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|nationality = [[United States|American]]
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'''James M. Fail''' (March 28, 1926{{spaced ndash}}February 26, 2010) was an American financial executive, the chairman of [[Stone Holdings, Inc.]] and [[Bluebonnet Savings Bank]]. A native of [[Mobile, Alabama]], he attended [[Murphy High School (Alabama)|Murphy High School]]<ref name="MobileSymphony">{{cite press release |title=Philanthropist James Fail endows principal cello chair |publisher=Mobile Symphony |year=2007 |url=http://www.mobilesymphony.org/news/news/philanthropist-james-fail-endows-principal-cello-chair-76.html |accessdate=2008-12-15}}</ref>
'''James M. Fail''' (March 28, 1926{{spaced ndash}}February 26, 2010) was an American financial executive, the chairman of [[Stone Holdings, Inc.]] and [[Bluebonnet Savings Bank]]. A native of [[Mobile, Alabama]], he attended [[Murphy High School (Alabama)|Murphy High School]]<ref name="MobileSymphony">{{cite press release|title=Philanthropist James Fail endows principal cello chair |publisher=Mobile Symphony |year=2007 |url=http://www.mobilesymphony.org/news/news/philanthropist-james-fail-endows-principal-cello-chair-76.html |accessdate=2008-12-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511171012/http://www.mobilesymphony.org/news/news/philanthropist-james-fail-endows-principal-cello-chair-76.html |archivedate=2008-05-11 |df= }}</ref>
and served for three years in the [[U.S. Navy]].<ref name="RollTide">{{cite press release |title=Bryant-Denny Stadium Visitors Locker Room Named for James M. Fail |work=University of Alabama Athletics News |date=2008-12-15 |url=http://www.rolltide.com/genrel/121508aab.html |accessdate=2008-12-15}}</ref>
and served for three years in the [[U.S. Navy]].<ref name="RollTide">{{cite press release |title=Bryant-Denny Stadium Visitors Locker Room Named for James M. Fail |work=University of Alabama Athletics News |date=2008-12-15 |url=http://www.rolltide.com/genrel/121508aab.html |accessdate=2008-12-15}}</ref>
After graduating from the [[University of Alabama]] in 1949, he began his career as a securities salesman for [[Merrill Lynch]].<ref name="Stonebio">{{cite web |title=James M. Fail, Advisory Board Director |author=Stone Advisors |year=2005 |url=http://www.stoneadvisors.com/AffiliatePartnersFail.asp |accessdate=2008-12-15 |archiveurl=http://cache.zoominfo.com/CachedPage/?archive_id=0&page_id=1904929822&page_url=%2f%2fwww.stoneadvisors.com%2fAffiliatePartnersFail.asp&page_last_updated=3%2f4%2f2007+12%3a10%3a56+AM&firstName=James&lastName=Fail |archivedate=2007-03-04}}</ref> In the following decades, Fail and his holding companies have owned and operated a variety of investment, mortgage, banking, savings and loan, and insurance businesses throughout the U.S.<ref name="RollTide" />
After graduating from the [[University of Alabama]] in 1949, he began his career as a securities salesman for [[Merrill Lynch]].<ref name="Stonebio">{{cite web |title=James M. Fail, Advisory Board Director |author=Stone Advisors |year=2005 |url=http://www.stoneadvisors.com/AffiliatePartnersFail.asp |accessdate=2008-12-15 |archiveurl=http://cache.zoominfo.com/CachedPage/?archive_id=0&page_id=1904929822&page_url=%2f%2fwww.stoneadvisors.com%2fAffiliatePartnersFail.asp&page_last_updated=3%2f4%2f2007+12%3a10%3a56+AM&firstName=James&lastName=Fail |archivedate=2007-03-04}}</ref> In the following decades, Fail and his holding companies have owned and operated a variety of investment, mortgage, banking, savings and loan, and insurance businesses throughout the U.S.<ref name="RollTide" />
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In 1988, during the [[savings and loan crisis]], the [[Federal Home Loan Bank Board]] approved the [[Southwest Plan]], a program to provide government assistance to induce private capital investors to bail out failed [[savings and loan]]s in the [[southwestern United States]]. While owner of [[CFSB Corporation]], now known as [[Stone Capital, Inc.]], Fail acquired one such package of 15 insolvent thrifts, the Pard/Rose package. These were merged into a single thrift and renamed Bluebonnet. As a result of [[Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989|regulatory changes in 1989]], Fail has been pursuing a [[United States v. Winstar Corp.|''Winstar'' suit]] against the federal government for an amount on the order of $100 million, which was still running as of 2006.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bluebonnet Savings Bank, F.S.B., et al. v. U.S., 06-5016 (10/11/2006) |url=http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/fed/opinions/06opinions/06-5016.pdf |accessdate=2008-12-16}}</ref>
In 1988, during the [[savings and loan crisis]], the [[Federal Home Loan Bank Board]] approved the [[Southwest Plan]], a program to provide government assistance to induce private capital investors to bail out failed [[savings and loan]]s in the [[southwestern United States]]. While owner of [[CFSB Corporation]], now known as [[Stone Capital, Inc.]], Fail acquired one such package of 15 insolvent thrifts, the Pard/Rose package. These were merged into a single thrift and renamed Bluebonnet. As a result of [[Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989|regulatory changes in 1989]], Fail has been pursuing a [[United States v. Winstar Corp.|''Winstar'' suit]] against the federal government for an amount on the order of $100 million, which was still running as of 2006.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bluebonnet Savings Bank, F.S.B., et al. v. U.S., 06-5016 (10/11/2006) |url=http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/fed/opinions/06opinions/06-5016.pdf |accessdate=2008-12-16}}</ref>


In order to buy Bluebonnet, in September 1988 Fail borrowed $34 million from [[Mutual Security Life Insurance Co.]], a [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]] company he had bought the previous year while it was struggling with debt. Mutual Security became insolvent in August 1990 and moved its headquarters to [[Lincoln, Nebraska]] and [[Dallas, Texas]];<ref>{{cite news |last=Falzone |first=Kris |title=Fit for life? How solvent are life insurance companies? |work=Indiana Business Magazine |date=1990-10-01 |accessdate=2008-12-16 |url=http://www.allbusiness.com/north-america/united-states-indiana/125268-1.html}}</ref> its Indiana business was seized by state regulators, prompting ''[[BusinessWeek]]'' to describe 130,000 policyholders as "in limbo".<ref>{{cite news |title=Insurance Regulators Fiddled While Policyholders Got Burned |date=1992-04-22 |author=Kathleen Kerwin in Los Angeles and Lisa Driscoll in New Haven, with David Greising in Chicago |work=BusinessWeek |url=http://www.businessweek.com/archives/1991/b3210022.arc.htm |accessdate=2008-12-16}}</ref> Also in 1990, another of Fail's insurance companies, [[Farm and Home Life Insurance]], failed and was placed in receivership by the [[Arizona Department of Insurance]]. In March 1992, Arizona sued Fail and his deputies for [[civil racketeering]] fraud in an amount in excess of the company's $101 million insolvency, alleging that "Mr. Fail and others were engaged in an elaborate scheme to drain millions of dollars out of the company...", resulting in its failure. The case was settled for $78.8 million.<ref name="GerthRegulatorsSue" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Herstam v. Deloitte & Touche, 919 P.2d 138 (Ariz.App.Div.1 04/11/1996) |url=http://www.assetprotectionbook.com/1996_AZ_2.htm |accessdate=2008-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605173812/http://www.assetprotectionbook.com/1996_AZ_2.htm |archivedate=June 5, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Consolidation of the Professional Liability Section of the RTC Legal Division: Hearings Before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, Second Session |publisher=U.S. G.P.O. |year=1992 |isbn=0-16-040244-1}}</ref>
In order to buy Bluebonnet, in September 1988 Fail borrowed $34 million from [[Mutual Security Life Insurance Co.]], a [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]] company he had bought the previous year while it was struggling with debt. Mutual Security became insolvent in August 1990 and moved its headquarters to [[Lincoln, Nebraska]] and [[Dallas, Texas]];<ref>{{cite news |last=Falzone |first=Kris |title=Fit for life? How solvent are life insurance companies? |work=Indiana Business Magazine |date=1990-10-01 |accessdate=2008-12-16 |url=http://www.allbusiness.com/north-america/united-states-indiana/125268-1.html}}</ref> its Indiana business was seized by state regulators, prompting ''[[BusinessWeek]]'' to describe 130,000 policyholders as "in limbo".<ref>{{cite news|title=Insurance Regulators Fiddled While Policyholders Got Burned |date=1992-04-22 |author=Kathleen Kerwin in Los Angeles and Lisa Driscoll in New Haven, with David Greising in Chicago |work=BusinessWeek |url=http://www.businessweek.com/archives/1991/b3210022.arc.htm |accessdate=2008-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523230219/http://www.businessweek.com/archives/1991/b3210022.arc.htm |archivedate=2011-05-23 |df= }}</ref> Also in 1990, another of Fail's insurance companies, [[Farm and Home Life Insurance]], failed and was placed in receivership by the [[Arizona Department of Insurance]]. In March 1992, Arizona sued Fail and his deputies for [[civil racketeering]] fraud in an amount in excess of the company's $101 million insolvency, alleging that "Mr. Fail and others were engaged in an elaborate scheme to drain millions of dollars out of the company...", resulting in its failure. The case was settled for $78.8 million.<ref name="GerthRegulatorsSue" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Herstam v. Deloitte & Touche, 919 P.2d 138 (Ariz.App.Div.1 04/11/1996) |url=http://www.assetprotectionbook.com/1996_AZ_2.htm |accessdate=2008-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605173812/http://www.assetprotectionbook.com/1996_AZ_2.htm |archivedate=June 5, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Consolidation of the Professional Liability Section of the RTC Legal Division: Hearings Before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, Second Session |publisher=U.S. G.P.O. |year=1992 |isbn=0-16-040244-1}}</ref>


The [[United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Antitrust, Competition Policy and Consumer Rights|Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Antitrust, Competition Policy and Consumer Rights]] investigated the Bluebonnet deal in 1990 to determine, among other questions, why Fail's bid succeeded despite the 1976 fraud conviction of his company, which should have been a "presumptive disqualifier" per FHLBB regulations. Initially most of the criticism came from chairman [[Howard Metzenbaum]], who described the deal as "an abomination, the worst case we have found" among the savings and loan bailouts.<ref>{{cite news |title=Misuse of Savings Bailout Reported in Texas Purchase |first=Jeff |last=Gerth |date=1990-07-08 |work=The New York Times |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE0D61030F93BA35754C0A966958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref>
The [[United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Antitrust, Competition Policy and Consumer Rights|Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Antitrust, Competition Policy and Consumer Rights]] investigated the Bluebonnet deal in 1990 to determine, among other questions, why Fail's bid succeeded despite the 1976 fraud conviction of his company, which should have been a "presumptive disqualifier" per FHLBB regulations. Initially most of the criticism came from chairman [[Howard Metzenbaum]], who described the deal as "an abomination, the worst case we have found" among the savings and loan bailouts.<ref>{{cite news |title=Misuse of Savings Bailout Reported in Texas Purchase |first=Jeff |last=Gerth |date=1990-07-08 |work=The New York Times |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE0D61030F93BA35754C0A966958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref>
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Fail has repeatedly given to the [[Crimson Tide Foundation]], the non-profit arm of the University of Alabama's [[Alabama Crimson Tide|athletic department]]. The department's media suite is named for Fail's father-in-law, Naylor Stone. In 2008, the visitor's [[locker room]] at [[Bryant-Denny Stadium]] was officially named "The Fail Room" in his honor. Fail commented, "Earlier this year, when I saw the visitors' locker room as a potential naming right, I figured it was the most appropriate opportunity I would ever have to use my name."<ref name="RollTide" />
Fail has repeatedly given to the [[Crimson Tide Foundation]], the non-profit arm of the University of Alabama's [[Alabama Crimson Tide|athletic department]]. The department's media suite is named for Fail's father-in-law, Naylor Stone. In 2008, the visitor's [[locker room]] at [[Bryant-Denny Stadium]] was officially named "The Fail Room" in his honor. Fail commented, "Earlier this year, when I saw the visitors' locker room as a potential naming right, I figured it was the most appropriate opportunity I would ever have to use my name."<ref name="RollTide" />


Other donation recipients include the [[UAB School of Medicine]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=S. Richardson Hill Society |page=24 |journal=UAB School of Medicine |volume=31 |issue=1 |publisher=University of Alabama at Birmingham |url=http://www.uab.edu/uasom/wcimg/uabmedicine_spring2005.pdf |accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref>
Other donation recipients include the [[UAB School of Medicine]],<ref>{{cite journal|title=S. Richardson Hill Society |page=24 |journal=UAB School of Medicine |volume=31 |issue=1 |publisher=University of Alabama at Birmingham |url=http://www.uab.edu/uasom/wcimg/uabmedicine_spring2005.pdf |accessdate=2008-12-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913205354/http://www.uab.edu/uasom/wcimg/uabmedicine_spring2005.pdf |archivedate=2006-09-13 |df= }}</ref>
[[St. Paul's Academy (Phoenix, Arizona)|St. Paul's Academy]],<ref>{{cite web |title=2004-2005 Annual Report |publisher=St. Paul’s Preparatory Academy |url=http://www.stpaulsacademy.com/uploaded/Development/ANNUAL_REPORT_2004-2005_FINAL.pdf |accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref>
[[St. Paul's Academy (Phoenix, Arizona)|St. Paul's Academy]],<ref>{{cite web |title=2004-2005 Annual Report |publisher=St. Paul’s Preparatory Academy |url=http://www.stpaulsacademy.com/uploaded/Development/ANNUAL_REPORT_2004-2005_FINAL.pdf |accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref>
the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report for the Year 2006–2007 |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |page=81 |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/annual_report/2006_2007/pdf/Entire-AR07-WEB.pdf |accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref>
the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report for the Year 2006–2007 |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |page=81 |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/annual_report/2006_2007/pdf/Entire-AR07-WEB.pdf |accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref>
the University of Alabama Collegiate Fund,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Collegiate Fund Societies |page=17 |journal=The Collegian |year=2005 |publisher=College of Arts & Sciences of The University of Alabama |url=http://www.as.ua.edu/alumni_and_friends/the_collegian/2005%20Collegian.pdf |accessdate=2008-12-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070128203849/http://www.as.ua.edu/alumni_and_friends/the_collegian/2005%20Collegian.pdf |archivedate=January 28, 2007 }}</ref>
the University of Alabama Collegiate Fund,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Collegiate Fund Societies |page=17 |journal=The Collegian |year=2005 |publisher=College of Arts & Sciences of The University of Alabama |url=http://www.as.ua.edu/alumni_and_friends/the_collegian/2005%20Collegian.pdf |accessdate=2008-12-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070128203849/http://www.as.ua.edu/alumni_and_friends/the_collegian/2005%20Collegian.pdf |archivedate=January 28, 2007 }}</ref>
the [[Alabama Symphony Orchestra|Alabama Symphony]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2005-2006 |publisher=The Alabama Symphony Orchestra |page=17 |url=http://www.alabamasymphony.org/0506annualreport.pdf |accessdate=2008-12-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810025719/http://www.alabamasymphony.org/0506annualreport.pdf |archivedate=August 10, 2007 }}</ref>
the [[Alabama Symphony Orchestra|Alabama Symphony]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2005-2006 |publisher=The Alabama Symphony Orchestra |page=17 |url=http://www.alabamasymphony.org/0506annualreport.pdf |accessdate=2008-12-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810025719/http://www.alabamasymphony.org/0506annualreport.pdf |archivedate=August 10, 2007 }}</ref>
and [[Kappa Sigma]] Beta.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Alumni Dues Program |journal=The Caduceus of Kappa Sigma |year=2000 |url=http://www.kappasigma.org/pdf/Caduceus%20Spring%202000.pdf |accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref>
and [[Kappa Sigma]] Beta.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Alumni Dues Program |journal=The Caduceus of Kappa Sigma |year=2000 |url=http://www.kappasigma.org/pdf/Caduceus%20Spring%202000.pdf |accessdate=2008-12-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821173214/http://www.kappasigma.org/pdf/Caduceus%20Spring%202000.pdf |archivedate=2010-08-21 |df= }}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 07:34, 18 April 2017

James M. Fail
Born(1926-03-28)March 28, 1926
Mobile, Alabama
DiedFebruary 26, 2010(2010-02-26) (aged 83)[1]
NationalityAmerican
OccupationFinancial executive

James M. Fail (March 28, 1926 – February 26, 2010) was an American financial executive, the chairman of Stone Holdings, Inc. and Bluebonnet Savings Bank. A native of Mobile, Alabama, he attended Murphy High School[2] and served for three years in the U.S. Navy.[3] After graduating from the University of Alabama in 1949, he began his career as a securities salesman for Merrill Lynch.[4] In the following decades, Fail and his holding companies have owned and operated a variety of investment, mortgage, banking, savings and loan, and insurance businesses throughout the U.S.[3]

Fail was thrust into public attention[5][6][7] in 1990, when the Senate Judiciary Antitrust Subcommitee held hearings scrutinizing his business activities, in particular his acquisition of a federally funded thrift despite a prior indictment for fraud and the criminal conviction of his company.[8][9] More recently, he has been noted for a variety of philanthropic and community leadership efforts.[2][3][4][10]

Business history

Fail became Vice President of Commercial Mortgage Company in 1961 and President of Gulf South Mortgage and Investment Company in 1964. He founded Lifeshares Group, an insurance holding company, in 1970. From 1987 to 1997 he was owner and chairman of The Oklahoma Bank.[4]

Fail was indicted for securities fraud in Alabama in 1976. As a result of a plea bargain, the charges against him personally were dropped; he pleaded guilty on behalf of his already-bankrupt company, and he was barred from doing any further business in Alabama. This incident would later provide the basis for further fraud charges against Fail brought by the FDIC.[11][12]

In 1988, during the savings and loan crisis, the Federal Home Loan Bank Board approved the Southwest Plan, a program to provide government assistance to induce private capital investors to bail out failed savings and loans in the southwestern United States. While owner of CFSB Corporation, now known as Stone Capital, Inc., Fail acquired one such package of 15 insolvent thrifts, the Pard/Rose package. These were merged into a single thrift and renamed Bluebonnet. As a result of regulatory changes in 1989, Fail has been pursuing a Winstar suit against the federal government for an amount on the order of $100 million, which was still running as of 2006.[13]

In order to buy Bluebonnet, in September 1988 Fail borrowed $34 million from Mutual Security Life Insurance Co., a Fort Wayne, Indiana company he had bought the previous year while it was struggling with debt. Mutual Security became insolvent in August 1990 and moved its headquarters to Lincoln, Nebraska and Dallas, Texas;[14] its Indiana business was seized by state regulators, prompting BusinessWeek to describe 130,000 policyholders as "in limbo".[15] Also in 1990, another of Fail's insurance companies, Farm and Home Life Insurance, failed and was placed in receivership by the Arizona Department of Insurance. In March 1992, Arizona sued Fail and his deputies for civil racketeering fraud in an amount in excess of the company's $101 million insolvency, alleging that "Mr. Fail and others were engaged in an elaborate scheme to drain millions of dollars out of the company...", resulting in its failure. The case was settled for $78.8 million.[11][16][17]

The Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Antitrust, Competition Policy and Consumer Rights investigated the Bluebonnet deal in 1990 to determine, among other questions, why Fail's bid succeeded despite the 1976 fraud conviction of his company, which should have been a "presumptive disqualifier" per FHLBB regulations. Initially most of the criticism came from chairman Howard Metzenbaum, who described the deal as "an abomination, the worst case we have found" among the savings and loan bailouts.[18] When Fail admitted to incorrect disclosures of his legal history, Senators Arlen Specter and Orrin Hatch also voiced their concerns.[5] Author Marin Lowy, in his 1991 analysis of the situation, describes the hearings as exaggerated and "political hay". At the same time, Lowy expresses doubt towards Fail's "business morals" and trustworthiness with federal aid, concluding that thanks to the public scrutiny, "there's little likelihood that Mr. Fail can or will loot Bluebonnet", and in this sense the public good had ultimately been served.[8]

Bluebonnet maintained a profitable banking profile through 2003, when it opted to liquidate its assets.[19]

Philanthropy and community involvement

Fail has served as a Director of the Beneficial Mortgage Company, a member of the Economic Club of New York and a founder of its Centennial Society, and a Director of the Phoenix Symphony.[4][20] In 1997 he established The Patsy and Jim Fail Scholarship at Birmingham-Southern College for "any worthy and deserving student". In 2007 Fail donated $200,000 to the Mobile Symphony, endowing its principal cello chair in memory of his wife.[2]

Fail has repeatedly given to the Crimson Tide Foundation, the non-profit arm of the University of Alabama's athletic department. The department's media suite is named for Fail's father-in-law, Naylor Stone. In 2008, the visitor's locker room at Bryant-Denny Stadium was officially named "The Fail Room" in his honor. Fail commented, "Earlier this year, when I saw the visitors' locker room as a potential naming right, I figured it was the most appropriate opportunity I would ever have to use my name."[3]

Other donation recipients include the UAB School of Medicine,[21] St. Paul's Academy,[22] the Metropolitan Museum of Art,[23] the University of Alabama Collegiate Fund,[24] the Alabama Symphony,[25] and Kappa Sigma Beta.[26]

References

  1. ^ "JAMES M. FAIL Obituary: View JAMES FAIL's Obituary by New York Times". Legacy.com. Retrieved 2013-11-28.
  2. ^ a b c "Philanthropist James Fail endows principal cello chair" (Press release). Mobile Symphony. 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-05-11. Retrieved 2008-12-15. {{cite press release}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b c d "Bryant-Denny Stadium Visitors Locker Room Named for James M. Fail". University of Alabama Athletics News (Press release). 2008-12-15. Retrieved 2008-12-15.
  4. ^ a b c d Stone Advisors (2005). "James M. Fail, Advisory Board Director". Archived from the original on 2007-03-04. Retrieved 2008-12-15.
  5. ^ a b Gerth, Jeff (1990-08-07). "Savings Deal Questioned By Senators". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
  6. ^ "Senator Questions S&L Sale; Metzenbaum Asks Role of Ex-Bush Aide". The Washington Post. 2008-07-10. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
  7. ^ Grabow, John C. (1990-12-01). "The Byzantine ways of a congressional investigation". Mortgage Banking. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
  8. ^ a b Lowy, Martin E. (1991). High Rollers: Inside the Savings and Loan Debacle. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 204, 207–209. ISBN 0-275-93988-X.
  9. ^ Kitty Calavita; Henry N. Pontell; Robert Tillman (1999). Big Money Crime: Fraud and Politics in the Savings and Loan Crisis. University of California Press. pp. 119–120. ISBN 0-520-21947-3.
  10. ^ "BSC Catalog". Birmingham-Southern College. 2004. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
  11. ^ a b Gerth, Jeff (1993-06-10). "Regulators Sue Once-Favored S.& L. Buyer". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
  12. ^ Rodgers, Kim (1995-06-03). "UMB to Buy The Oklahoma Bank". The Oklahoma City Journal Register. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
  13. ^ "Bluebonnet Savings Bank, F.S.B., et al. v. U.S., 06-5016 (10/11/2006)" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-12-16.
  14. ^ Falzone, Kris (1990-10-01). "Fit for life? How solvent are life insurance companies?". Indiana Business Magazine. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
  15. ^ Kathleen Kerwin in Los Angeles and Lisa Driscoll in New Haven, with David Greising in Chicago (1992-04-22). "Insurance Regulators Fiddled While Policyholders Got Burned". BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on 2011-05-23. Retrieved 2008-12-16. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ "Herstam v. Deloitte & Touche, 919 P.2d 138 (Ariz.App.Div.1 04/11/1996)". Archived from the original on June 5, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-16. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Consolidation of the Professional Liability Section of the RTC Legal Division: Hearings Before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, Second Session. U.S. G.P.O. 1992. ISBN 0-16-040244-1.
  18. ^ Gerth, Jeff (1990-07-08). "Misuse of Savings Bailout Reported in Texas Purchase". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
  19. ^ Bounds, Jeff (2003-07-25). "Bluebonnet Savings is cashing out". Dallas Business Journal. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
  20. ^ "Centennial Society". Economic Club of New York. Archived from the original on February 20, 2009. Retrieved 2008-12-18. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ "S. Richardson Hill Society" (PDF). UAB School of Medicine. 31 (1). University of Alabama at Birmingham: 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-13. Retrieved 2008-12-18. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ "2004-2005 Annual Report" (PDF). St. Paul’s Preparatory Academy. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
  23. ^ "Annual Report for the Year 2006–2007" (PDF). The Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 81. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
  24. ^ "Collegiate Fund Societies" (PDF). The Collegian. College of Arts & Sciences of The University of Alabama: 17. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 28, 2007. Retrieved 2008-12-18. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ "Annual Report 2005-2006" (PDF). The Alabama Symphony Orchestra. p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 10, 2007. Retrieved 2008-12-18. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ "Alumni Dues Program" (PDF). The Caduceus of Kappa Sigma. 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-08-21. Retrieved 2008-12-18. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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