2009 Gujarat hepatitis outbreak: Difference between revisions
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The hepatitis B virus infects the [[liver]] and causes an [[inflammation]] called [[hepatitis]]. It is a [[DNA virus]] and one of many unrelated viruses that cause [[Hepatitis#Viral|viral hepatitis]]. The disease, originally known as "serum hepatitis",<ref name="pmid8769597">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barker LF, Shulman NR, Murray R |title=Transmission of serum hepatitis. 1970 |journal=JAMA |volume=276 |issue=10 |pages=841–4 |year=1996 |pmid=8769597 |doi=10.1001/jama.276.10.841|display-authors=etal}}</ref> has caused [[epidemic]]s in parts of [[Asia]] and [[Africa]], and it is [[endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] in [[Hepatitis B in China|China]].<ref name="pmid16941687">{{cite journal |author=Williams R |title=Global challenges in liver disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=521–6 |year=2006 |pmid=16941687 |doi=10.1002/hep.21347}}</ref> About a third of the [[world population|world's population]], more than 2 billion people, have been infected with the hepatitis B virus.<ref>[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/index.html WHO | Hepatitis B]</ref> This includes 350 million chronic carriers of the virus.<ref>[http://liver.stanford.edu/Education/faq.html FAQ about Hepatitis B], Stanford University School of Medicine</ref> The acute illness causes liver inflammation, vomiting and [[jaundice]]. The infection is preventable by [[Hepatitis B vaccine|vaccination]].<ref name="pmid17673066">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pungpapong S, Kim WR, Poterucha JJ |title=Natural history of hepatitis B virus infection: an update for clinicians |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=82 |issue=8 |pages=967–75 |year=2007 |pmid=17673066 |doi=10.4065/82.8.967}}</ref> |
The hepatitis B virus infects the [[liver]] and causes an [[inflammation]] called [[hepatitis]]. It is a [[DNA virus]] and one of many unrelated viruses that cause [[Hepatitis#Viral|viral hepatitis]]. The disease, originally known as "serum hepatitis",<ref name="pmid8769597">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barker LF, Shulman NR, Murray R |title=Transmission of serum hepatitis. 1970 |journal=JAMA |volume=276 |issue=10 |pages=841–4 |year=1996 |pmid=8769597 |doi=10.1001/jama.276.10.841|display-authors=etal}}</ref> has caused [[epidemic]]s in parts of [[Asia]] and [[Africa]], and it is [[endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] in [[Hepatitis B in China|China]].<ref name="pmid16941687">{{cite journal |author=Williams R |title=Global challenges in liver disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=521–6 |year=2006 |pmid=16941687 |doi=10.1002/hep.21347}}</ref> About a third of the [[world population|world's population]], more than 2 billion people, have been infected with the hepatitis B virus.<ref>[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/index.html WHO | Hepatitis B]</ref> This includes 350 million chronic carriers of the virus.<ref>[http://liver.stanford.edu/Education/faq.html FAQ about Hepatitis B], Stanford University School of Medicine</ref> The acute illness causes liver inflammation, vomiting and [[jaundice]]. The infection is preventable by [[Hepatitis B vaccine|vaccination]].<ref name="pmid17673066">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pungpapong S, Kim WR, Poterucha JJ |title=Natural history of hepatitis B virus infection: an update for clinicians |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=82 |issue=8 |pages=967–75 |year=2007 |pmid=17673066 |doi=10.4065/82.8.967}}</ref> |
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Transmission of hepatitis B results from exposure to infectious blood or body fluids containing blood. Possible forms of transmission include (but are not limited to) [[safe sex|unprotected sexual contact]], [[blood transfusion]]s, [[needle sharing|re-use of contaminated needles]] & syringes, and [[vertical transmission]] from mother to child during childbirth. HBV can be transmitted between family members within households, possibly by contact of nonintact skin or mucous membrane with secretions or saliva containing HBV.<ref name="pmid791124">{{cite journal |vauthors=Petersen NJ, Barrett DH, Bond WW, Berquist KR, Favero MS, Bender TR, Maynard JE |title=Hepatitis B surface antigen in saliva, impetiginous lesions, and the environment in two remote Alaskan villages |journal=Appl. Environ. Microbiol. |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=572–574 |year=1976 |pmid=791124 |pmc=170308}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.health.vic.gov.au/ideas/diseases/hepb |title=Hepatitis B - the facts: IDEAS - Victorian Government Health Information, Australia |publisher=Health.vic.gov.au |date= |accessdate=2009-02-23| |
Transmission of hepatitis B results from exposure to infectious blood or body fluids containing blood. Possible forms of transmission include (but are not limited to) [[safe sex|unprotected sexual contact]], [[blood transfusion]]s, [[needle sharing|re-use of contaminated needles]] & syringes, and [[vertical transmission]] from mother to child during childbirth. HBV can be transmitted between family members within households, possibly by contact of nonintact skin or mucous membrane with secretions or saliva containing HBV.<ref name="pmid791124">{{cite journal |vauthors=Petersen NJ, Barrett DH, Bond WW, Berquist KR, Favero MS, Bender TR, Maynard JE |title=Hepatitis B surface antigen in saliva, impetiginous lesions, and the environment in two remote Alaskan villages |journal=Appl. Environ. Microbiol. |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=572–574 |year=1976 |pmid=791124 |pmc=170308}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.health.vic.gov.au/ideas/diseases/hepb |title=Hepatitis B - the facts: IDEAS - Victorian Government Health Information, Australia |publisher=Health.vic.gov.au |date= |accessdate=2009-02-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228122854/http://www.health.vic.gov.au/ideas/diseases/hepb |archivedate=28 February 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> However, at least 30% of reported cases of hepatitis B among adults cannot be associated with an identifiable risk factor.<ref name="pmid8392167">{{cite journal |author=Shapiro CN |title=Epidemiology of hepatitis B |journal=Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=433–7 |year=1993 |pmid=8392167 |doi=10.1097/00006454-199305000-00036}}</ref> |
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==Arrests== |
==Arrests== |
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The doctors were accused of re-using [[syringe]]s, which had been contaminated with [[hepatitis B virus]], to treat other patients. Eight medical practitioners, including doctors Govind and Chintal Patel, were arrested under the [[Indian Penal Code]] for [[culpable homicide#India|culpable homicide not amounting to murder]] after allegedly re-using infected syringes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5g29tQIR3Aol0TtjjR-R90_GzGteg|title=Doctors held over hepatitis deaths|date=2009-02-22|publisher=Press Association|accessdate=2009-02-22}}</ref> One of them was also charged with [[attempted murder]].<ref name="cnn"/> Most of the people affected had received medical treatment from Dr. Patel in the last six months. Medical officials conducted a raid on Patel's clinic and found several used syringes and other medical waste.<ref name="cnn">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/02/22/india.hepatitis/ |title=India hepatitis death toll reaches 38 |publisher=CNN |date=2009-02-22 |accessdate=22 February 2009 <!--DASHBot--> |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226181629/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/02/22/india.hepatitis/ |archivedate=26 February 2009 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref><ref name="HT">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=HomePage&id=0b0835af-bd77-4947-9f15-4ea6733dc33f&MatchID1=4932&TeamID1=7&TeamID2=8&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1247&PrimaryID=4932&Headline=Hepatitis+outbreak%3a+2+doctors+booked+for+culpable+homicide|title=Hepatitis outbreak: 2 doctors booked for culpable homicide|accessdate=2009-02-22|publisher=Press Trust of India|date=2009-02-22 |
The doctors were accused of re-using [[syringe]]s, which had been contaminated with [[hepatitis B virus]], to treat other patients. Eight medical practitioners, including doctors Govind and Chintal Patel, were arrested under the [[Indian Penal Code]] for [[culpable homicide#India|culpable homicide not amounting to murder]] after allegedly re-using infected syringes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5g29tQIR3Aol0TtjjR-R90_GzGteg|title=Doctors held over hepatitis deaths|date=2009-02-22|publisher=Press Association|accessdate=2009-02-22}}</ref> One of them was also charged with [[attempted murder]].<ref name="cnn"/> Most of the people affected had received medical treatment from Dr. Patel in the last six months. Medical officials conducted a raid on Patel's clinic and found several used syringes and other medical waste.<ref name="cnn">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/02/22/india.hepatitis/ |title=India hepatitis death toll reaches 38 |publisher=CNN |date=2009-02-22 |accessdate=22 February 2009 <!--DASHBot--> |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226181629/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/02/22/india.hepatitis/ |archivedate=26 February 2009 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref><ref name="HT">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=HomePage&id=0b0835af-bd77-4947-9f15-4ea6733dc33f&MatchID1=4932&TeamID1=7&TeamID2=8&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1247&PrimaryID=4932&Headline=Hepatitis+outbreak%3a+2+doctors+booked+for+culpable+homicide |title=Hepatitis outbreak: 2 doctors booked for culpable homicide |accessdate=2009-02-22 |publisher=Press Trust of India |date=2009-02-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225030841/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=HomePage&id=0b0835af-bd77-4947-9f15-4ea6733dc33f&MatchID1=4932&TeamID1=7&TeamID2=8&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1247&PrimaryID=4932&Headline=Hepatitis%20outbreak%3A%202%20doctors%20booked%20for%20culpable%20homicide |archivedate=25 February 2009 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> |
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==Reaction== |
==Reaction== |
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Revision as of 11:32, 18 June 2017
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| Date | early 2009 |
|---|---|
| Location | Modasa, Gujarat, India |
| Casualties | |
| 49 dead[1] | |
| 125+ infected[2] | |
The 2009 Gujarat hepatitis B outbreak was a cluster of hepatitis B cases that appeared in Modasa, northern Gujarat, India in 2009. Over 125 people were infected and up to 49 people died.[1][2] Several doctors were investigated and arrested after the outbreaks.
Hepatitis B
The hepatitis B virus infects the liver and causes an inflammation called hepatitis. It is a DNA virus and one of many unrelated viruses that cause viral hepatitis. The disease, originally known as "serum hepatitis",[3] has caused epidemics in parts of Asia and Africa, and it is endemic in China.[4] About a third of the world's population, more than 2 billion people, have been infected with the hepatitis B virus.[5] This includes 350 million chronic carriers of the virus.[6] The acute illness causes liver inflammation, vomiting and jaundice. The infection is preventable by vaccination.[7]
Transmission of hepatitis B results from exposure to infectious blood or body fluids containing blood. Possible forms of transmission include (but are not limited to) unprotected sexual contact, blood transfusions, re-use of contaminated needles & syringes, and vertical transmission from mother to child during childbirth. HBV can be transmitted between family members within households, possibly by contact of nonintact skin or mucous membrane with secretions or saliva containing HBV.[8][9] However, at least 30% of reported cases of hepatitis B among adults cannot be associated with an identifiable risk factor.[10]
Arrests
The doctors were accused of re-using syringes, which had been contaminated with hepatitis B virus, to treat other patients. Eight medical practitioners, including doctors Govind and Chintal Patel, were arrested under the Indian Penal Code for culpable homicide not amounting to murder after allegedly re-using infected syringes.[11] One of them was also charged with attempted murder.[2] Most of the people affected had received medical treatment from Dr. Patel in the last six months. Medical officials conducted a raid on Patel's clinic and found several used syringes and other medical waste.[2][12]
Reaction
The Government of Gujarat started a mass immunization drive under strict medical supervision in Modasa, which set up 60 booths in Modasa and nearby cities.[13] 224 medical teams, including some from All Indian Institute of Medical Sciences and National Institute of Virology have set up camps in Modasa, and will remain there for at least a month.[1][14] According to the officials 25,000 vaccines were sent to the most affected area and 600,000 more vaccines are being arranged from Hyderabad.[15] In addition, the government distributed 30,000 pamphlets and mounted a campaign to inform residents about the disease.[14]
The Health Department of the Gujarat government have sent 600,000 doses of vaccine to the area.[16]
See also
References
- ^ a b c "Doctor arrested in Gujarat Hepatitis-B outbreak case". NDTV. 2009-02-22. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
- ^ a b c d "India hepatitis death toll reaches 38". CNN. 2009-02-22. Archived from the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 22 February 2009.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Barker LF, Shulman NR, Murray R, et al. (1996). "Transmission of serum hepatitis. 1970". JAMA. 276 (10): 841–4. doi:10.1001/jama.276.10.841. PMID 8769597.
- ^ Williams R (2006). "Global challenges in liver disease". Hepatology. 44 (3): 521–6. doi:10.1002/hep.21347. PMID 16941687.
- ^ WHO | Hepatitis B
- ^ FAQ about Hepatitis B, Stanford University School of Medicine
- ^ Pungpapong S, Kim WR, Poterucha JJ (2007). "Natural history of hepatitis B virus infection: an update for clinicians". Mayo Clin. Proc. 82 (8): 967–75. doi:10.4065/82.8.967. PMID 17673066.
- ^ Petersen NJ, Barrett DH, Bond WW, Berquist KR, Favero MS, Bender TR, Maynard JE (1976). "Hepatitis B surface antigen in saliva, impetiginous lesions, and the environment in two remote Alaskan villages". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 32 (4): 572–574. PMC 170308. PMID 791124.
- ^ "Hepatitis B - the facts: IDEAS - Victorian Government Health Information, Australia". Health.vic.gov.au. Archived from the original on 28 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Shapiro CN (1993). "Epidemiology of hepatitis B". Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 12 (5): 433–7. doi:10.1097/00006454-199305000-00036. PMID 8392167.
- ^ "Doctors held over hepatitis deaths". Press Association. 2009-02-22. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
- ^ "Hepatitis outbreak: 2 doctors booked for culpable homicide". Press Trust of India. 2009-02-22. Archived from the original on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Hepatitis-B toll up to 35". Times of India. 2009-02-22. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
- ^ a b "Modassa residents blame Gujarat govt for spread of Hepatitis B". Sify News. 2008-02-22. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
- ^ "State govt opts for mass immunisation drive to counter Hepatitis B outbreak". Retrieved 2009-02-22.
- ^ NDTV Report