Zawyet El Aryan: Difference between revisions
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== Pyramids == |
== Pyramids == |
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=== The [[Layer Pyramid]] === |
=== The [[Layer Pyramid]] === |
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This monument was built in the third dynasty probably during the reign of [[Khaba]]. The pyramid was meant to be a step pyramid of possibly five to seven steps. No casing stones have been found, suggesting that the pyramid was never finished. The underground plan of the pyramid resembles that of the pyramid of [[Sekhemkhet]]. A corridor leading into the interior has thirty-two side chambers meant for storage of the burial equipment.<ref name="Verner">Verner, Miroslav: ''The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments''. Grove Press. 2001 (1997). ISBN 0-8021-3935-3, p. 270.</ref><ref name=RSP>Rainer Stadelmann: ''Die ägyptischen Pyramiden. Vom Ziegelbau zum Weltwunder'' (= ''Kulturgeschichte der antiken Welt'', Bd. 30). von Zabern, Mainz 1997, ISBN 3-8053-1142-7, p. 140-144.</ref> |
This monument was built in the third dynasty, probably during the reign of [[Khaba]]. The pyramid was meant to be a step pyramid of possibly five to seven steps. No casing stones have been found, suggesting that the pyramid was never finished. The underground plan of the pyramid resembles that of the pyramid of [[Sekhemkhet]]. A corridor leading into the interior has thirty-two side chambers meant for storage of the burial equipment.<ref name="Verner">Verner, Miroslav: ''The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments''. Grove Press. 2001 (1997). ISBN 0-8021-3935-3, p. 270.</ref><ref name=RSP>Rainer Stadelmann: ''Die ägyptischen Pyramiden. Vom Ziegelbau zum Weltwunder'' (= ''Kulturgeschichte der antiken Welt'', Bd. 30). von Zabern, Mainz 1997, ISBN 3-8053-1142-7, p. 140-144.</ref> |
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=== The [[Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan|Unfinished Pyramid]] === |
=== The [[Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan|Unfinished Pyramid]] === |
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This tomb belongs to a king with an |
This tomb belongs to a king with an illegible name. All that stands now is a square base on which the core of the pyramid would have been constructed. A pink granite sarcophagus was found in a trench which cuts through the structure, although it may date to a later time period. The existence of underground chambers has been suspected, but excavations have not been possible as the structure is part of a military reservation. Also called the ''Northern Pyramid'', this structure dates to the fourth dynasty.<ref name="Verner"/><ref name=RSP/> |
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== Necropolis == |
== Necropolis == |
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The area of Zawyet el'Aryan is surrounded by a total of five cemeteries dating to the [[First Dynasty of Egypt|1st Dynasty]], [[Second Dynasty of Egypt|2nd Dynasty]], late 3rd Dynasty, [[Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt|18th Dynasty]] and [[Egypt (Roman province)|Roman Period]]. Of these cemeteries, only the one dating to the late 3rd Dynasty contains large tombs, of which are four mud brick mastabas. Reisner and Fisher |
The area of Zawyet el'Aryan is surrounded by a total of five cemeteries dating to the [[First Dynasty of Egypt|1st Dynasty]], [[Second Dynasty of Egypt|2nd Dynasty]], late 3rd Dynasty, [[Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt|18th Dynasty]] and [[Egypt (Roman province)|Roman Period]]. Of these cemeteries, only the one dating to the late 3rd Dynasty contains large tombs, of which are four mud brick mastabas. Reisner and Fisher observed that this is to be expected of the necropolis surrounding the pyramid of a pharaoh, the large tombs being those of the royal family and court officials. In particular, around {{convert|200|m|ft}} north of the layer pyramid is a huge mastaba, today known as ''Mastaba Z500'', which yielded eight [[marble]] bowls inscribed with the [[serekh]] of king Khaba. Reisner and Fisher therefore conclude that "''if the mastabas belong to people connected with the king who built the pyramid, it is probable that the king’s name was Khaba''". This opinion is shared by most egyptologists who attribute the layer pyramid to Khaba.<ref>G.A. Reisner and C.S. Fisher: ''The Work of the Harvard University - Museum of Fine Arts Egyptian Expedition (pyramid of Zawiyet el-Aryan''. (= ''Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts (BMFA)''; vol. 9, no. 54), Boston 1911, pp. 54-59.</ref><ref name=RSH>Rainer Stadelmann: ''King Huni: His Monuments and His Place in the History of the Old Kingdom''. In: Zahi A. Hawass, Janet Richards (Hrsg.): ''The Archaeology and Art of Ancient Egypt. Essays in Honor of David B. O’Connor'', vol. II. Conceil Suprême des Antiquités de l’Égypte, Kairo 2007, p. 425–431.</ref> |
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== Zawyet el'Aryan today == |
== Zawyet el'Aryan today == |
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Since 1960, the area |
Since 1960, much of the area near Zawyet el'Aryan has been restricted for use as a [[military base]]. Access to the pyramids has been restricted since 1964. No excavations are allowed, the original necropolis is overbuilt with military bungalows, and the shaft of the Baka pyramid has allegedly been misused as a trash dump. The condition of both burial shafts is uncertain and most possibly disastrous.<ref>Roman Gundacker: Zur Struktur der Pyramidennamen der 4. Dynastie. In: Sokar, vol. 18, 2009. ISSN 1438-7956, p. 26–30.</ref><ref name=RSH/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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<references/> |
<references/> |
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Revision as of 16:29, 2 January 2016
Zawyet el'Aryan | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Country |  Egypt |
| Governorate | Giza Governorate |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EST) |
| • Summer (DST) | +3 |
Zawyet el-Aryan (or Zawiyet el-Aryan) (Arabic: زاویة العریان) is a town in Lower Egypt, located between Giza and Abusir.[1] To the west of the town, just in the desert area, is a necropolis, referred to by the same name. Almost directly east across the Nile is Memphis. In Zawyet el-Aryan, there are two pyramid complexes and five mastaba cemeteries.
Pyramids
The Layer Pyramid
This monument was built in the third dynasty, probably during the reign of Khaba. The pyramid was meant to be a step pyramid of possibly five to seven steps. No casing stones have been found, suggesting that the pyramid was never finished. The underground plan of the pyramid resembles that of the pyramid of Sekhemkhet. A corridor leading into the interior has thirty-two side chambers meant for storage of the burial equipment.[1][2]
This tomb belongs to a king with an illegible name. All that stands now is a square base on which the core of the pyramid would have been constructed. A pink granite sarcophagus was found in a trench which cuts through the structure, although it may date to a later time period. The existence of underground chambers has been suspected, but excavations have not been possible as the structure is part of a military reservation. Also called the Northern Pyramid, this structure dates to the fourth dynasty.[1][2]
Necropolis
The area of Zawyet el'Aryan is surrounded by a total of five cemeteries dating to the 1st Dynasty, 2nd Dynasty, late 3rd Dynasty, 18th Dynasty and Roman Period. Of these cemeteries, only the one dating to the late 3rd Dynasty contains large tombs, of which are four mud brick mastabas. Reisner and Fisher observed that this is to be expected of the necropolis surrounding the pyramid of a pharaoh, the large tombs being those of the royal family and court officials. In particular, around 200 metres (660 ft) north of the layer pyramid is a huge mastaba, today known as Mastaba Z500, which yielded eight marble bowls inscribed with the serekh of king Khaba. Reisner and Fisher therefore conclude that "if the mastabas belong to people connected with the king who built the pyramid, it is probable that the king’s name was Khaba". This opinion is shared by most egyptologists who attribute the layer pyramid to Khaba.[3][4]
Zawyet el'Aryan today
Since 1960, much of the area near Zawyet el'Aryan has been restricted for use as a military base. Access to the pyramids has been restricted since 1964. No excavations are allowed, the original necropolis is overbuilt with military bungalows, and the shaft of the Baka pyramid has allegedly been misused as a trash dump. The condition of both burial shafts is uncertain and most possibly disastrous.[5][4]
References
- ^ a b c Verner, Miroslav: The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. Grove Press. 2001 (1997). ISBN 0-8021-3935-3, p. 270.
- ^ a b Rainer Stadelmann: Die ägyptischen Pyramiden. Vom Ziegelbau zum Weltwunder (= Kulturgeschichte der antiken Welt, Bd. 30). von Zabern, Mainz 1997, ISBN 3-8053-1142-7, p. 140-144.
- ^ G.A. Reisner and C.S. Fisher: The Work of the Harvard University - Museum of Fine Arts Egyptian Expedition (pyramid of Zawiyet el-Aryan. (= Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts (BMFA); vol. 9, no. 54), Boston 1911, pp. 54-59.
- ^ a b Rainer Stadelmann: King Huni: His Monuments and His Place in the History of the Old Kingdom. In: Zahi A. Hawass, Janet Richards (Hrsg.): The Archaeology and Art of Ancient Egypt. Essays in Honor of David B. O’Connor, vol. II. Conceil Suprême des Antiquités de l’Égypte, Kairo 2007, p. 425–431.
- ^ Roman Gundacker: Zur Struktur der Pyramidennamen der 4. Dynastie. In: Sokar, vol. 18, 2009. ISSN 1438-7956, p. 26–30.