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[[File:Meningitis-Epidemics-World-Map.png|right|thumb|Demography of [[meningococcus|meningococcal]] meningitis.{{legend|#FF0000|meningitis belt}}{{legend|#E08040|epidemic zones}}{{legend|#C0C0C0|sporadic cases only}}]]
[[File:Meningitis-Epidemics-World-Map.png|right|thumb|Demography of [[meningococcus|meningococcal]] meningitis.{{legend|#FF0000|meningitis belt}}{{legend|#E08040|epidemic zones}}{{legend|#C0C0C0|sporadic cases only}}]]


West Africa is struck by an annual meningitis epidemic, usually affecting between 25,000 and 200,000 inhabitants.<ref name="West African meningitis epidemics driven by the wind">{{cite news|url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/22350.php|title=West African meningitis epidemics driven by the wind|date=2009-03-12|accessdate=2009-03-15|publisher=[[Medical News Today]]}}</ref> However, the current epidemic has been the deadliest outbreak since 1996.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-03-04-voa28.cfm|title=Health Officials Say Meningitis Ravaging Northern Nigeria |last=de Costa|first=Gilbert|date=2009-03-04|publisher=VOA|accessdate=2009-03-15}}</ref> That year meningitis infected over 100,000 people and killed 10,000 during a three-month period.<ref name="Wide Epidemic of Men Fatal to 10,000 in West Africa">{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9404E7DD1539F93BA35756C0A960958260&fta=y|title=Wide Epidemic of Men Fatal to 10,000 in West Africa|date=1996-05-08|accessdate=2009-03-15|publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' | first=Howard W. | last=French}}</ref>
West Africa is struck by an annual meningitis epidemic, usually affecting between 25,000 and 200,000 inhabitants.<ref name="West African meningitis epidemics driven by the wind">{{cite news|url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/22350.php|title=West African meningitis epidemics driven by the wind|date=2009-03-12|accessdate=2009-03-15|publisher=[[Medical News Today]]}}</ref> However, the current epidemic has been the deadliest outbreak since 1996.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-03-04-voa28.cfm |title=Health Officials Say Meningitis Ravaging Northern Nigeria |last=de Costa |first=Gilbert |date=2009-03-04 |publisher=VOA |accessdate=2009-03-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312054019/http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-03-04-voa28.cfm |archivedate=12 March 2009 |df= }}</ref> That year meningitis infected over 100,000 people and killed 10,000 during a three-month period.<ref name="Wide Epidemic of Men Fatal to 10,000 in West Africa">{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9404E7DD1539F93BA35756C0A960958260&fta=y|title=Wide Epidemic of Men Fatal to 10,000 in West Africa|date=1996-05-08|accessdate=2009-03-15|publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' | first=Howard W. | last=French}}</ref>


According to doctorswithoutborders.org, Up to 400 vaccination teams of five people each immunized thousands of people every day in the region for a few weeks. In total, 2.8 million people were vaccinated in Zinder, Maradi, and Dosso regions in Niger, and 4.5 million people in Katsina, Jigawa, Bauchi, Kebbi, Sokoto, Niger, Zamfara, Kaduna, and Gombe States in Nigeria. Vaccination campaigns continue at some sites in Nigeria for a total of 255,000 people.
According to doctorswithoutborders.org, Up to 400 vaccination teams of five people each immunized thousands of people every day in the region for a few weeks. In total, 2.8 million people were vaccinated in Zinder, Maradi, and Dosso regions in Niger, and 4.5 million people in Katsina, Jigawa, Bauchi, Kebbi, Sokoto, Niger, Zamfara, Kaduna, and Gombe States in Nigeria. Vaccination campaigns continue at some sites in Nigeria for a total of 255,000 people.
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===Niger===
===Niger===
The outbreak first began in late January with several cases reported in [[Zinder Region]], in southern [[Niger]].<ref name="aa">{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200903120120.html|title=Nigeria: Battling the Lassa, CSM Outbreaks|date=2009-03-11|publisher=All Africa|accessdate=2009-03-15}}</ref> Compared to the meningitis epidemic in 2008, more cases have been reported, but with a lower fatality rate.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=83384|title=In Brief: Meningitis infections climb in Niger |date=2009-03-09|publisher=IRIN News|accessdate=2009-03-15}}</ref> Five districts in Niger have been seriously affected by the outbreak, and eight others are "on alert," according to the [[World Health Organization]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200903050913.html|title=West Africa: Meningitis Emergency Vaccine Stock Tapped Early|date=2009-03-05|publisher=All Africa|accessdate=2009-03-16}}</ref> A 1 May report from the remote towns of northern Niger described an increasing number of cases blamed on migrant workers from [[Nigeria]] and [[Ghana]] who travel through the region hoping to gain access to Algeria and Libya, and from there Europe. The [[Agadez Region]] directorate of public health report reported 189 cases with 16 death is the Region, 99 cases with 4 deaths in [[Agadez]] alone. In the even more remote areas further east, officials in [[Bilma]] and [[Dirkou]] reported 36 cases but with 10 of them resulting in death.<ref>[http://nigerdiaspora.info/index.php/sant%C3%A9/sant%C3%A9/agadez-:-des-migrants-vecteurs-de-la-m%C3%A9ningite/ Agadez : des migrants vecteurs de la méningite]. Ibrahim Manzo DIALLO, Aïr Info. 1 May 2009. Accessed 2009-06-04.</ref>
The outbreak first began in late January with several cases reported in [[Zinder Region]], in southern [[Niger]].<ref name="aa">{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200903120120.html|title=Nigeria: Battling the Lassa, CSM Outbreaks|date=2009-03-11|publisher=All Africa|accessdate=2009-03-15}}</ref> Compared to the meningitis epidemic in 2008, more cases have been reported, but with a lower fatality rate.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=83384|title=In Brief: Meningitis infections climb in Niger |date=2009-03-09|publisher=IRIN News|accessdate=2009-03-15}}</ref> Five districts in Niger have been seriously affected by the outbreak, and eight others are "on alert," according to the [[World Health Organization]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200903050913.html|title=West Africa: Meningitis Emergency Vaccine Stock Tapped Early|date=2009-03-05|publisher=All Africa|accessdate=2009-03-16}}</ref> A 1 May report from the remote towns of northern Niger described an increasing number of cases blamed on migrant workers from [[Nigeria]] and [[Ghana]] who travel through the region hoping to gain access to Algeria and Libya, and from there Europe. The [[Agadez Region]] directorate of public health report reported 189 cases with 16 death is the Region, 99 cases with 4 deaths in [[Agadez]] alone. In the even more remote areas further east, officials in [[Bilma]] and [[Dirkou]] reported 36 cases but with 10 of them resulting in death.<ref>[http://nigerdiaspora.info/index.php/sant%C3%A9/sant%C3%A9/agadez-:-des-migrants-vecteurs-de-la-m%C3%A9ningite/ Agadez : des migrants vecteurs de la méningite]{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Ibrahim Manzo DIALLO, Aïr Info. 1 May 2009. Accessed 2009-06-04.</ref>


===Nigeria===
===Nigeria===
Nigeria was struck especially hard, with 562 deaths in 9,086 cases.<ref name="RTT">{{cite news|url=http://www.rttnews.com/Content/GeneralNews.aspx?Node=B1&Id=881558|title=931 Killed In West African Meningitis Outbreak: UNICEF |date=2009-03-12|publisher=RTT News|accessdate=2009-03-15}}</ref> 333 deaths occurred in the country over a three-month period in twenty-two out of thirty-six states.<ref name="Nigeria: Meningitis Kills 333">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/world/africa/05briefs-MENINGITISKI_BRF.html?partner=rss&emc=rss|title=Nigeria: Meningitis Kills 333|date=2009-03-05|accessdate=2009-03-15|publisher=''[[The New York Times]]''}}</ref> 217 [[Local Government Area]]s also reported cases.<ref name="aa"/> Several states mounted large meningitis vaccination and information campaigns after the outbreak.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200903091133.html|title=Nigeria: Jigawa Begins Meningitis Vaccination|last=a Ibrahim|first=Yusha'u |date=2009-03-09|publisher=All Africa|accessdate=2009-03-15}}</ref> [[Babatunde Osotimehin]], the Nigerian Minister of Health said that his nation was prepared for the expected epidemic: "On 3rd September 2008, we alerted all the States in the meningitis belt to intensify surveillance, preposition drugs and laboratory materials and sensitise the public on preventive measures. Indeed, right from August 2008, the Ministry had prepositioned all the states in the meningitis belt with [[oily chloramphenicol]] as well as laboratory reagents and materials for confirmation of cases."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200903100451.html|title=Nigeria: We Anticipated CSM Epidemic And Prepared for It - Osotimehin|last=Ogundipe|first=Sola|date=2009-03-10|publisher=All Africa|accessdate=2009-03-15}}</ref>
Nigeria was struck especially hard, with 562 deaths in 9,086 cases.<ref name="RTT">{{cite news|url=http://www.rttnews.com/Content/GeneralNews.aspx?Node=B1&Id=881558 |title=931 Killed In West African Meningitis Outbreak: UNICEF |date=2009-03-12 |publisher=RTT News |accessdate=2009-03-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322130653/http://www.rttnews.com/Content/GeneralNews.aspx?Node=B1&Id=881558 |archivedate=22 March 2009 |df= }}</ref> 333 deaths occurred in the country over a three-month period in twenty-two out of thirty-six states.<ref name="Nigeria: Meningitis Kills 333">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/world/africa/05briefs-MENINGITISKI_BRF.html?partner=rss&emc=rss|title=Nigeria: Meningitis Kills 333|date=2009-03-05|accessdate=2009-03-15|publisher=''[[The New York Times]]''}}</ref> 217 [[Local Government Area]]s also reported cases.<ref name="aa"/> Several states mounted large meningitis vaccination and information campaigns after the outbreak.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200903091133.html|title=Nigeria: Jigawa Begins Meningitis Vaccination|last=a Ibrahim|first=Yusha'u |date=2009-03-09|publisher=All Africa|accessdate=2009-03-15}}</ref> [[Babatunde Osotimehin]], the Nigerian Minister of Health said that his nation was prepared for the expected epidemic: "On 3rd September 2008, we alerted all the States in the meningitis belt to intensify surveillance, preposition drugs and laboratory materials and sensitise the public on preventive measures. Indeed, right from August 2008, the Ministry had prepositioned all the states in the meningitis belt with [[oily chloramphenicol]] as well as laboratory reagents and materials for confirmation of cases."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200903100451.html|title=Nigeria: We Anticipated CSM Epidemic And Prepared for It - Osotimehin|last=Ogundipe|first=Sola|date=2009-03-10|publisher=All Africa|accessdate=2009-03-15}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 18:38, 18 June 2017

2009–2010 West African meningitis outbreak
Countries affected by the epidemic
DateJanuary 2009–present
LocationBurkina Faso, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria
Casualties
1,100 dead
25,000 suspected cases

The 2009–2010 West African meningitis outbreak is an epidemic of bacterial meningitis which has been occurring in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria since January 2009,[1] an annual risk in the African meningitis belt. A total of 13,516 people have been infected with meningitis, and 931 have died.[1] Nigeria has been the most adversely affected, with over half of the total cases and deaths occurring in the nation. The WHO reported on 27 March[year missing] that 1,100 had died and there were 25,000 suspected cases.[2] It is the worst outbreak in the region since 1996, and a third of the world's emergency vaccine stockpile for the bacterial form has been consumed[when?].[2] The GAVI Alliance has been trying to secure more vaccines.[2]

Background

Demography of meningococcal meningitis.
  meningitis belt
  epidemic zones
  sporadic cases only

West Africa is struck by an annual meningitis epidemic, usually affecting between 25,000 and 200,000 inhabitants.[3] However, the current epidemic has been the deadliest outbreak since 1996.[4] That year meningitis infected over 100,000 people and killed 10,000 during a three-month period.[5]

According to doctorswithoutborders.org, Up to 400 vaccination teams of five people each immunized thousands of people every day in the region for a few weeks. In total, 2.8 million people were vaccinated in Zinder, Maradi, and Dosso regions in Niger, and 4.5 million people in Katsina, Jigawa, Bauchi, Kebbi, Sokoto, Niger, Zamfara, Kaduna, and Gombe States in Nigeria. Vaccination campaigns continue at some sites in Nigeria for a total of 255,000 people.

Countries affected

Burkina Faso

The outbreak has affected four departments in Burkina Faso: Batié Department, Manni Department, Solenzo Department, and Toma Department.[6] About 15% of those infected have died from meningitis. In addition, a small measles outbreak occurred at the same time as the meningitis epidemic.[6]

Mali

In Mali, 54 people were infected with meningitis, six of whom died.[1] At the time of the outbreak, several organizations were conducting clinical meningitis vaccine trials.[7]

Infections and deaths by country[8]
Country Infections Deaths
Nigeria 9,086 562
Niger 2,620 113
Burkina Faso 1,756 250
Mali 54 6
Total 13,516 931

Niger

The outbreak first began in late January with several cases reported in Zinder Region, in southern Niger.[9] Compared to the meningitis epidemic in 2008, more cases have been reported, but with a lower fatality rate.[10] Five districts in Niger have been seriously affected by the outbreak, and eight others are "on alert," according to the World Health Organization.[11] A 1 May report from the remote towns of northern Niger described an increasing number of cases blamed on migrant workers from Nigeria and Ghana who travel through the region hoping to gain access to Algeria and Libya, and from there Europe. The Agadez Region directorate of public health report reported 189 cases with 16 death is the Region, 99 cases with 4 deaths in Agadez alone. In the even more remote areas further east, officials in Bilma and Dirkou reported 36 cases but with 10 of them resulting in death.[12]

Nigeria

Nigeria was struck especially hard, with 562 deaths in 9,086 cases.[8] 333 deaths occurred in the country over a three-month period in twenty-two out of thirty-six states.[13] 217 Local Government Areas also reported cases.[9] Several states mounted large meningitis vaccination and information campaigns after the outbreak.[14] Babatunde Osotimehin, the Nigerian Minister of Health said that his nation was prepared for the expected epidemic: "On 3rd September 2008, we alerted all the States in the meningitis belt to intensify surveillance, preposition drugs and laboratory materials and sensitise the public on preventive measures. Indeed, right from August 2008, the Ministry had prepositioned all the states in the meningitis belt with oily chloramphenicol as well as laboratory reagents and materials for confirmation of cases."[15]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "West African meningitis outbreak kills 931". Agence France-Presse. 12 March 2009. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
  2. ^ a b c Reuters:UPDATE 1-Meningitis kills over 1,100 West Africans - WHO
  3. ^ "West African meningitis epidemics driven by the wind". Medical News Today. 12 March 2009. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
  4. ^ de Costa, Gilbert (4 March 2009). "Health Officials Say Meningitis Ravaging Northern Nigeria". VOA. Archived from the original on 12 March 2009. Retrieved 15 March 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ French, Howard W. (8 May 1996). "Wide Epidemic of Men Fatal to 10,000 in West Africa". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 March 2009. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  6. ^ a b "Burkina Faso: Meningitis and measles DREF operation n° MDRBF007". IFRC. 25 February 2009. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
  7. ^ "African countries to introduce new meningitis vaccine". World Health Organization. 4 September 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
  8. ^ a b "931 Killed In West African Meningitis Outbreak: UNICEF". RTT News. 12 March 2009. Archived from the original on 22 March 2009. Retrieved 15 March 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ a b "Nigeria: Battling the Lassa, CSM Outbreaks". All Africa. 11 March 2009. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
  10. ^ "In Brief: Meningitis infections climb in Niger". IRIN News. 9 March 2009. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
  11. ^ "West Africa: Meningitis Emergency Vaccine Stock Tapped Early". All Africa. 5 March 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
  12. ^ Agadez : des migrants vecteurs de la méningite[permanent dead link]. Ibrahim Manzo DIALLO, Aïr Info. 1 May 2009. Accessed 2009-06-04.
  13. ^ "Nigeria: Meningitis Kills 333". The New York Times. 5 March 2009. Retrieved 15 March 2009. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  14. ^ a Ibrahim, Yusha'u (9 March 2009). "Nigeria: Jigawa Begins Meningitis Vaccination". All Africa. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
  15. ^ Ogundipe, Sola (10 March 2009). "Nigeria: We Anticipated CSM Epidemic And Prepared for It - Osotimehin". All Africa. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
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