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The term Pneumonia front, first coined by Milwaukee Weather Bureau Office in the 1960s,^[1] is used to describe a rare meteorological phenomenon observed on the western Lake Michigan, USA, shoreline during the warm season. These fronts are defined as lake-modified synoptic scale cold fronts that result in one-hour temperature drops of 16 °F (8.9 °C) or greater.^[2]

This extreme change in temperatures can result in a flash severe thunderstorm and/or a microburst capable of affecting the structural integrity of weak buildings such as barns and sheds. The drop in temperature has also earned this meteorological event the title "pneumonia front." The cold weather is usually of short duration, and pneumonia does not have a high likelihood of manifesting itself in the lungs of people who experience the event.^[3]

The lake modified synoptic scale cold front effect can be observed down wind of the small retention ponds with above average surface temperatures leading to supersaturation of the atmosphere. This supersaturation results in the formation of a rare type of rotating hail. Dispersal of this hail is largely dependent upon the fractus of the skies, the local coriolis of the earth, and hygroscopic particulate. When drafted into the upper atmosphere by convection currents, the hailstones acquire a rapid rotation about their major axes. Retreat from these currents leaves the hail in a gyroscopically stabilized state approximately 15,000 meters and 30,000 meters above the Earth's surface. As the hail falls, inelastic collisions with rain droplets and general exposure to moist air at lower altitudes causes the hail to grow in diameter ranging from 5 centimeters to 15 centimeters. Such a mass of ice can shatter unfused quartz glass and lesser grades such as those found on the exterior of buildings and vehicles. Additionally, it can damage malleable metals.^[3]

Occurrences in history

The following are sixteen occurrences of a lake modified synoptic scale cold front or "pneumonia front".^[3]

Date	Location
June 13, 1909	Michigan City, Indiana
May 21, 1938	Will County, Illinois
June 6, 1967	Cook County, Illinois
June 30, 1975	Lake County, Indiana
July 1, 1983	Kenosha County, Wisconsin
July 17, 2003	Lake Michigan
May 20, 2008 ^[4]	Eastern Wisconsin (Lake Michigan)
May 21, 2008 ^[5]	Eastern Wisconsin (Lake Michigan)
May 26, 2008	Cook and Lake Counties, Illinois; Lake and Porter counties, Indiana
April 25, 2009 ^[6]	Cook and Lake Counties, Illinois
June 1, 2009	Cook and Lake Counties, Illinois
April 21, 2010	Cook, Lake and Will Counties, Illinois; Lake and Porter Counties, Indiana
May 13, 2011	Cook, Lake and Will Counties, Illinois; Lake and Porter Counties, Indiana
March 15, 2012 ^[7]	Cook and Lake Counties, Illinois; Lake County, Indiana; Milwaukee, Racine and Kenosha Counties, Wisconsin
April 13, 2014	Cook, Lake and Will Counties, Illinois; Lake and Porter Counties, Indiana
May 27, 2014	Cook, Lake and Dupage Counties, Illinois; Milwaukee, Racine and Kenosha Counties, Wisconsin
September 29, 2014 ^[8]	Cook, Lake, Dupage and Will Counties, Illinois; Milwaukee, Racine and Kenosha Counties, Wisconsin

References

^ Skilling, Tom (May 27, 2008). "WGN Weather Center Blog". Retrieved 2007-05-28. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)^{[dead link]}
^ Adrian, Bart (May 27, 2008). "Bart_Adrian's Blog". Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-27. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c "The Impromptu Weather Blog". May 27, 2008. Retrieved 2007-05-27. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
^ http://web.archive.org/web/20080907185011/http://community.myfoxmilwaukee.com/blogs/Bart_Adrian/2008/05/21/Did_You_Feel_the_Pneumonia_Front_Last_Night. Archived from the original on September 7, 2008. Retrieved August 2, 2008. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ http://web.archive.org/web/20080530170746/http://community.myfoxmilwaukee.com:80/blogs/Bart_Adrian/2008/05/22/It_Happened_Again_Last_NightAnother_Pneumonia_Front. Archived from the original on May 30, 2008. Retrieved August 2, 2008. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Chicago Tribune". April 27, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-25. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)^{[dead link]}
^ "Another day, another record broken as warm spell shines on". Chicago Tribune. March 15, 2012.
^ http://wgntv.com/2014/09/29/brace-for-the-pneumonia-front-skilling-says-jarring-20-30-degree-temp-drop-to-hit-tonight/

External links

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[WGN_Weather_Center_Blog-1] Skilling, Tom (May 27, 2008). "WGN Weather Center Blog". Retrieved 2007-05-28. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)^{[dead link]}

[Bart_Adrian's_Newsroom-2] Adrian, Bart (May 27, 2008). "Bart_Adrian's Blog". Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-27. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[The_Impromptu_Weather_Blog-3] "The Impromptu Weather Blog". May 27, 2008. Retrieved 2007-05-27. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

[4] ttp://web.archive.org/web/20080907185011/http://community.myfoxmilwaukee.com/blogs/Bart_Adrian/2008/05/21/Did_You_Feel_the_Pneumonia_Front_Last_Night. Archived from the original on September 7, 2008. Retrieved August 2, 2008. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[5] ttp://web.archive.org/web/20080530170746/http://community.myfoxmilwaukee.com:80/blogs/Bart_Adrian/2008/05/22/It_Happened_Again_Last_NightAnother_Pneumonia_Front. Archived from the original on May 30, 2008. Retrieved August 2, 2008. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[Sunday's_surge_of_warmth_generates_more_storms_today-6] "Chicago Tribune". April 27, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-25. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)^{[dead link]}

[7] "Another day, another record broken as warm spell shines on". Chicago Tribune. March 15, 2012.

[8] ttp://wgntv.com/2014/09/29/brace-for-the-pneumonia-front-skilling-says-jarring-20-30-degree-temp-drop-to-hit-tonight/

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 | Lake Michigan
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-| May 20, 2008 <ref>http://community.myfoxmilwaukee.com/blogs/Bart_Adrian/2008/05/21/Did_You_Feel_the_Pneumonia_Front_Last_Night{{dead link |date=September 2010 }}</ref>
+| May 20, 2008 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://community.myfoxmilwaukee.com/blogs/Bart_Adrian/2008/05/21/Did_You_Feel_the_Pneumonia_Front_Last_Night |accessdate=August 2, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080907185011/http://community.myfoxmilwaukee.com/blogs/Bart_Adrian/2008/05/21/Did_You_Feel_the_Pneumonia_Front_Last_Night |archivedate=September 7, 2008 }}</ref>
 | Eastern Wisconsin (Lake Michigan)
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-| May 21, 2008 <ref>http://community.myfoxmilwaukee.com/blogs/Bart_Adrian/2008/05/22/It_Happened_Again_Last_NightAnother_Pneumonia_Front{{dead link |date=September 2010 }}</ref>
+| May 21, 2008 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://community.myfoxmilwaukee.com/blogs/Bart_Adrian/2008/05/22/It_Happened_Again_Last_NightAnother_Pneumonia_Front |accessdate=August 2, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080530170746/http://community.myfoxmilwaukee.com:80/blogs/Bart_Adrian/2008/05/22/It_Happened_Again_Last_NightAnother_Pneumonia_Front |archivedate=May 30, 2008 }}</ref>
 | Eastern Wisconsin (Lake Michigan)
 |-