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==Meteorological history==
==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Hubert 2010 track.png}}
{{storm path|Hubert 2010 track.png}}
Severe Tropical Storm Hubert was first identified as an [[Low pressure area|area of low pressure]] off the northeastern coast of [[Madagascar]] on March&nbsp;5, 2010. Slowly tracking south-southwestward, the system paralleled the eastern shore of Madagascar for several days.<ref name="TCFA"/> On March&nbsp;9, the [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Center]] for the South-West Indian Ocean basin, [[Météo-France]], classified the low as a tropical depression, the 13th of the season. Situated in a region of weak steering currents, the depression was quasi-stationary and environmental conditions, low [[wind shear]] and good [[divergence]], favored gradual [[Tropical cyclogenesis|development]].<ref name="TB1">{{cite web|publisher=Météo-France|date=March 9, 2010|accessdate=February 13, 2011|title=Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin One|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/archives/bulletins/cmrs/20092010/CMRS_A_ok_00113001201003090600.html}}</ref> Within hours of this, the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) issued a [[Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert]] for the depression.<ref name="TCFA">{{cite web|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|publisher=United States Navy|date=March 9, 2010|accessdate=February 13, 2011|title=Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5o6PzsMgC}}</ref> The formation of [[Atmospheric convection|convective]] [[Rainband|banding features]] took place throughout the day and intensification into a moderate tropical storm was anticipated.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Météo-France|date=March 9, 2010|accessdate=February 13, 2011|title=Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin Two|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/archives/bulletins/cmrs/20092010/CMRS_A_ok_00213002201003091200.html}}</ref> Though convection tended to fluctuate, a general organizing trend was apparent.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Météo-France|date=March 10, 2010|accessdate=February 13, 2011|title=Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin Four|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/archives/bulletins/cmrs/20092010/CMRS_A_ok_00413004201003100000.html}}</ref> Early on March&nbsp;10, the JTWC classified the system as Tropical Cyclone 18S as deep convection consolidated around the storm's center.<ref>{{cite web|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|publisher=United States Navy|date=March 10, 2010|accessdate=February 13, 2011|title=Tropical Cyclone 18S Advisory Number 001|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5o7C2Jffb}}</ref>
Severe Tropical Storm Hubert was first identified as an [[Low pressure area|area of low pressure]] off the northeastern coast of [[Madagascar]] on March&nbsp;5, 2010. Slowly tracking south-southwestward, the system paralleled the eastern shore of Madagascar for several days.<ref name="TCFA"/> On March&nbsp;9, the [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Center]] for the South-West Indian Ocean basin, [[Météo-France]], classified the low as a tropical depression, the 13th of the season. Situated in a region of weak steering currents, the depression was quasi-stationary and environmental conditions, low [[wind shear]] and good [[divergence]], favored gradual [[Tropical cyclogenesis|development]].<ref name="TB1">{{cite web|publisher=Météo-France|date=March 9, 2010|accessdate=February 13, 2011|title=Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin One|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/archives/bulletins/cmrs/20092010/CMRS_A_ok_00113001201003090600.html}}</ref> Within hours of this, the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) issued a [[Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert]] for the depression.<ref name="TCFA">{{cite web|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |publisher=United States Navy |date=March 9, 2010 |accessdate=February 13, 2011 |title=Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTXS21_201003091400.htm |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5o6PzsMgC |archivedate=March 9, 2010 }}</ref> The formation of [[Atmospheric convection|convective]] [[Rainband|banding features]] took place throughout the day and intensification into a moderate tropical storm was anticipated.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Météo-France|date=March 9, 2010|accessdate=February 13, 2011|title=Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin Two|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/archives/bulletins/cmrs/20092010/CMRS_A_ok_00213002201003091200.html}}</ref> Though convection tended to fluctuate, a general organizing trend was apparent.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Météo-France|date=March 10, 2010|accessdate=February 13, 2011|title=Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin Four|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/archives/bulletins/cmrs/20092010/CMRS_A_ok_00413004201003100000.html}}</ref> Early on March&nbsp;10, the JTWC classified the system as Tropical Cyclone 18S as deep convection consolidated around the storm's center.<ref>{{cite web|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |publisher=United States Navy |date=March 10, 2010 |accessdate=February 13, 2011 |title=Tropical Cyclone 18S Advisory Number 001 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtxs31.pgtw..txt |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5o7C2Jffb |archivedate=March 10, 2010 }}</ref>


Around 1200&nbsp;[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on March&nbsp;10, Météo-France upgraded the system to a moderate tropical storm and assigned it with the name ''Hubert''.<ref name="MFRtrack">{{cite web|publisher=Météo-France|year=2011|accessdate=February 13, 2011|title=2009–10 seasonal tracks|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/flashmap2_en/index_20092010.html#}}</ref> This corresponded with the early stages of [[Eye (cyclone)|eye formation]], as the storm's outer bands wrapped tightly around the center of circulation.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Météo-France|date=March 10, 2010|accessdate=February 13, 2011|title=Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin Six|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/archives/bulletins/cmrs/20092010/CMRS_A_ok_00613006201003101200.html}}</ref> Previously quasi-stationary, Hubert gained a southwesterly track in response to a [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to its south.<ref name="TB1"/><ref name="MFRtrack"/> [[Rapid deepening|Rapid intensification]] ensued in the hours before the cyclone made [[Landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] in Madagascar.<ref name="TB7">{{cite web|publisher=Météo-France|date=March 10, 2010|accessdate=February 13, 2011|title=Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin Seven|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/archives/bulletins/cmrs/20092010/CMRS_A_ok_00713007201003101800.html}}</ref> Just six hours after being named, Hubert attained its peak intensity as a severe tropical storm with winds of 100&nbsp;km/h (65&nbsp;mph) along with a [[barometric pressure]] of 985&nbsp;[[Bar (unit)|mbar]] ([[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]; 29.09&nbsp;[[Inches of Mercury|inHg]]).<ref name="MFRtrack"/> At this time, the storm's [[radius of maximum wind]]s was {{convert|17|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="TB7"/> The JTWC assessed the system to have been slightly weaker, reporting peak winds of 85&nbsp;km/h (50&nbsp;mph).<ref name="RBT">{{cite web|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|publisher=United States Navy|year=2010|accessdate=February 13, 2011|title=Tropical Cyclone 18S (Hubert) Operational Best Track|url=http://199.9.2.143/tcdat/tc10/SHEM/18S.HUBERT/trackfile.txt|format=[[Text file|TXT]]}}</ref> Around 2100&nbsp;UTC, the center of Hubert moved onshore near the city of [[Mananjary, Fianarantsoa|Mananjary]] in [[Fianarantsoa Province]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Météo-France|date=March 11, 2010|accessdate=February 13, 2011|title=Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin Eight|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/archives/bulletins/cmrs/20092010/CMRS_A_ok_00813008201003110000.html}}</ref> Once overland, the storm abruptly turned northwestward and rapidly weakened as sustained winds dropped below gale-force.<ref name="MFRtrack"/>
Around 1200&nbsp;[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on March&nbsp;10, Météo-France upgraded the system to a moderate tropical storm and assigned it with the name ''Hubert''.<ref name="MFRtrack">{{cite web|publisher=Météo-France|year=2011|accessdate=February 13, 2011|title=2009–10 seasonal tracks|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/flashmap2_en/index_20092010.html#}}</ref> This corresponded with the early stages of [[Eye (cyclone)|eye formation]], as the storm's outer bands wrapped tightly around the center of circulation.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Météo-France|date=March 10, 2010|accessdate=February 13, 2011|title=Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin Six|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/archives/bulletins/cmrs/20092010/CMRS_A_ok_00613006201003101200.html}}</ref> Previously quasi-stationary, Hubert gained a southwesterly track in response to a [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to its south.<ref name="TB1"/><ref name="MFRtrack"/> [[Rapid deepening|Rapid intensification]] ensued in the hours before the cyclone made [[Landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] in Madagascar.<ref name="TB7">{{cite web|publisher=Météo-France|date=March 10, 2010|accessdate=February 13, 2011|title=Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin Seven|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/archives/bulletins/cmrs/20092010/CMRS_A_ok_00713007201003101800.html}}</ref> Just six hours after being named, Hubert attained its peak intensity as a severe tropical storm with winds of 100&nbsp;km/h (65&nbsp;mph) along with a [[barometric pressure]] of 985&nbsp;[[Bar (unit)|mbar]] ([[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]; 29.09&nbsp;[[Inches of Mercury|inHg]]).<ref name="MFRtrack"/> At this time, the storm's [[radius of maximum wind]]s was {{convert|17|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="TB7"/> The JTWC assessed the system to have been slightly weaker, reporting peak winds of 85&nbsp;km/h (50&nbsp;mph).<ref name="RBT">{{cite web|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|publisher=United States Navy|year=2010|accessdate=February 13, 2011|title=Tropical Cyclone 18S (Hubert) Operational Best Track|url=http://199.9.2.143/tcdat/tc10/SHEM/18S.HUBERT/trackfile.txt|format=[[Text file|TXT]]}}</ref> Around 2100&nbsp;UTC, the center of Hubert moved onshore near the city of [[Mananjary, Fianarantsoa|Mananjary]] in [[Fianarantsoa Province]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Météo-France|date=March 11, 2010|accessdate=February 13, 2011|title=Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin Eight|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/archives/bulletins/cmrs/20092010/CMRS_A_ok_00813008201003110000.html}}</ref> Once overland, the storm abruptly turned northwestward and rapidly weakened as sustained winds dropped below gale-force.<ref name="MFRtrack"/>

Revision as of 14:45, 4 July 2016

Severe Tropical Storm Hubert
Severe tropical storm (SWIO scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Tropical Storm Hubert at peak intensity just off the coast of Madagascar on March 10
FormedMarch 9, 2010
DissipatedMarch 15, 2010
Highest winds10-minute sustained: 100 km/h (65 mph)
1-minute sustained: 85 km/h (50 mph)
Lowest pressure985 hPa (mbar); 29.09 inHg
Fatalities85 dead, 35 missing
Areas affectedMadagascar
Part of the 2009–10 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season

Severe Tropical Storm Hubert was a destructive tropical cyclone that killed 85 people throughout Madagascar early March 2010. Forming out of a slow-moving area of low pressure on March 9, Hubert quickly developed within a region favoring tropical development. Situated off the coast of Madagascar, the storm attained peak winds of 100 km/h (65 mph) just hours before making landfall on March 10 near Mananjary in Fianarantsoa Province. Rapid weakening took place once over land, with the storm losing gale-force winds late on March 11. The remnants of Hubert persisted for several more days, eventually dissipating off the southern coast of Madagascar on March 15.

Throughout much of central Madagascar, Hubert produced heavy rains, measured up to 137.5 mm (5.41 in) in Mananjary, that caused widespread flooding. Thousands of structures were destroyed by the ensuing floods and more than 66,000 people were left homeless.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

Severe Tropical Storm Hubert was first identified as an area of low pressure off the northeastern coast of Madagascar on March 5, 2010. Slowly tracking south-southwestward, the system paralleled the eastern shore of Madagascar for several days.[1] On March 9, the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the South-West Indian Ocean basin, Météo-France, classified the low as a tropical depression, the 13th of the season. Situated in a region of weak steering currents, the depression was quasi-stationary and environmental conditions, low wind shear and good divergence, favored gradual development.[2] Within hours of this, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert for the depression.[1] The formation of convective banding features took place throughout the day and intensification into a moderate tropical storm was anticipated.[3] Though convection tended to fluctuate, a general organizing trend was apparent.[4] Early on March 10, the JTWC classified the system as Tropical Cyclone 18S as deep convection consolidated around the storm's center.[5]

Around 1200 UTC on March 10, Météo-France upgraded the system to a moderate tropical storm and assigned it with the name Hubert.[6] This corresponded with the early stages of eye formation, as the storm's outer bands wrapped tightly around the center of circulation.[7] Previously quasi-stationary, Hubert gained a southwesterly track in response to a ridge to its south.[2][6] Rapid intensification ensued in the hours before the cyclone made landfall in Madagascar.[8] Just six hours after being named, Hubert attained its peak intensity as a severe tropical storm with winds of 100 km/h (65 mph) along with a barometric pressure of 985 mbar (hPa; 29.09 inHg).[6] At this time, the storm's radius of maximum winds was 17 km (11 mi).[8] The JTWC assessed the system to have been slightly weaker, reporting peak winds of 85 km/h (50 mph).[9] Around 2100 UTC, the center of Hubert moved onshore near the city of Mananjary in Fianarantsoa Province.[10] Once overland, the storm abruptly turned northwestward and rapidly weakened as sustained winds dropped below gale-force.[6]

During the latter part of March 11, Hubert resumed a southwesterly track along the northwestern edge of the ridge to its south. Operational advisories on the storm indicated that Hubert would continue to deteriorate over Madagascar before moving over the Mozambique Channel where it could regenerate.[11] This forecast never verified as the remnants of the storm failed to redevelop. The circulation remained over Madagascar through March 13 before it moved offshore near the southern tip of the island. Once over water, the system temporarily had a more westerly tracking component before it turned southeastward. The remnants of Hubert were last noted on March 15 to the south of Madagascar.[9]

Impact

Upon making landfall in Madagascar, Tropical Storm Hubert unleashed heavy rains and hurricane-force winds. A peak gust of 145 km/h (90 mph) was recorded in Manajary. The highest 24‑hour rainfall of 137.5 mm (5.41 in) was recorded in the same city.[12] Seven districts in the country were significantly affected by the storm, with thousands of residents cut off from outside areas as roads were washed away. Numerous bridges were destroyed and land access to many towns was impossible months after the storm passed. Wells were contaminated by the floods, prompting fears that an ongoing outbreak of Chikungunya would spread more rampantly. At least 85 people are known to have been killed by the storm and another 35 listed as missing. Additionally, 132 people sustained storm-related injuries.[13] According to reports in early April, an estimated 66,000 people were left homeless by the storm.[14]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Joint Typhoon Warning Center (March 9, 2010). "Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert". United States Navy. Archived from the original on March 9, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ a b "Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin One". Météo-France. March 9, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2011.
  3. ^ "Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin Two". Météo-France. March 9, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2011.
  4. ^ "Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin Four". Météo-France. March 10, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2011.
  5. ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (March 10, 2010). "Tropical Cyclone 18S Advisory Number 001". United States Navy. Archived from the original on March 10, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ a b c d "2009–10 seasonal tracks". Météo-France. 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2011.
  7. ^ "Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin Six". Météo-France. March 10, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2011.
  8. ^ a b "Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin Seven". Météo-France. March 10, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2011.
  9. ^ a b Joint Typhoon Warning Center (2010). "Tropical Cyclone 18S (Hubert) Operational Best Track" (TXT). United States Navy. Retrieved February 13, 2011.
  10. ^ "Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin Eight". Météo-France. March 11, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2011.
  11. ^ Météo-France (March 11, 2010). "Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin Ten". Retrieved February 13, 2011.
  12. ^ "Reports of Members on significant or notable cyclones of the seasons: Madagascar" (DOC). World Meteorological Organization. September 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2010.
  13. ^ "Madagascar: Cyclone Hubert (August 2010 update)" (PDF). International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. August 16, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2011.
  14. ^ "Southern Africa Regional Food Security Update" (PDF). World Food Programme. April 1, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2011.
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