedia of Life. 2014. “Long-tailed Pangolin (Manis Tetradactyla) - Information on Long-tailed Pangolin” (On-line). EOL: Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed April 26, 2014 at http://eol.org/pages/337656/overview.
• Gaudin, T., J. Wible. 1999. The Entotympanic of Pangolins and the Phylogeny of the Pholidota (Mammalia). Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 6: 39-65.
• Hoffmann, R., A. Gardner, R. Brownell, K. Koopman, G. Musser, D. Schlitter. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Lawrence, KS: Allen Press Inc. and The Association of Systematics Collections.
• Hutchins, M., D. Kleiman, V. Geist, M. McDade. 2003. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, v. 16: Mammals V. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group.
• Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999 ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
• Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Hrsg.): Mammal Species of the World. 3. Ausgabe. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.

External links

• Media related to Manis tetradactyla at Wikimedia Commons
• Data related to Manis tetradactyla at Wikispecies
• About the Long-tailed pangolin
• ADW facts and pictures