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= Nitrates and water contamination in San Joaquin Valley, CA =
= Nitrates and water contamination in San Joaquin Valley, CA =
[[Central Valley (California)|California’s Central Valley]] is well known for its agriculture fields. Nitrogen fertilizers used in these fields can leach into water systems, which tend to have outdated water infrastructure, through the use of [[Intensive farming|intensive irrigation systems]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Balazs|first=Carolina L.|last2=Morello-Frosch|first2=Rachel|date=2017-03-01|title=The Three R’s: How Community Based Participatory Research Strengthens the Rigor, Relevance and Reach of Science|journal=Environmental justice (Print)|volume=6|issue=1|doi=10.1089/env.2012.0017|issn=1939-4071|pmc=3832061|pmid=24260590}}</ref> Most of these water systems are generally in areas of low-income communities, with studies done in the San Joaquin Valley showing the disproportionate effects on low-income communities that are exposed to nitrates in water,<ref>{{Cite web|pmc=3230390|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> as about 95% of people in the [[San Joaquin Valley]] rely on groundwater for drinking.<ref name=":1" /> The prevalence of low-income earners in the Central Valley impedes the ability of the people in the community to leave, or to update the outdated water infrastructure or operate water-filtering systems. Non-compliant water wells are demarcated on maps, which means they are contaminated and have not been addressed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://waterboards.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=573c97635cc747b8bb73cf1c8706fc22&mobileBreakPoint=480|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
The common sources for ground and surface water contamination of nitrates comes from the use of fertilizers containing nitrogen, intensive irrigation, animal waste and human waste.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Harter|first=Thomas|date=2009|title=Agriculture Impacts on Groundwater Nitrate|url=|journal=Southwest Hydrology|volume=8.4|pages=}}</ref> In the San Joaquin Valley the primary source of nitrate pollution is irrigated agriculture and over usage of nitrogen fertilizers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3012/|title=Water-Quality Assessment of the San Joaquin-Tulare Basins-Entering a New Decade|last=Gronberg|first=Jo Ann M. et al.|date=2004|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=April 18, 2017}}</ref> Nitrogen fertilizers used in these fields can leach into groundwater systems through the use of [[Intensive farming|intensive irrigation systems]].  About 95% of people in the [[San Joaquin Valley]] rely on groundwater for drinking.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Balazs|first=Carolina et al.|date=2011|title=Social disparities in nitrate-contaminated drinking water in California's San Joaquin Valley|url=|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=119.9|pages=}}</ref> Most of these water systems are generally disproportionate affecting low-income people of color.<ref name=":1" /> The prevalence of low-income earners in the Central Valley impedes the ability of people in the community to leave, update outdated water infrastructure, or get a water-filtering system.


[[Nitrate]]s interfere with the blood's ability to carry oxygen, and can have severe health effects on pregnant women, infants under 6 months, and children who drink formula using tap water.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/communitywatercenter/pages/51/attachments/original/1394384278/CWC_Nitrate_Eng.pdf?1394384278|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Because nitrates interfere with blood's capacity to carry oxygen, infants are at high risk of death from [[Blue baby syndrome|blue-baby syndrome]], which can occur when there are high nitrate levels in the blood that are untreated.<ref name=":0"/>
[[Nitrate]]s interfere with the blood's ability to carry oxygen, and can have severe health effects on pregnant women, infants under 6 months, and children who drink formula using tap water.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/communitywatercenter/pages/51/attachments/original/1394384278/CWC_Nitrate_Eng.pdf?1394384278|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Because nitrates interfere with blood's capacity to carry oxygen, infants are at high risk of death from [[Blue baby syndrome|blue-baby syndrome]], which can occur when there are high nitrate levels in the blood that are untreated.<ref name=":0"/>

Revision as of 20:28, 18 April 2017

Nitrates and water contamination in San Joaquin Valley, CA

The common sources for ground and surface water contamination of nitrates comes from the use of fertilizers containing nitrogen, intensive irrigation, animal waste and human waste.[1] In the San Joaquin Valley the primary source of nitrate pollution is irrigated agriculture and over usage of nitrogen fertilizers.[2] Nitrogen fertilizers used in these fields can leach into groundwater systems through the use of intensive irrigation systems.  About 95% of people in the San Joaquin Valley rely on groundwater for drinking.[3] Most of these water systems are generally disproportionate affecting low-income people of color.[3] The prevalence of low-income earners in the Central Valley impedes the ability of people in the community to leave, update outdated water infrastructure, or get a water-filtering system.

Nitrates interfere with the blood's ability to carry oxygen, and can have severe health effects on pregnant women, infants under 6 months, and children who drink formula using tap water.[4] Because nitrates interfere with blood's capacity to carry oxygen, infants are at high risk of death from blue-baby syndrome, which can occur when there are high nitrate levels in the blood that are untreated.[4]

Large contributors of nitrates in agriculture

Fertilizer runoffs contributes roughly 90% of all nitrate inputs to the alluvial groundwater system. Within agriculture, the two major factors are High-Intensity Crop Production and Large Dairy Herds. [5]

High-intensity crop production

Within the past century, farmers have been increasing their production to meet the high demand that a developed country requires. To help increase output and efficiency, farmers have been increasing the amount of fertilizers used, which means increasing the level of nitrates being used. However, only a fraction of the nitrogen in fertilizers is efficiently used to help produce crops. This has led to a greater concentration of nitrates and phosphates in the waters, contaminating and causing eutrophication of possible drinking water.[6]

Large dairy herds

Roaming dairy herds before the exponential demand of meat products and dairy has contributed an insignificant amount of nitrate pollution to the underlying groundwater systems. However, within the past few decades, the increasing amount of cattle has been one of the main contributors of nitrate contamination in the groundwater systems of California.[7]Roughly around 1960, cattle were openly grazing pastures, and because of the large amount of lands which they roamed manure was not intensively managed.[8]However, even though manure was not closely managed, "Nitrogen excretion and deposition in pastures likely did not exceed pasture buffering capacity and had no significant leaching to groundwater"[9]It was not until the mid 1970s when the transition to dry-lot and free stall-based dairy farming, coupled with irrigated forage crops, that dairy herds were a contributor to nitrogen contamination.

Possible solutions and alternatives

The large dairy herds create manure, which is used to create the fertilizers that is applied to the crop fields. Because of the exponential demand for crops, farmers have been looking to lower the costs of production. Using manure based fertilizers is cost effective since manure is a by-product of large dairy farms and herds. The alternative to manure, which contains a high level of nitrates, is composting. Composting however is relatively expensive compared to using manure as fertilizer, since it is not as effective and is more timely/costly to make because of the large amount of aeration needed. [10]

Health impacts of nitrates

This section should explain the health impacts of nitrate consumption, specifically any syndromes, diseases, or symptoms that occur with high nitrate levels in the blood.[4]

Wells contaminated with nitrates

California's Water Board has an interactive map showing areas that are or have been out-of-compliance, which are the red stars in the map. They also show places that have no violations of the primary drinking water, which are the blue stars in the map. In addition to showing areas that have been out-of-compliance, there are violation details allowing people to understand what type of violation that specific area has or had.[11]

Incidents

San Joaquin Valley, within the Central Valley of California, is made up of eight counties that are well known for agriculture.[9] Overuse of nitrogen fertilizers and irrigated agriculture is common, and according to Thomas Harter, the Chair for Water Resources Management and Policy at UC Davis, “more than 80 pounds of nitrogen per acre per year may leach into groundwater beneath irrigated lands, usually as nitrates”.[12] Between the 1950s and 1980s, when nitrogen fertilizer use grew sixfold, nitrate concentrations in groundwater increased 2.5 times.[13] Because these communities are cut off from larger water distribution, they are dependent on wells,[14] making groundwater a source of drinking water for 90% of San Joaquin Valley's residents.[15]

Tulare County

Nitrates have found their way into the aquifers around the San Joaquin Valley, affecting over 250,000 people in communities that are poor and rural.[14] In 2006, the State Water Resources Board took samples from domestic wells in Tulare County; they found that 40% of 181 domestic wells had nitrate levels above the 10 mg/L legal limit.[9] Though locals have typically used filters for their water, the filters need to be installed correctly and replaced frequently, which may not be economically feasible for the residents in Orosi.[16] Table 2 on page 20 from Pacific Institute's "The Human Costs of Nitrate-contaminated Drinking Water in the San Joaquin Valley" indicates the water systems that were contaminated with nitrates over the legal limit, the percentage of the population affected that are non-white and that are below or near poverty-level, and the year since the violations began.[9]

Turlock Water Basin

Water Quality in Public Supply Wells of Turlock in 2006

The Turlock water basin is a sub-basin of the San Joaquin Valley groundwater basin found within Stanislaus County and Merced County in the Central Valley[17]. In California's Groundwater Bulletin 118, a chart, linked below, illustrates the number of non-compliant public supply wells with nitrates over the MCL. According to this chart, there were eight wells which had nitrate levels above the 10 mg/L MCL, out of 90 sampled for nitrates in 2006[17].

Addressing nitrate in groundwater

Groundwater contaminated by nitrate can be treated with reverse osmosis, resin-based processes or blended with higher quality water before being placed in water supply distribution systems.[18] New technological innovations have also allowed for more effective treatments, such as biological treatment in the form of fixed beds, fluidized bed, and membrane bioreactors.[19] However, costs can impede groundwater remediation, as groundwater treatment or replacing or improving deteriorating water infrastructure is expensive, and can take years, decades or longer to remediate contaminated groundwater sites.[19]

High fixed costs of remediation disproportionately affect small community water systems (CWS), such as those found within San Joaquin Valley, as they usually lack the infrastructure and economies of scale of larger systems, and oftentimes cannot afford to treat or find alternative supplies for a contaminated drinking water source.[19] The small, rural and disadvantaged, are most affected by the high fixed costs, making the in-affordability of water treatment a focus of environmental justice concerns. Even if the disadvantaged communities (DACs) manage to acquire the funding to improve their drinking water systems, they often cannot afford the operation and maintenance (O&M) costs necessary for providing safe drinking water.[19] This is especially due to the fact that small rural communities face higher per capita O&M costs and capital costs that result in higher water rates.[20]

Recommendations for addressing nitrate in groundwater

In a 2013 report to the Legislature on recommendations for addressing nitrate in groundwater, the State Water Resources Control Board (State Water Board) made 15 recommendations to address the issues associated with nitrate contaminated groundwater.[20] These recommendations reflect a comprehensive strategy focused on the following four categories:

  • Providing safe drinking water
  • Monitoring, assessment and notification
  • Nitrogen tracking and reporting
  • Protecting groundwater [20]

Although recommendations in this report specifically address groundwater nitrate contamination in the Tulare Lake Basin and Salinas Valley pilot project study areas, they may also be implemented in other parts of the San Joaquin Valley or statewide in other areas with nitrate-contaminated groundwater.[20]

Providing safe drinking water

One of the biggest impediments to providing safe drinking water to DACs impacted by nitrate contamination is the absence of a stable, long-term source of funding. The State Water Board makes five recommendations regarding the provision of safe drinking water, with the goal to create a stable funding source integrated with institutional changes, in order to provide long-term safe drinking water infrastructure and alternative solutions for the small DACs impacted by nitrate contamination.[20]

Monitoring, assessment and notification

Critical to effectively managing groundwater quality is the presence of a groundwater monitoring and assessment program. The recommendations that focus on monitoring, assessment and notification require the development and management of data needed to identify and manage nitrate contaminated ground water.[20] These recommendations particularly focus on the following:

  • defining nitrate high-risk areas in order to prioritize regulatory oversight and assistance
  • notifying groundwater users in nitrate high-risk areas
  • requiring property owners to sample their well as a part of a property title transfer or purchase[20]

Nitrogen tracking and reporting

Due to the fact that nitrogen fertilizing material application is a primary source of nitrate contamination, the State Water Board recommends the development and implementation of a system that can track and report the nitrogen mass balance, in order to manage the application of nitrogen fertilizing materials.[20]

Protecting groundwater

The State Water Board recommends the development of an effective system for minimizing discharges of nitrates to groundwater in order to maintain a safe drinking water supply by preventing the need for costly groundwater treatment or new well constructions. The development of an effective system would require the following:

  • the establishment of a nitrogen management training and certification program recognizing the importance of water quality protection
  • the continuation and improvement of agricultural nitrate education and research programs
  • the convening of a panel of experts to recommend improvements in agricultural nitrate control programs, and implementing the recommendations
  • the evaluation of the effectiveness of existing permits to address nitrate contamination in high-risk areas in order to improve permitting activities.[20]

Funding for addressing nitrates in groundwater

The California Department of Public Health (CDPH), through its Drinking Water Program, oversees multiple funding programs to assist California public water systems in order to achieve and maintain compliance with safe drinking water standards .[19] The four main funding programs for California public water systems that the CDPH administers are SDWSRF, Proposition 50, Proposition 84, and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA). Although these programs have provided a total of $1.87 billion combined to 441 public water systems in order to solve health risk problems and Safe Drinking Water Act violations,[19] this has not been enough to address the ongoing issue of nitrate contamination in the water systems of the Central Valley.

Unlike mainstream water systems that only require the expansion and augmentation of existing funding sources for implementing the recommendations for addressing nitrates in groundwater, the small community water systems of disadvantaged communities (DACs) require new funding sources altogether. New sources are required in order to fund new operation and maintenance costs that come with new and improved treatment plants. The funding available to DACs has proven to be insufficient in providing safe drinking water and meeting the stricter water quality regulations. DACs thus require new long-term funding sources that can be used in combination with existing funding sources in order to create, operate, and maintain safe drinking water systems for DACs.[20]

References

  1. ^ Harter, Thomas (2009). "Agriculture Impacts on Groundwater Nitrate". Southwest Hydrology. 8.4.
  2. ^ Gronberg, Jo Ann M.; et al. (2004). "Water-Quality Assessment of the San Joaquin-Tulare Basins-Entering a New Decade". Retrieved April 18, 2017. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |first= (help)
  3. ^ a b Balazs, Carolina; et al. (2011). "Social disparities in nitrate-contaminated drinking water in California's San Joaquin Valley". Environmental Health Perspectives. 119.9. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |first= (help)
  4. ^ a b c http://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/communitywatercenter/pages/51/attachments/original/1394384278/CWC_Nitrate_Eng.pdf?1394384278. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ^ AFP. "Nitrates poison water in California's Central Valley". DailyMail. Associated Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  6. ^ Burow, Karen. "Assessment of regional change in nitrate concentrations in groundwater in the Central Valley, California, USA, 1950s–2000s" (PDF). Ca Water Usgs. 3. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  7. ^ Moore, Eli. "Human Costs of Nitrate-contaminated Drinking Water in the San Joaquin Valley" (PDF). Pacific Institute. Pacific Institute. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
  8. ^ Burow, Karen. "Assessment of regional change in nitrate concentrations in groundwater in the Central Valley, California, USA, 1950s–2000s" (PDF). Ca Water Usgs. 3. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  9. ^ a b c d Pacific Institute (Mar 2011). "The Human Costs of Nitrate-contaminated Water in the San Joaquin Valley" (PDF). Pacific Institute. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  10. ^ Gamroth, Mike. "Composting: An Alternative for Livestock Manure Management and Disposal of Dead Animals" (PDF). Oregon State University. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  11. ^ "Exceedance/Compliance Status of Public Water Systems". California's Water Board. Retrieved March 1, 2017. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  12. ^ Harter, Thomas (2009). "Agricultural Impacts on Groundwater Nitrate" (PDF). Southwest Hydrology. 8: 22–23.
  13. ^ "Groundwater Shock: The Polluting of the World's Major Freshwater Stores | Worldwatch Institute". www.worldwatch.org (in cust-en). Retrieved 2017-03-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  14. ^ a b AFP (September 19, 2016). "Nitrates Poison Water in California's Central Valley". Community Water Center. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  15. ^ Community Water Center (Dec 2013). "Water & Health in the Valley: Nitrate Contamination of Drinking Water and the Health of San Joaquin Valley Residents" (PDF). Community Water Center. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  16. ^ Carroll, Gerald (Nov 14, 2006). "Tulare County Private Wells Test High for Nitrates" (PDF). Visalia Times-Delta. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  17. ^ a b water.ca.gov (April 11, 2017). "California's Groundwater Bulletin 118" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  18. ^ "Groundwater/Aquifer Remediation" (PDF). California Department of Water Resources. July 29, 2016. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
  19. ^ a b c d e f "Drinking Water Treatment and Distribution" (PDF). California Department of Water Resources. July 29, 2016. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Recommendations Addressing Nitrate in Groundwater" (PDF). California Department of Water Resources. 20 February 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
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