Baidoa: Difference between revisions
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'''Baidoa''' ({{lang-so|''Baydhabo''}}), is capital in the southwestern [[Bay, Somalia|Bay]] region of [[Somalia]].During the Middle Ages, Baidoa and its surrounding area was part of the [[Ajuran Sultanate]]. |
'''Baidoa''' ({{lang-so|''Baydhabo''}}), is capital in the southwestern [[Bay, Somalia|Bay]] region of [[Somalia]].During the Middle Ages, Baidoa and its surrounding area was part of the [[Ajuran Sultanate]]. |
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in 2005 Transitional Federal Government established temporary headquarters in Baidoa before an eventual relocation of government offices to Mogadishu.<ref name="Aurotc">{{cite web|title=Report of the Chairperson of the Commission on the outcomes of the Fact-finding/Reconnaissance Mission to Somalia and the IGAD military planning meetings|url=http://www.africa-union.org/News_Events/Calendar_of_%20Events/29%20psc/Report%20-%20Somalia.doc|publisher=African Union|accessdate=February 11, 2014}}</ref> |
in 2005 Transitional Federal Government established temporary headquarters in Baidoa before an eventual relocation of government offices to Mogadishu.<ref name="Aurotc">{{cite web|title=Report of the Chairperson of the Commission on the outcomes of the Fact-finding/Reconnaissance Mission to Somalia and the IGAD military planning meetings |url=http://www.africa-union.org/News_Events/Calendar_of_%20Events/29%20psc/Report%20-%20Somalia.doc |publisher=African Union |accessdate=February 11, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222221742/http://www.africa-union.org/News_Events/Calendar_of_%20Events/29%20psc/Report%20-%20Somalia.doc |archivedate=February 22, 2014 }}</ref> |
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In 2012, it was made the capital of the [[Southwestern Somalia|Southwestern State of Somalia]], a prospective [[States and regions of Somalia|Federal Member State]]. |
In 2012, it was made the capital of the [[Southwestern Somalia|Southwestern State of Somalia]], a prospective [[States and regions of Somalia|Federal Member State]]. |
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In 2002, the RRA's leader [[Hasan Muhammad Nur Shatigadud]] founded the [[Southwestern Somalia|Southwestern State of Somalia]] regional administration, with its headquarters in Baidoa. The creation of the autonomous state was a move to show the RRA leadership's disaffection with the nascent [[Mogadishu]]-based [[Transitional National Government]], which had been established two years earlier.<ref name="Tarbws">{{cite news |title=Third autonomous region breaks with Somalia |url=http://www.afrol.com/News2002/som004_southwest.htm |publisher=[[Afrol News]] |date=2 March 2002 |accessdate=2007-02-04}}</ref> In 2005, the Southwestern State was officially dissolved after its leader Shatigadud had joined the [[Transitional Federal Parliament]] in November 2004 and later became Minister of Finance in January 2005 in the [[Transitional Federal Government]] (TFG), the TNG's successor.<ref name="Wsss">{{cite web|title=Southwestern Somalia|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html#Southwest|publisher=Worldstatesmen|accessdate=13 December 2013}}</ref> |
In 2002, the RRA's leader [[Hasan Muhammad Nur Shatigadud]] founded the [[Southwestern Somalia|Southwestern State of Somalia]] regional administration, with its headquarters in Baidoa. The creation of the autonomous state was a move to show the RRA leadership's disaffection with the nascent [[Mogadishu]]-based [[Transitional National Government]], which had been established two years earlier.<ref name="Tarbws">{{cite news |title=Third autonomous region breaks with Somalia |url=http://www.afrol.com/News2002/som004_southwest.htm |publisher=[[Afrol News]] |date=2 March 2002 |accessdate=2007-02-04}}</ref> In 2005, the Southwestern State was officially dissolved after its leader Shatigadud had joined the [[Transitional Federal Parliament]] in November 2004 and later became Minister of Finance in January 2005 in the [[Transitional Federal Government]] (TFG), the TNG's successor.<ref name="Wsss">{{cite web|title=Southwestern Somalia|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html#Southwest|publisher=Worldstatesmen|accessdate=13 December 2013}}</ref> |
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In early 2005, the TFG sent official delegations to Baidoa and [[Jowhar]] to assess the suitability of each city as a temporary headquarters for the TFG before an eventual relocation of government offices to Mogadishu.<ref name="Aurotc">{{cite web|title=Report of the Chairperson of the Commission on the outcomes of the Fact-finding/Reconnaissance Mission to Somalia and the IGAD military planning meetings|url=http://www.africa-union.org/News_Events/Calendar_of_%20Events/29%20psc/Report%20-%20Somalia.doc|publisher=African Union|accessdate=February 11, 2014}}</ref> In June–July 2005, the Transitional Federal Government established an interim seat in Jowhar due to ongoing insecurity in the capital. To strengthen its presence in the town, the central authorities built an improved airport and inaugurated the Duduble Canal.<ref name="Tgrtjcs">{{cite web|title=Transitional government relocates to Jowhar, Central Somalia|url=http://www.unicef.org/somalia/SOM_UNICEFSomRvwJune-July05FNL.pdf|publisher=UNICEF|accessdate=February 11, 2014}}</ref> The TFG later moved its temporary headquarters to Baidoa.<ref name="Abapd">{{cite web|title=Background and Political Developments|url=http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/auc/departments/psc/amisom/AMISOM_Background.htm|publisher=AMISOM|accessdate=February 11, 2014}}</ref> |
In early 2005, the TFG sent official delegations to Baidoa and [[Jowhar]] to assess the suitability of each city as a temporary headquarters for the TFG before an eventual relocation of government offices to Mogadishu.<ref name="Aurotc">{{cite web|title=Report of the Chairperson of the Commission on the outcomes of the Fact-finding/Reconnaissance Mission to Somalia and the IGAD military planning meetings |url=http://www.africa-union.org/News_Events/Calendar_of_%20Events/29%20psc/Report%20-%20Somalia.doc |publisher=African Union |accessdate=February 11, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222221742/http://www.africa-union.org/News_Events/Calendar_of_%20Events/29%20psc/Report%20-%20Somalia.doc |archivedate=February 22, 2014 }}</ref> In June–July 2005, the Transitional Federal Government established an interim seat in Jowhar due to ongoing insecurity in the capital. To strengthen its presence in the town, the central authorities built an improved airport and inaugurated the Duduble Canal.<ref name="Tgrtjcs">{{cite web|title=Transitional government relocates to Jowhar, Central Somalia|url=http://www.unicef.org/somalia/SOM_UNICEFSomRvwJune-July05FNL.pdf|publisher=UNICEF|accessdate=February 11, 2014}}</ref> The TFG later moved its temporary headquarters to Baidoa.<ref name="Abapd">{{cite web|title=Background and Political Developments |url=http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/auc/departments/psc/amisom/AMISOM_Background.htm |publisher=AMISOM |accessdate=February 11, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821014130/http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/auc/departments/psc/amisom/AMISOM_Background.htm |archivedate=August 21, 2011 }}</ref> |
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In December 2006, [[Ethiopian National Defense Force|Ethiopian troops]] entered Somalia to assist the TFG against the advancing [[Islamic Courts Union]],<ref name="Cfbsom">{{cite web|author=Central Intelligence Agency|title=Somalia|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|location=Langley, Virginia|year=2014|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html|accessdate=April 5, 2014}}</ref> initially winning the [[Battle of Baidoa]]. On 28 December 2006, the allied forces [[Fall of Mogadishu|recaptured the capital]] from the ICU.<ref name="Psnrpaya">{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-12/29/content_10577078.htm |title=Profile: Somali's newly resigned President Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=December 29, 2008 |accessdate=September 5, 2013}}</ref> The offensive helped the TFG solidify its rule.<ref name="Eios">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/153/26334.html |title=Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia |publisher=Globalpolicy.org |date=August 14, 2007 |accessdate=June 27, 2010}}</ref> On 8 January 2007, for the first time since taking office, President [[Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed]] entered Mogadishu from Baidoa to engage in consultations with local business, religious and civil society representatives as the TFG moved its base to the national capital.<ref name="Vspicfc">{{cite news|last=Majtenyi|first=Cathy|title=Somali President in Capital for Consultations|url=http://www.51voa.com/VOA_Standard_English/VOA_Standard_9474.html|accessdate=17 February 2014|newspaper=VOA|date=8 January 2007}}</ref> |
In December 2006, [[Ethiopian National Defense Force|Ethiopian troops]] entered Somalia to assist the TFG against the advancing [[Islamic Courts Union]],<ref name="Cfbsom">{{cite web|author=Central Intelligence Agency|title=Somalia|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|location=Langley, Virginia|year=2014|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html|accessdate=April 5, 2014}}</ref> initially winning the [[Battle of Baidoa]]. On 28 December 2006, the allied forces [[Fall of Mogadishu|recaptured the capital]] from the ICU.<ref name="Psnrpaya">{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-12/29/content_10577078.htm |title=Profile: Somali's newly resigned President Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=December 29, 2008 |accessdate=September 5, 2013}}</ref> The offensive helped the TFG solidify its rule.<ref name="Eios">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/153/26334.html |title=Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia |publisher=Globalpolicy.org |date=August 14, 2007 |accessdate=June 27, 2010}}</ref> On 8 January 2007, for the first time since taking office, President [[Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed]] entered Mogadishu from Baidoa to engage in consultations with local business, religious and civil society representatives as the TFG moved its base to the national capital.<ref name="Vspicfc">{{cite news|last=Majtenyi|first=Cathy|title=Somali President in Capital for Consultations|url=http://www.51voa.com/VOA_Standard_English/VOA_Standard_9474.html|accessdate=17 February 2014|newspaper=VOA|date=8 January 2007}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 21:30, 13 July 2017
Baidoa
Baydhabo بيدوا | |
|---|---|
City | |
 Baidoa | |
  Baidoa Location in Somalia. | |
| Coordinates: 3°07′00″N 43°39′00″E / 3.11667°N 43.65000°E | |
| Country |  Somalia |
| Region | Bay |
| District | Baidoa |
| Government | |
| • Type | South West State of Somalia |
| • Mayor | Mr. Abdullahi Ali Watiin |
| Population (2005) | |
| • Total | 227,761 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (EAT) |
| Area code | +25261 |
Baidoa ([Baydhabo] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)), is capital in the southwestern Bay region of Somalia.During the Middle Ages, Baidoa and its surrounding area was part of the Ajuran Sultanate. in 2005 Transitional Federal Government established temporary headquarters in Baidoa before an eventual relocation of government offices to Mogadishu.[1]
In 2012, it was made the capital of the Southwestern State of Somalia, a prospective Federal Member State.
History
Early history
Baidoa and the broader Bay region is home to a number of important ancient sites. Archaeologists have found pre-historic rock art on the city's outskirts, in Buur Heybe.[2]
During the Middle Ages, Baidoa and its surrounding area was part of the The influential polity covered much of southern Somalia and eastern Ethiopia, with its domain extending from Mareeg in the north, to Qelafo in the west, to Kismayo in the south.[3]
In the early modern period, the Baidoa area was ruled by the Geledi Sultanate. The kingdom was eventually incorporated into Italian Somaliland in 1908, and ended in 1910 with the death of its last Sultan Osman Ahmed.[4] After independence in 1960, the city was made the center of the official Baidoa District.
Civil war
Baidoa later incurred significant damage in the early 1990s, following the start of the civil war.[5] In September 1995, United Somali Congress militia attacked and occupied the town.[6] They remained in control of Baidoa until around January 1996, while the local Rahanweyn Resistance Army militia continued to engage the USC in the town's environs.[7] In 1999, the RRA seized control of the wider Bay and Bakool provinces. The town and larger region gradually rebounded to become among the more stable areas in the south.[5]
In 2002, the RRA's leader Hasan Muhammad Nur Shatigadud founded the Southwestern State of Somalia regional administration, with its headquarters in Baidoa. The creation of the autonomous state was a move to show the RRA leadership's disaffection with the nascent Mogadishu-based Transitional National Government, which had been established two years earlier.[8] In 2005, the Southwestern State was officially dissolved after its leader Shatigadud had joined the Transitional Federal Parliament in November 2004 and later became Minister of Finance in January 2005 in the Transitional Federal Government (TFG), the TNG's successor.[9]
In early 2005, the TFG sent official delegations to Baidoa and Jowhar to assess the suitability of each city as a temporary headquarters for the TFG before an eventual relocation of government offices to Mogadishu.[1] In June–July 2005, the Transitional Federal Government established an interim seat in Jowhar due to ongoing insecurity in the capital. To strengthen its presence in the town, the central authorities built an improved airport and inaugurated the Duduble Canal.[10] The TFG later moved its temporary headquarters to Baidoa.[11]
In December 2006, Ethiopian troops entered Somalia to assist the TFG against the advancing Islamic Courts Union,[12] initially winning the Battle of Baidoa. On 28 December 2006, the allied forces recaptured the capital from the ICU.[13] The offensive helped the TFG solidify its rule.[14] On 8 January 2007, for the first time since taking office, President Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed entered Mogadishu from Baidoa to engage in consultations with local business, religious and civil society representatives as the TFG moved its base to the national capital.[15]
Following their defeat, the Islamic Courts Union splintered into several different factions. Some of the more radical elements, including Al-Shabaab, regrouped to continue their insurgency against the TFG and oppose the Ethiopian military's presence in Somalia. Throughout 2007 and 2008, Al-Shabaab scored military victories, seizing control of key towns and ports in both central and southern Somalia. At the end of 2008, the group had captured Baidoa but not Mogadishu.[16] In February 2012, Somali government forces and allied Ethiopian troops re-captured Baidoa from Al-Shabaab.[17]
Southwestern State
In December 2013, a convention began in Baidoa between Federal Government officials and local representatives with the aim of establishing an autonomous state in the area under the Provision Federal Constitution.[18] Two simultaneous political processes for the establishment of a new Southwestern State of Somalia were underway: one led by former Parliament Speaker Sharif Hassan Sheikh Adan, which proposed a three region state consisting of the Bay, Bakool and Lower Shabelle provinces; another led by convention organizer Malaq Ali Shino, former MP Madobe Nunow Mohamed and erstwhile Bay region Governor Abdifatah Geesey, which proposed instead the re-establishment of a six region Southwestern Somalia state consisting of the Bay, Bakool, Lower Shabelle, Gedo, Middle Jubba and Lower Jubba provinces.[19]
Demographics
According to the UNDP in 2005 the population of Baidoa was 227,761.[20] The city is situated at the center of one of the most densely populated areas in the nation. It is an ethnically and culturally diverse town, with many local residents originating from other parts of the country.[5]
Additionally, Baidoa is the heartland of Maay, an Afro-Asiatic language principally spoken by the Digil and Mirifle (Rahanweyn or Sab) clans in the southern regions of Somalia.[21][22] Its speech area extends from the southwestern border with Ethiopia to a region close to the coastal strip between Mogadishu and Kismayo.[22] Maay is not mutually comprehensible with Standard Somali, and it differs considerably in sentence structure and phonology.[23] However, Maay speakers often use Standard Somali as a lingua franca,[22] which is learned via mass communications, internal migration and urbanization.[23]
Climate
Baidoa has a hot and semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh), as with much of southern Somalia. By contrast, towns in the northern part of the country generally have a hot arid climate (Köppen BWh).[24]
| Climate data for Baidoa | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 44.0 (111.2) |
43.0 (109.4) |
43.0 (109.4) |
43.0 (109.4) |
40.3 (104.5) |
39.5 (103.1) |
37.0 (98.6) |
38.0 (100.4) |
39.0 (102.2) |
40.0 (104.0) |
44.0 (111.2) |
45.0 (113.0) |
45.0 (113.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 34.3 (93.7) |
35.7 (96.3) |
35.8 (96.4) |
34.1 (93.4) |
31.5 (88.7) |
30.4 (86.7) |
28.8 (83.8) |
29.3 (84.7) |
30.8 (87.4) |
30.9 (87.6) |
31.5 (88.7) |
32.9 (91.2) |
32.1 (89.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 27.2 (81.0) |
28.0 (82.4) |
28.3 (82.9) |
27.5 (81.5) |
26.1 (79.0) |
25.1 (77.2) |
24.0 (75.2) |
24.3 (75.7) |
25.2 (77.4) |
25.5 (77.9) |
26.1 (79.0) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.2 (79.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 19.9 (67.8) |
20.3 (68.5) |
20.9 (69.6) |
21.0 (69.8) |
20.8 (69.4) |
20.0 (68.0) |
19.3 (66.7) |
19.4 (66.9) |
19.7 (67.5) |
20.4 (68.7) |
20.2 (68.4) |
20.2 (68.4) |
20.2 (68.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 14.3 (57.7) |
15.4 (59.7) |
16.0 (60.8) |
15.0 (59.0) |
14.0 (57.2) |
17.0 (62.6) |
15.0 (59.0) |
10.0 (50.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
16.0 (60.8) |
15.5 (59.9) |
10.0 (50.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 1 (0.0) |
6 (0.2) |
23 (0.9) |
151 (5.9) |
118 (4.6) |
12 (0.5) |
19 (0.7) |
7 (0.3) |
13 (0.5) |
141 (5.6) |
80 (3.1) |
14 (0.6) |
585 (23.0) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 0 | 1 | 3 | 11 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 10 | 7 | 2 | 52 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 59 | 58 | 60 | 70 | 75 | 70 | 71 | 67 | 64 | 72 | 74 | 67 | 67 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 288.3 | 274.0 | 275.9 | 228.0 | 238.7 | 207.0 | 161.2 | 207.7 | 219.0 | 192.2 | 237.0 | 275.9 | 2,804.9 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 9.3 | 9.7 | 8.9 | 7.6 | 7.7 | 6.9 | 5.2 | 6.7 | 7.3 | 6.2 | 7.9 | 8.9 | 7.7 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 78 | 81 | 73 | 62 | 63 | 56 | 42 | 55 | 60 | 52 | 66 | 75 | 64 |
| Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst[25] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Food and Agriculture Organization: Somalia Water and Land Management (percent sunshine)[26] | |||||||||||||
Education
Baidoa has a large secondary school, from which around 100 pupils graduated per year in 2008. As of 2012, several other high schools were in development.[5]
Tertiary education in the city is served by the University of Southern Somalia.[27] After a considerable planning stage, the institution was established in 2007 by a group of Somali scholars and intellectuals. Inaugural classes began the following year, in August 2008. University representatives concurrently announced plans to develop four colleges: the College of Science, Agriculture, and Engineering, the College of Social Science, the College of Education, the College of Health and Environmental Sciences, and the College of Jurisprudence. Additionally, an Institute of Social Research is being developed. Plans are also in the works to construct a new campus in an area around 15 km north of Baidoa, as well as two new branches in two other principal cities in the Bay region.[5]
Transportation
Air transportation in Baidoa is served by the Baidoa Airport. Sitting at an elevation of 1,520 feet (463 m), it has a 9843 × 131 ft (3000 × 40 m) asphalt runway. The airport has fuel services, a terminal building, storage container, on-site warehouse, and radio towers.[28][29]
Subdivisions
Baidoa is administratively divided into four districts:
- Isha
- Horseed
- Berdaale
- Howlwadaag
Notable residents
- Hasan Muhammad Nur Shatigadud – former Minister of Finance of Somalia and Rahanweyn Resistance Army leader
- Nuruddin Farah – prominent writer
Sharif Hassan sheikh adan. Current president of south west somalia
See also
Notes
- ^ a b "Report of the Chairperson of the Commission on the outcomes of the Fact-finding/Reconnaissance Mission to Somalia and the IGAD military planning meetings". African Union. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Suleiman, Anita (1991). Somali studies: early history. HAAN Associates. p. 4.
- ^ Lee V. Cassanelli, The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900, (University of Pennsylvania Press: 1982), p.102.
- ^ Cassanelli, Lee Vincent (1973). The Benaadir Past: Essays in Southern Somali History. University Microfilms International. p. 149.
- ^ a b c d e "About us". University of Southern Somalia. Archived from the original on January 21, 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Associated Press (September 19, 1995). "Aidid troops kill Somalis, capture city". The Register-Guard. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
- ^ "Report of the Secretary-General on the Situation in Somalia (S/1996/42)" (PDF). January 19, 1996. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
- ^ "Third autonomous region breaks with Somalia". Afrol News. 2 March 2002. Retrieved 2007-02-04.
- ^ "Southwestern Somalia". Worldstatesmen. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
- ^ "Transitional government relocates to Jowhar, Central Somalia" (PDF). UNICEF. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
- ^ "Background and Political Developments". AMISOM. Archived from the original on August 21, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Central Intelligence Agency (2014). "Somalia". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
- ^ "Profile: Somali's newly resigned President Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed". News.xinhuanet.com. December 29, 2008. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
- ^ "Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia". Globalpolicy.org. August 14, 2007. Retrieved June 27, 2010.
- ^ Majtenyi, Cathy (8 January 2007). "Somali President in Capital for Consultations". VOA. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
- ^ International Crisis Group, Somalia: To Move Beyond the Failed State, Africa Report N°147 – December 23, 2008, 25.
- ^ "Ethiopian forces capture key Somali rebel stronghold". Reuters. 22 February 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
- ^ "Somalia: 600 arrested in Baidoa security sweep". Garowe Online. 15 December 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
- ^ "Somalia: Baidoa gears up for controversial election amid growing concern". Garowe Online. 3 March 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
- ^ https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/Somalia/UNDP-POP-RURAL-URBAN%202005.pdf
- ^ Dalby, Andrew (1998). Dictionary of languages: the definitive reference to more than 400 languages. Columbia University Press. p. 571.
- ^ a b c Saeed, John (1999). Somali. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. p. 4. ISBN 1-55619-224-X.
- ^ a b "Maay - A language of Somalia". Ethnologue. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
- ^ Peel, M. C.; Finlayson B.L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification". Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11: 1633–1644. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. ISSN 1027-5606.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|last-author-amp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) (direct: Final Revised Paper) - ^ "Klimatafel von Iscia Baidoa / Somalia" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
- ^ "Long term mean monthly sunshine fraction in Somalia". Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
- ^ "List of Somalia Universities". Qalam International college. Archived from the original on April 7, 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Airport information for Baidoa, Somalia (IATA: BIB, ICAO: HCMB) at Great Circle Mapper.
- ^ "BAIDOA" (PDF). Operation Somalia: Airfield Specifications. Logistics Cluster. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)
References
External links
