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==Alawite background== |
==Alawite background== |
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{{Main|Alawites}} |
{{Main|Alawites}} |
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The Kalbiyya are a tribe, or tribal confederation, of the Alawite community in [[Syria]].<ref name= Khoury>{{cite book|title=Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East|last=Khoury|first=Philip S.|year=1992|isbn=978-0520070806|page=138}}</ref><ref name= Commins>{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of Syria|last=Commins|first=David|year=2004|isbn=978-0810849341|page=28}}</ref> The Alawites, also known as Nusayris, are a prominent [[mysticism|mystical]]<ref name="books.google.co.uk">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-JVOKeNkllgC&pg=PA75&dq=alawi+syncretic&hl=en&ei=9ye1TeKgCsPU4wbfq-mMDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=alawi%20syncretic&f=false|title=Lebanon: current issues and background, John C. Rolland)|date=2003|accessdate=25 December 2012}}</ref> religious group who follow a branch of the [[Twelver]] school of [[Shia Islam]].<ref name="Kramer">{{cite web|url=http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/syria-alawis-and-shiism/|title=Syria's '‘Alawis and Shi‘ism|last=Kramer|first=Martin|quote=In their mountainous corner of Syria, the ‘Alawī claim to represent the furthest extension of Twelver Shi'ism.}}</ref><ref name="Fisk">{{cite news|url=http://www.robert-fisk.com/articles452.htm|title=This election will change the world. But not in the way the Americans imagined|last=Fisk|first=Robert|accessdate=21 October 2006|newspaper=The Independent UK|quote=But outside Iraq, Arab leaders are talking of a Shia "Crescent" that will run from Iran through Iraq to Lebanon via Syria, whose Alawi leadership forms a branch of Shia Islam.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060506162009/http://www.robert-fisk.com/articles452.htm|archivedate=6 May 2006}}</ref><ref>''The Plain of Saints and Prophets: The Nusayri-Alawi Community of Cilicia and its sacred places'', by Gisela Procházka-Eisl, Verlag, 2010, page 81</ref> They are divided into four tribes, sometimes described as tribal confederations: the Matawira, Haddadin, Khayyatin and Kalbiyya.<ref name= Khoury/><ref name= Commins/><ref name=bar2006>{{cite journal|last=Bar|first=Shmuel|title=Bashar’s Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview|journal=IPS|year=2006|url=http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2590Bashars.pdf|accessdate=12 March 2013}}</ref> |
The Kalbiyya are a tribe, or tribal confederation, of the Alawite community in [[Syria]].<ref name= Khoury>{{cite book|title=Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East|last=Khoury|first=Philip S.|year=1992|isbn=978-0520070806|page=138}}</ref><ref name= Commins>{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of Syria|last=Commins|first=David|year=2004|isbn=978-0810849341|page=28}}</ref> The Alawites, also known as Nusayris, are a prominent [[mysticism|mystical]]<ref name="books.google.co.uk">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-JVOKeNkllgC&pg=PA75&dq=alawi+syncretic&hl=en&ei=9ye1TeKgCsPU4wbfq-mMDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=alawi%20syncretic&f=false|title=Lebanon: current issues and background, John C. Rolland)|date=2003|accessdate=25 December 2012}}</ref> religious group who follow a branch of the [[Twelver]] school of [[Shia Islam]].<ref name="Kramer">{{cite web|url=http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/syria-alawis-and-shiism/|title=Syria's '‘Alawis and Shi‘ism|last=Kramer|first=Martin|quote=In their mountainous corner of Syria, the ‘Alawī claim to represent the furthest extension of Twelver Shi'ism.}}</ref><ref name="Fisk">{{cite news|url=http://www.robert-fisk.com/articles452.htm|title=This election will change the world. But not in the way the Americans imagined|last=Fisk|first=Robert|accessdate=21 October 2006|newspaper=The Independent UK|quote=But outside Iraq, Arab leaders are talking of a Shia "Crescent" that will run from Iran through Iraq to Lebanon via Syria, whose Alawi leadership forms a branch of Shia Islam.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060506162009/http://www.robert-fisk.com/articles452.htm|archivedate=6 May 2006}}</ref><ref>''The Plain of Saints and Prophets: The Nusayri-Alawi Community of Cilicia and its sacred places'', by Gisela Procházka-Eisl, Verlag, 2010, page 81</ref> They are divided into four tribes, sometimes described as tribal confederations: the Matawira, Haddadin, Khayyatin and Kalbiyya.<ref name= Khoury/><ref name= Commins/><ref name=bar2006>{{cite journal|last=Bar |first=Shmuel |title=Bashar’s Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview |journal=IPS |year=2006 |url=http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2590Bashars.pdf |accessdate=12 March 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723214138/http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2590Bashars.pdf |archivedate=23 July 2011 |df= }}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Revision as of 12:34, 1 May 2017
The Kalbiyya, or Qalbiyya, are a tribe, or tribal confederation, of the Alawite community of Syria.
Alawite background
The Kalbiyya are a tribe, or tribal confederation, of the Alawite community in Syria.[1][2] The Alawites, also known as Nusayris, are a prominent mystical[3] religious group who follow a branch of the Twelver school of Shia Islam.[4][5][6] They are divided into four tribes, sometimes described as tribal confederations: the Matawira, Haddadin, Khayyatin and Kalbiyya.[1][2][7]
History
At the beginning of the 19th century, the Kalbiyya had a reputation for lawlessness and were in open conflict with the Ottoman authorities.[8] In the 1850s, an English missionary, Samuel Lyde lived among them and built a mission and school.[9]He subsequently published a negative but popular account of his time there, in which he wrote that he was convinced that they were like St Paul's description of the heathen: "filled with all unrighteousness, fornication, wickedness, covetousness, maliciousness".[10] He criticized their brigandage, feuds, lying and divorce[10] and claimed that "the state of [their] society was a perfect hell upon earth".[11]
The Kalbiyya consisted of five branches: Rashawneh, Junaydi, al-Nawasireh, al-Jurud, and al-Qarahilah. The Junayd family typically provided the confederation's leadership and was based at Tell Salhab, near Masyaf.[12]
Role in Assad government
The 1963 Syrian coup d'état was led by three Alawites: Salah Jadid, Muhammad Umran and Hafez Al-Assad.[13] Assad was from the Kalbiyya tribe,[14] Umran from the Khayyatin, and Jadid from the Haddadin.[13] Following Assad's seizure of sole power in 1970 (the Corrective Movement), part of his strategy was to concentrate control in the hands of members of the Kalbiyya tribe.[13] In practice, active participation in the Assad government has, since then, been limited to members of the Kalbiyya tribe.[15]
References
- ^ a b Khoury, Philip S. (1992). Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East. p. 138. ISBN 978-0520070806.
- ^ a b Commins, David (2004). Historical Dictionary of Syria. p. 28. ISBN 978-0810849341.
- ^ "Lebanon: current issues and background, John C. Rolland)". 2003. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
- ^ Kramer, Martin. "Syria's Alawis and Shi'ism".
In their mountainous corner of Syria, the 'Alawī claim to represent the furthest extension of Twelver Shi'ism.
- ^ Fisk, Robert. "This election will change the world. But not in the way the Americans imagined". The Independent UK. Archived from the original on 6 May 2006. Retrieved 21 October 2006.
But outside Iraq, Arab leaders are talking of a Shia "Crescent" that will run from Iran through Iraq to Lebanon via Syria, whose Alawi leadership forms a branch of Shia Islam.
- ^ The Plain of Saints and Prophets: The Nusayri-Alawi Community of Cilicia and its sacred places, by Gisela Procházka-Eisl, Verlag, 2010, page 81
- ^ Bar, Shmuel (2006). "Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview" (PDF). IPS. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Moosa, Matti (1987). Extremist Shi'ites: The Ghulat Sects. p. 276. ISBN 978-0815624110.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Moosa, Matti (1987). Extremist Shi'ites: The Ghulat Sects. p. 277. ISBN 978-0815624110.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ a b "Secretive sect of the rulers of Syria". The Telegraph. 5 August 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
- ^ Pipes, Daniel (1992). Greater Syria: The History of an Ambition. p. 165. ISBN 978-0195060225.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Batatu, p. 377.
- ^ a b c Bengio, Offra (ed.) (1998). Minorities and the State in the Arab World. p. 135. ISBN 978-1555876470.
{{cite book}}:|first=has generic name (help) - ^ Anthony H. Cordesman (2002). Peace and War: The Arab-Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Century. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 337. ISBN 978-0-275-96939-4. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ^ Tejel, Jordi (2008). Syria's Kurds: History, Politics and Society. p. 58. ISBN 978-0415424400.