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<ref name=LT_36>{{cite book| last1=Cochran| first1=Thomas B.| last2=Arkin| first2=William M.| first3=Robert S.| last3=Norris| first4=Jeffrey I.| last4=Sands| title=Nuclear Weapons Databook Vol. IV: Soviet Nuclear Weapons| publisher=Harper and Row| location=New York, NY}}</ref>
<ref name=LT_36>{{cite book| last1=Cochran| first1=Thomas B.| last2=Arkin| first2=William M.| first3=Robert S.| last3=Norris| first4=Jeffrey I.| last4=Sands| title=Nuclear Weapons Databook Vol. IV: Soviet Nuclear Weapons| publisher=Harper and Row| location=New York, NY}}</ref>
<ref name=LT_45>{{cite techreport| last1=Thurber| first1=Clifford| first2=Chad| last2=Trabant| first3=Florian| last3=Haslinger| first4=Renate| last4=Hartog| year=2001| doi=10.1016/s0031-9201(00)00215-6| title=Nuclear explosion locations at the Balapan, Kazakhstan, nuclear test site: the effects of high-precision arrival times and three-dimensional structure| journal=Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors| volume=123| pages=283&ndash;301| url=http://www.researchgate.net/publication/240373396_Nuclear_explosion_locations_at_the_Balapan_Kazakhstan_nuclear_test_site_the_effects_of_high-precision_arrival_times_and_three-dimensional_structure| accessdate=December 13, 2013}}</ref>
<ref name=LT_45>{{cite techreport| last1=Thurber| first1=Clifford| first2=Chad| last2=Trabant| first3=Florian| last3=Haslinger| first4=Renate| last4=Hartog| year=2001| doi=10.1016/s0031-9201(00)00215-6| title=Nuclear explosion locations at the Balapan, Kazakhstan, nuclear test site: the effects of high-precision arrival times and three-dimensional structure| journal=Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors| volume=123| pages=283&ndash;301| url=http://www.researchgate.net/publication/240373396_Nuclear_explosion_locations_at_the_Balapan_Kazakhstan_nuclear_test_site_the_effects_of_high-precision_arrival_times_and_three-dimensional_structure| accessdate=December 13, 2013}}</ref>
<ref name=LT_201>{{cite techreport| last1=Andrushkin| first1=Vitaly V.| first2=William| last2=Leith| date=September 1, 2001| title=The containment of Soviet underground nuclear explosions| publisher=USGS| type=Open File Report 01-312| url=http://geology.er.usgs.gov/eespteam/pdf/USGSOFR01312.pdf| accessdate=December 13, 2013}}</ref>
<ref name=LT_201>{{cite techreport|last1=Andrushkin |first1=Vitaly V. |first2=William |last2=Leith |date=September 1, 2001 |title=The containment of Soviet underground nuclear explosions |publisher=USGS |type=Open File Report 01-312 |url=http://geology.er.usgs.gov/eespteam/pdf/USGSOFR01312.pdf |accessdate=December 13, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509080818/http://geology.er.usgs.gov/eespteam/pdf/USGSOFR01312.pdf |archivedate=May 9, 2013 |df= }}</ref>
<ref name=LT_49>{{cite techreport| first1=Won-Young| last1=Kim| first2=Paul G.| last2=Richards| first3=Vitaly| last3=Andrushkin| first4=Vladimir| last4=Ovtchinnikov| date=April 1, 2001| title=Borovoye digital seismogram archive for underground nuclear tests during 1966-1996| publisher=LDEO| url=http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/Monitoring/Data/Brv_arch_ex/brv_text_table.pdf|accessdate=December 13, 2013}}</ref>
<ref name=LT_49>{{cite techreport| first1=Won-Young| last1=Kim| first2=Paul G.| last2=Richards| first3=Vitaly| last3=Andrushkin| first4=Vladimir| last4=Ovtchinnikov| date=April 1, 2001| title=Borovoye digital seismogram archive for underground nuclear tests during 1966-1996| publisher=LDEO| url=http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/Monitoring/Data/Brv_arch_ex/brv_text_table.pdf|accessdate=December 13, 2013}}</ref>
}}
}}

Revision as of 19:19, 15 June 2017

See also: List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
1980
Information
CountrySoviet Union
Test siteAstrakhan, Russia; Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan; Bashkortostan, Russia; Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan; Khanty-Mansi, Russia; Krasnoyarsk, Russia; NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia; Sary-Uzen/Murzhik, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan
Period1980
Number of tests24
Test typeunderground shaft, underground tunnel
Max. yield200 kilotonnes of TNT (840 TJ)
Test series chronology
Map all coordinates in "1980 Soviet nuclear tests" using OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as:

The Soviet Union's 1980 nuclear test series[1] was a group of 24 nuclear tests conducted in 1980. These tests [note 1] followed the 1979 Soviet nuclear tests series and preceded the 1981 Soviet nuclear tests series.

Soviet Union's 1980 series tests and detonations
Name [note 2] Date time (UT) Local time zone [note 3][2] Location [note 4] Elevation + height [note 5] Delivery, [note 6]
Purpose [note 7] 		Device [note 8] Yield [note 9] Fallout [note 10] References Notes
543 14 March 1980 ALMT (6 hrs)
 Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 603p 49°49′01″N 78°02′25″E / 49.81697°N 78.04039°E / 49.81697; 78.04039 (543) 677 m (2,221 ft) + underground tunnel,
safety experiment 		1000 kg [1][3][4][5][6]
544 4 April 1980 05:32:59.83 ALMT (6 hrs)
 Sary-Uzen/Murzhik, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 126 50°00′01″N 77°49′50″E / 50.0002°N 77.83061°E / 50.0002; 77.83061 (544) 460 m (1,510 ft) + underground shaft,
weapons development 		6 kt [1][4][5][6][7]
545 - 1 10 April 1980 04:07:00.19 ALMT (6 hrs)
 Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 181 49°46′41″N 78°03′17″E / 49.778°N 78.0547°E / 49.778; 78.0547 (545 - 1) 655 m (2,149 ft) + underground tunnel,
weapons development 		8 kt [1][4][5][6][7]
545 - 2 10 April 1980 04:07:00.2 ALMT (6 hrs)
 Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 181 49°46′41″N 78°03′17″E / 49.778°N 78.0547°E / 49.778; 78.0547 (545 - 2) 655 m (2,149 ft) + underground tunnel,
weapons development 		unknown yield [1][3][4][5][6]
546 - 1 25 April 1980 03:57:00.06 ALMT (6 hrs)
 Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1071 49°58′39″N 78°45′32″E / 49.97749°N 78.75886°E / 49.97749; 78.75886 (546 - 1) 330 m (1,080 ft) + underground shaft,
weapons development 		19 kt [1][4][5][6][7]
546 - 2 25 April 1980 03:57:00.1 ALMT (6 hrs)
 Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1071 49°58′39″N 78°45′32″E / 49.97749°N 78.75886°E / 49.97749; 78.75886 (546 - 2) 330 m (1,080 ft) + underground shaft,
weapons development 		unknown yield [1][4][5][6][8]
547 - 1 22 May 1980 03:57:00.14 ALMT (6 hrs)
 Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 173 49°46′26″N 78°01′43″E / 49.7739°N 78.0287°E / 49.7739; 78.0287 (547 - 1) 691 m (2,267 ft) + underground tunnel,
weapons development 		35 kt [1][4][5][6][7]
547 - 2 22 May 1980 03:57:00.1 ALMT (6 hrs)
 Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 173 49°46′26″N 78°01′43″E / 49.7739°N 78.0287°E / 49.7739; 78.0287 (547 - 2) 691 m (2,267 ft) + underground tunnel,
weapons development 		unknown yield [1][3][4][5][6]
547 - 3 22 May 1980 03:57:00.1 ALMT (6 hrs)
 Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 173 49°46′26″N 78°01′43″E / 49.7739°N 78.0287°E / 49.7739; 78.0287 (547 - 3) 691 m (2,267 ft) + underground tunnel,
weapons development 		unknown yield [1][3][4][5][6]
548 12 June 1980 03:27:00.19 ALMT (6 hrs)
 Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1083 49°59′24″N 78°59′26″E / 49.99°N 78.99058°E / 49.99; 78.99058 (548) 330 m (1,080 ft) + underground shaft,
weapons development 		37 kt [1][4][5][6][7]
549 Butan 1 (Butane) 16 June 1980 06:00:00.0 SVET (5 hrs)
 Bashkortostan, Russia: 1 52°54′N 56°30′E / 52.9°N 56.5°E / 52.9; 56.5 (549 Butan 1 (Butane)) - 1,400 m (4,600 ft) underground shaft,
oil stimulation 		3.2 kt [1][3][5][6][9] Oil recovery intensification. 40 km E Meleuz.
551 25 June 1980 02:27:00.0 ALMT (6 hrs)
 Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 127 49°49′22″N 78°06′25″E / 49.8227°N 78.10707°E / 49.8227; 78.10707 (551) 650 m (2,130 ft) - 152 m (499 ft) underground tunnel,
weapons development 		300 t [1][3][4][5][6]
550 Butan 3 (Butane) 25 June 1980 06:00:00.0 SVET (5 hrs)
 Bashkortostan, Russia: 3 52°54′N 56°30′E / 52.9°N 56.5°E / 52.9; 56.5 (550 Butan 3 (Butane)) - 1,390 m (4,560 ft) underground shaft,
oil stimulation 		3.2 kt [1][3][5][6][9] Oil recovery intensification. 40 km E Meleuz.
552 - 1 29 June 1980 02:33:00.24 ALMT (6 hrs)
 Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1227 49°56′55″N 78°49′05″E / 49.94861°N 78.81806°E / 49.94861; 78.81806 (552 - 1) 330 m (1,080 ft) + underground shaft,
weapons development 		44 kt [1][4][5][6][7]
552 - 2 29 June 1980 02:33:00.2 ALMT (6 hrs)
 Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1227 49°56′55″N 78°49′05″E / 49.94861°N 78.81806°E / 49.94861; 78.81806 (552 - 2) 330 m (1,080 ft) + underground shaft,
weapons development 		unknown yield [1][4][5][6][8]
552 - 3 29 June 1980 02:33:00.2 ALMT (6 hrs)
 Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1227 49°56′55″N 78°49′05″E / 49.94861°N 78.81806°E / 49.94861; 78.81806 (552 - 3) 330 m (1,080 ft) + underground shaft,
weapons development 		unknown yield [1][4][5][6][8]
553 - 1 31 July 1980 03:33:00.07 ALMT (6 hrs)
 Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 902 49°47′44″N 78°05′27″E / 49.7955°N 78.0907°E / 49.7955; 78.0907 (553 - 1) 689 m (2,260 ft) + underground tunnel,
weapons development 		20 kt [1][4][5][6][7]
553 - 2 31 July 1980 03:33:00.1 ALMT (6 hrs)
 Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 902 49°47′44″N 78°05′27″E / 49.7955°N 78.0907°E / 49.7955; 78.0907 (553 - 2) 689 m (2,260 ft) + underground tunnel,
weapons development 		unknown yield [1][3][4][5][6]
554 14 September 1980 02:42:41.71 ALMT (6 hrs)
 Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1220 49°56′14″N 78°47′48″E / 49.93724°N 78.79659°E / 49.93724; 78.79659 (554) 330 m (1,080 ft) + underground shaft,
weapons development 		200 kt [1][4][5][6][7]
555 Dynamica (Dynamic) 25 September 1980 06:21:13.06 ALMT (6 hrs)
 Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: K-1 49°47′08″N 78°04′50″E / 49.7855°N 78.0805°E / 49.7855; 78.0805 (555 Dynamica (Dynamic)) 663 m (2,175 ft) + underground tunnel,
weapon effect 		5 kt [1][4][5][6][7]
556 Vega 1T 8 October 1980 06:00:00.3 VOLT (4 hrs)
 Astrakhan, Russia: 1T 46°45′23″N 48°16′26″E / 46.75645°N 48.27378°E / 46.75645; 48.27378 (556 Vega 1T) 10 m (33 ft) - 1,025 m (3,363 ft) underground shaft,
cavity excavation 		8.5 kt [1][3][5][6][7] Create reservoirs for gas storage.
557 - 1 11 October 1980 07:09:57.47 MSK (3 hrs)
 NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia: A-25 73°20′10″N 54°56′24″E / 73.336°N 54.94°E / 73.336; 54.94 (557 - 1) 100 m (330 ft) - 600 m (2,000 ft) underground tunnel,
weapons development 		130 kt [1][5][6][7][10]
557 - 2 11 October 1980 07:09:57.5 MSK (3 hrs)
 NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia: A-25 73°20′10″N 54°56′24″E / 73.336°N 54.94°E / 73.336; 54.94 (557 - 2) 100 m (330 ft) + underground tunnel,
weapons development 		unknown yield [1][3][5][6][9]
557 - 3 11 October 1980 07:09:57.5 MSK (3 hrs)
 NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia: A-25 73°20′10″N 54°56′24″E / 73.336°N 54.94°E / 73.336; 54.94 (557 - 3) 100 m (330 ft) + underground tunnel,
weapons development 		unknown yield [1][3][5][6][9]
557 - 4 11 October 1980 07:09:57.5 MSK (3 hrs)
 NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia: A-25 73°20′10″N 54°56′24″E / 73.336°N 54.94°E / 73.336; 54.94 (557 - 4) 100 m (330 ft) + underground tunnel,
weapons development 		unknown yield [1][3][5][6][7]
557 - 5 11 October 1980 07:09:58 MSK (3 hrs)
 NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia: A-30 73°18′N 54°54′E / 73.3°N 54.9°E / 73.3; 54.9 (557 - 5) 100 m (330 ft) + underground tunnel,
weapons development 		unknown yield Venting detected off site, 5 Ci (180 GBq) [1][3][5][6][9]
557 - 6 11 October 1980 07:09:58 MSK (3 hrs)
 NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia: A-30 73°18′N 54°54′E / 73.3°N 54.9°E / 73.3; 54.9 (557 - 6) 100 m (330 ft) + underground tunnel,
weapons development 		unknown yield [1][3][5][6][9]
557 - 7 11 October 1980 07:09:58 MSK (3 hrs)
 NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia: A-30 73°18′N 54°54′E / 73.3°N 54.9°E / 73.3; 54.9 (557 - 7) 100 m (330 ft) + underground tunnel,
weapons development 		unknown yield [1][3][5][6][9]
558 - 1 12 October 1980 03:34:16.65 ALMT (6 hrs)
 Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1087 49°58′03″N 79°01′21″E / 49.9675°N 79.0225°E / 49.9675; 79.0225 (558 - 1) 330 m (1,080 ft) - 440 m (1,440 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		102 kt Venting detected [1][4][5][6][7]
558 - 2 12 October 1980 03:34:16.7 ALMT (6 hrs)
 Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1087 49°58′03″N 79°01′21″E / 49.9675°N 79.0225°E / 49.9675; 79.0225 (558 - 2) 330 m (1,080 ft) - 510 m (1,670 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		unknown yield [1][4][5][6][8]
559 23 October 1980 03:57:11.0 ALMT (6 hrs)
 Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 204p 49°44′53″N 78°07′36″E / 49.74813°N 78.12673°E / 49.74813; 78.12673 (559) 579 m (1,900 ft) + underground tunnel,
weapons development 		unknown yield [1][3][4][5][6]
560 Batolit 1 (Batholith) 1 November 1980 13:00:00.4 KRAT (7 hrs)
 Krasnoyarsk, Russia: BT-1 60°48′N 97°33′E / 60.8°N 97.55°E / 60.8; 97.55 (560 Batolit 1 (Batholith)) - 720 m (2,360 ft) underground shaft,
seismic sounding 		8 kt [1][3][5][6][7] Seismic probing program. 430 km NW Ust-Ilimsk.
561 5 December 1980 04:17:?? ALMT (6 hrs)
 Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 204-pp 49°44′57″N 78°07′42″E / 49.74919°N 78.1282°E / 49.74919; 78.1282 (561) 579 m (1,900 ft) - 36 m (118 ft) underground tunnel,
weapons development 		100 t Venting detected [1][3][4][5][6]
562 - 1 5 December 1980 04:17:16.0 ALMT (6 hrs)
 Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 111p 49°49′51″N 78°06′50″E / 49.83083°N 78.11389°E / 49.83083; 78.11389 (562 - 1) 640 m (2,100 ft) + underground tunnel,
weapons development 		unknown yield [1][3][4][5][6]
562 - 2 5 December 1980 04:17:16.0 ALMT (6 hrs)
 Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 111p 49°49′51″N 78°06′50″E / 49.83083°N 78.11389°E / 49.83083; 78.11389 (562 - 2) 640 m (2,100 ft) + underground tunnel,
weapons development 		unknown yield [1][3][4][5][6]
562 - 3 5 December 1980 04:17:16.0 ALMT (6 hrs)
 Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 111p 49°49′51″N 78°06′50″E / 49.83083°N 78.11389°E / 49.83083; 78.11389 (562 - 3) 640 m (2,100 ft) + underground tunnel,
weapons development 		unknown yield [1][3][4][5][6]
563 Angara 10 December 1980 07:00:00.1 SVET (5 hrs)
 Khanty-Mansi, Russia 61°44′46″N 66°46′35″E / 61.74616°N 66.77651°E / 61.74616; 66.77651 (563 Angara) - 2,485 m (8,153 ft) underground shaft,
oil stimulation 		15 kt [1][3][5][6][7] Oil recovery intensification. 200 km NW Khanty-Mansiysk.
564 - 1 14 December 1980 03:47:09.01 ALMT (6 hrs)
 Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1086 49°54′35″N 78°55′04″E / 49.90968°N 78.91789°E / 49.90968; 78.91789 (564 - 1) 330 m (1,080 ft) + underground shaft,
weapons development 		101 kt [1][4][5][6][7]
564 - 2 14 December 1980 03:47:09.0 ALMT (6 hrs)
 Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1086 49°54′35″N 78°55′04″E / 49.90968°N 78.91789°E / 49.90968; 78.91789 (564 - 2) 330 m (1,080 ft) + underground shaft,
weapons development 		unknown yield [1][4][5][6][8]
564 - 3 14 December 1980 03:47:09.0 ALMT (6 hrs)
 Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1086 49°54′35″N 78°55′04″E / 49.90968°N 78.91789°E / 49.90968; 78.91789 (564 - 3) 330 m (1,080 ft) + underground shaft,
weapons development 		unknown yield [1][4][5][6][8]
565 26 December 1980 04:07:09.3 ALMT (6 hrs)
 Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: Z-2p 49°49′31″N 78°04′51″E / 49.8254°N 78.08079°E / 49.8254; 78.08079 (565) 660 m (2,170 ft) + underground tunnel,
weapons development 		2 kt [1][4][5][6][7]
566 - 1 27 December 1980 04:09:10.63 ALMT (6 hrs)
 Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1303 50°04′04″N 78°58′28″E / 50.06781°N 78.97432°E / 50.06781; 78.97432 (566 - 1) 330 m (1,080 ft) + underground shaft,
weapons development 		100 kt [1][4][5][6][7]
566 - 2 27 December 1980 04:09:10.6 ALMT (6 hrs)
 Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1303 50°04′04″N 78°58′27″E / 50.06781°N 78.97423°E / 50.06781; 78.97423 (566 - 2) 330 m (1,080 ft) + underground shaft,
weapons development 		unknown yield [1][4][5][6][8]
  1. ^ A bomb test may be a salvo test, defined as two or more explosions "where a period of time between successive individual explosions does not exceed 5 seconds and where the burial points of all explosive devices can be connected by segments of straight lines, each of them connecting two burial points and does not exceed 40 kilometers in length". Mikhailov, V. N., Editor in Chief. "Catalog of World Wide Nuclear Testing". Begell-Atom, LLC. {{cite journal}}: |first= has generic name (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ The US, France and Great Britain have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China did not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions – Soviet peaceful explosions were named). Word translations into English in parentheses unless the name is a proper noun. A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also sometimes named the individual explosions in such a salvo test, which results in "name1 – 1(with name2)". If test is canceled or aborted, then the row data like date and location discloses the intended plans, where known.
  3. ^ To convert the UT time into standard local, add the number of hours in parentheses to the UT time; for local daylight saving time, add one additional hour. If the result is earlier than 00:00, add 24 hours and subtract 1 from the day; if it is 24:00 or later, subtract 24 hours and add 1 to the day. All historical timezone data are derived from here:
  4. ^ Rough place name and a latitude/longitude reference; for rocket-carried tests, the launch location is specified before the detonation location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. "~" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area.
  5. ^ Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is "N/A". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example, Plumbbob/John. No number or units indicates the value is unknown, while "0" means zero. Sorting on this column is by elevation and height added together.
  6. ^ Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, and barge are all disallowed by the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT. Intentional cratering tests are borderline; they occurred under the treaty, were sometimes protested, and generally overlooked if the test was declared to be a peaceful use.
  7. ^ Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down.
  8. ^ Designations for test items where known, "?" indicates some uncertainty about the preceding value, nicknames for particular devices in quotes. This category of information is often not officially disclosed.
  9. ^ Estimated energy yield in tons, kilotons, and megatons. A ton of TNT equivalent is defined as 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie).
  10. ^ Radioactive emission to the atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and "all" if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, where known, and the measured amount of radioactivity released.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar Yang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl (August 2000). CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3) (Technical report). SMDC Monitoring Research.
  2. ^ "Timezone Historical Database". iana.com. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Nuclear explosions in the USSR: The North Test Site reference material, version 4 (PDF) (Technical report). IAEA Dept. of Nuclear Safety and Security. December 1, 2004. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Khalturin, Vitaly I.; Rautian, Tatyana G.; Richards, Paul G. (2000). "Chemical explosions during 1961-1989 on the Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan" (PDF). Pure and Applied Geophysics. 158: 143–171. doi:10.1007/pl00001153. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq Podvig, Pavel, ed. (2001). Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq USSR Nuclear Weapons Tests and Peaceful Nuclear Explosions 1949 through 1990. Sarov, Russia: RFNC-VNIIEF. 1996. The official Russian list of Soviet tests.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Cochran, Thomas B.; Arkin, William M.; Norris, Robert S.; Sands, Jeffrey I. Nuclear Weapons Databook Vol. IV: Soviet Nuclear Weapons. New York, NY: Harper and Row.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Thurber, Clifford; Trabant, Chad; Haslinger, Florian; Hartog, Renate (2001). Nuclear explosion locations at the Balapan, Kazakhstan, nuclear test site: the effects of high-precision arrival times and three-dimensional structure. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors (Technical report). Vol. 123. pp. 283–301. doi:10.1016/s0031-9201(00)00215-6. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Andrushkin, Vitaly V.; Leith, William (September 1, 2001). The containment of Soviet underground nuclear explosions (PDF) (Open File Report 01-312). USGS. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 9, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2013. {{cite tech report}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ Kim, Won-Young; Richards, Paul G.; Andrushkin, Vitaly; Ovtchinnikov, Vladimir (April 1, 2001). Borovoye digital seismogram archive for underground nuclear tests during 1966-1996 (PDF) (Technical report). LDEO. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
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