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In February 2012, Ayre and three other individuals were indicted by the US Attorney for Maryland on charges of illegal gambling and money laundering related to conduct that occurred before the 2006 passage of the [[Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act]] (UIGEA). Ayre released a statement via CalvinAyre.com saying he viewed the indictment as “abuse of the US criminal justice system for the commercial gain of large US corporations.” Ayre also noted that the US Attorney had seized Bodog.com, a domain that had been dormant since the Bodog brand revoked its licensing agreement with MMGG the previous year. Ayre holds an online gaming license in the country of Antigua that is subject to a longstanding [[World Trade Organization]] dispute with the US government and which may figure in the resolution of this dispute.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2012/02/29/bodog-calvin-ayre-indicted.html |title=Bodog gambling site shut down, Canadian owner indicted |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |language= |trans_title= |date=February 29, 2012 |work=www.cbc.ca |publisher=CBC |accessdate=June 18, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.antiguaobserver.com/wto-online-gaming-ruling-could-be-trouble-for-united-states/ |title=WTO online gaming ruling could be trouble for United States |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |language= |trans_title= |date=February 11, 2013 |work=www.antiguaobserver.com |publisher=Antigua Observer |accessdate=June 18, 2013}}</ref>
In February 2012, Ayre and three other individuals were indicted by the US Attorney for Maryland on charges of illegal gambling and money laundering related to conduct that occurred before the 2006 passage of the [[Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act]] (UIGEA). Ayre released a statement via CalvinAyre.com saying he viewed the indictment as “abuse of the US criminal justice system for the commercial gain of large US corporations.” Ayre also noted that the US Attorney had seized Bodog.com, a domain that had been dormant since the Bodog brand revoked its licensing agreement with MMGG the previous year. Ayre holds an online gaming license in the country of Antigua that is subject to a longstanding [[World Trade Organization]] dispute with the US government and which may figure in the resolution of this dispute.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2012/02/29/bodog-calvin-ayre-indicted.html |title=Bodog gambling site shut down, Canadian owner indicted |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |language= |trans_title= |date=February 29, 2012 |work=www.cbc.ca |publisher=CBC |accessdate=June 18, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.antiguaobserver.com/wto-online-gaming-ruling-could-be-trouble-for-united-states/ |title=WTO online gaming ruling could be trouble for United States |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |language= |trans_title= |date=February 11, 2013 |work=www.antiguaobserver.com |publisher=Antigua Observer |accessdate=June 18, 2013}}</ref>


In July 2017, US federal prosecutors have dropped all charges filed over five years ago against Calvin Ayre and the Bodog online gambling business. Chief Judge Catherine Blake of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland accepted a resolution that dismissed all of the felony charges against Calvin Ayre and Bodog. In addition, the seized Bodog.com domain has been returned and has been purchased by friends of Ayre. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://calvinayre.com/2017/07/14/business/charges-dropped-calvin-ayre-bodog-friends/ |title=Charges dropped against Calvin Ayre, Bodog and friends |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |language= |trans_title= |date=July 14, 2017 |work=Steven Stradbrooke |accessdate=July 15, 2017}}</ref>
In July 2017, US federal prosecutors have dropped all charges filed over five years ago against Calvin Ayre and the Bodog online gambling business. Chief Judge Catherine Blake of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland accepted a resolution that dismissed all of the felony charges against Calvin Ayre and Bodog. In addition, the seized Bodog.com domain has been returned and has been purchased by friends of Ayre. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://calvinayre.com/2017/07/14/business/charges-dropped-calvin-ayre-bodog-friends/ |title=Charges dropped against Calvin Ayre, Bodog and friends |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |language= |trans_title= |date=July 14, 2017 |work=Steven Stradbrooke |publisher=CalvinAyre.com |accessdate=July 15, 2017}}</ref>


==Bitcoin Involvement==
==Bitcoin Involvement==

Revision as of 16:20, 14 July 2017

Calvin Ayre
File:CalvinAyre.jpg
Born (1961-05-25) May 25, 1961 (age 63)
Lloydminster, Saskatchewan
EducationBachelor of Science (BSc) in general sciences, University of Waterloo
MBA in management finance, City University of Seattle
Known forBecoming a self-made billionaire by founding online gambling venture Bodog
Websitecalvinayre.com

Calvin Ayre (born May 25, 1961, in Lloydminster, Saskatchewan, Canada) is a Canadian and Antiguan entrepreneur based in Antigua and Barbuda, and founder of the Bodog entertainment brand.

In 1992 he laid the groundwork for the organization that eventually became online gambling company Bodog and the associated Bodog Entertainment brand. In 2000 he launched Bodog.com, the success of which made him a billionaire. Ayre's notoriety increased in the mid-2000s as online gaming’s popularity surged, landing him on the cover of Forbes magazine's 2006 annual Billionaires edition and Star magazine’s "Most Eligible Billionaire Bachelors” list in late 2007.

Ayre modeled his personal brand after Virgin Group founder Richard Branson and the way Branson applied the Virgin brand to a diverse range of business ventures. Ayre plans to build Bodog into a mainstream 21st-century digital entertainment conglomerate. He is noted for his "billionaire bad boy" image yet shrewd business sense.

Early life

Ayre grew up on a farm outside Lloydminster where his father Ken grew wheat and raised pigs. He received an early lesson in the benefits of entrepreneurship when his father gave him his own baby pigs to look after, allowing Ayre to keep the proceeds when the pigs went to market. Ayre, who describes his father as his "number one hero", later put these lessons to work when he paid his university tuition by renting a truck and running loads of fresh fruit from orchards in British Columbia to northern Saskatchewan.[1][2] His father then moved his family to Salmon Arm, B.C., where he ran a water system installation business. Calvin graduated from high school in Salmon Arm.

In 1984, Ayre received a bachelor of science (BSc) in general sciences from the University of Waterloo, adding an MBA in management finance from City University of Seattle in 1989.

Bodog

In 1992, after reading a newspaper article about a Caribbean-based company offering betting services over the telephone, Ayre reports experiencing a "loud bang in my head and the whole universe came together." He quickly deduced that gambling was tailor-made for the internet. "Internet usage was growing at an exponential rate and sports fans weren’t going anywhere."[2] Having taught himself network design by studying Cisco Systems manuals,[2] Ayre decided to convert his fledgling Vancouver-based Internet incubator company into a software support firm for online gambling, which became Bodog. He was able to license his software to several online casinos, but soon realized that the real money was in running his own gaming operation.[3]

Unlike other online casino operators which did not possess the requisite technical skills to produce their own code, Ayre owned the computer code that became the foundation of Bodog and could readily customize and improve it as needed, which allowed him to retain the profits instead of paying licensing fees.[3]

Canadian Business reported "the Bodog name is part of an ambitious branding strategy Ayre envisioned from the start. Ayre came up with it while typing potential brand names into an Internet domain-registration search engine one night. He chose the appellation like a major corporation would pick the name of a new car or brand of soft drink: it had to have six letters or less, be easy to spell and remember, have some personality and be unlike any competitor's moniker. The last criterion was easy to fill since most of Bodog's rivals prefer straightforward brand names such as PartyPoker.com or Sportsbook.com." Ayre reported “Those names are great, but they aren't very portable if you want to expand into other entertainment industries.”[3]

As the face of the Bodog brand, Ayre’s notoriety skyrocketed in the mid-2000s as online gaming’s popularity surged. Ayre’s public profile went mainstream when he was featured as the cover story for Forbes 2006 annual Billionaires edition.[2][4] and Star magazine’s "Most Eligible Billionaire Bachelors” list in late 2007.[5]

In 2000, Ayre launched online gambling site, Bodog.com. Ayre chose to make himself the focus of Bodog’s marketing strategy, putting a face to what was up to that point a largely faceless industry. Ayre claims that the ‘bad boy adventurer’ image projected in Bodog marketing only worked because it was based on something genuine. “The lifestyle I sell is about 80% the reality of what I live.” Putting a human face on his company also added “an extra layer of transparency” that played “an integral role in legitimizing an industry well in need of a facelift.”[6]

With Ayre serving as Bodog’s pitchman the business expanded rapidly, recording turnover of US$7,300,000,000 and revenue of US$210,000,000 in 2005. As Bodog grew in prominence Ayre came to the attention of the mainstream media, appearing on episodes of MTV Cribs, VH1’s Fabulous Life of…, Extra, and ABC Nightline. In 2006, Ayre was named one of People magazine’s 40 hottest bachelors and appeared on the cover of the Forbes Billionaires issue.[2][7][8][9]

In a 2009 interview[10] Ayre stated that following the passage of the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act (UIGEA) in 2006, the organization that he led and that had been accepting customers from the United States withdrew from that market, instead licensing the brand to the Morris Mohawk Gaming Group, which then operated its own online gaming website servicing the US under the Bodog brand until December, 2011. On 14 Dec 2011 MMGG announced that it would no longer operate Bodog-branded websites and transitioned all customers to its new site.[11][12]

Image

Considerable media attention has been focused on Ayre's lifestyle. His public profile is designed to showcase the trappings of a jackpot-winning lifestyle that could appeal to "people who think like 18- to 40-year-old males". He hosts lavish well-publicized parties in Costa Rica and Antigua, with bikini-clad "Bodog Girls" and armed bodyguards in attendance,[1] and the media has noted his reputation as a man who likes to party. The Bodog website and press materials are filled with photographs of the gambling tycoon drinking on yachts with scantily clad models, partying with celebrities and living what Ayre calls "the Bodog lifestyle."[3] Forbes reported "Ayre likes to be seen – especially with attractive women. He is unmarried and has no steady girlfriend (“It would be unfair to the girl,” he says). He has himself driven around in a black Hummer by a chauffeur who was a sniper in the Canadian military in Somalia, Bosnia, Afghanistan and Iraq."[2] Canadian Business reported "in person, Ayre looks every bit the party animal in fashionably distressed jeans and leather biker jacket."[3]

The media has also reported on Bodog's alleged skirting of Internet gambling laws in the United States and other countries. Forbes reported his "taunting analysis of the law: we run a business that can’t actually be described as gambling in each country we operate in. But when you add it all together, it's Internet gambling."[2] In a 2006 feature, The Register called Arye "something of an outlaw... We all know women like a bad boy, and you’re constantly surrounded by beautiful ladies."[6]

Ayres notes his media image:

The media love to play up the bad boy billionaire image, and we're more than happy to play along - it's good marketing! This should, however, not be confused with what you suggest as an almost fugitive or outlaw status. I don't consider myself to have this type of status; I actually travel quite freely and consider what we do to be legal in all the jurisdictions where we carry out our operations. In terms of making our brand more accessible and attractive to an international audience and our particular demographic, we made a very deliberate business decision early in the game to tack my face all over our website and on all campaigns associated with the Bodog brand. More than simply a branding strategy, this tactic allowed us to add an extra layer of transparency that - along with our focus on customer service and our expansion into new forms of entertainment has allowed us to play an integral role in legitimizing an industry well in need of a face-lift.[6]

Canadian Business also took note of Ayre's business-minded nature:

Don't let the playboy image fool you. When it comes to Bodog, Ayre (who has an MBA from City University in Seattle) is all business. Dig deeper into the company website and you'll find his detailed financial analysis of running a sports book alongside long articles chastising his competitors for not helping the industry develop better branding strategies. “People ask me if I am this crazy party guy or this management guy writing these quasi-academic articles,” he says over lunch at the Quay restaurant, a Bodog-owned lounge on the waterfront in Vancouver's fashionable Yaletown district. “I'm both. Bodog is both. We are a company that executes its transactions like a bank, but is also fun to be around.”[3]

Expansion beyond gambling

Ayre has expressed his admiration of Virgin Group founder Richard Branson’s use of his personal brand to promote his companies and the way Branson applied the Virgin brand to a range of business ventures. Using him as a model, Ayre aims to build Bodog into not only one of the largest online gambling brands but also a mainstream 21st-century digital entertainment conglomerate.[3] As Bodog grew, Ayre launched several non-gaming properties under the Bodog brand.

In 2003, Ayre organized BodogConference.com (later renamed the Bodog.com Poker and Sports Marketing Conference) in Las Vegas for sports handicappers, at which National Football League Hall of Fame quarterback Joe Montana was a special guest, tossing autographed footballs to attendees. The conference became an annual event, attracting gambling industry executives and figures from the sports world.[13]

In 2005, Ayre launched the Bodog Music record label with a roster featuring artists such as DMX and the Wu Tang Clan. This led to the Bodog Music Battle of the Bands television series on Fuse TV, in which celebrity judges including former Sex Pistols singer John Lydon traveled across America to find the country’s best unsigned bands.[14][15]

Ayre also launched Calvin Ayre WildCard Poker, a televised poker series on Fox Sports Net featuring pro and celebrity players facing off against online qualifiers. In March 2006, filming of party scenes for the first season finale at Ayre’s compound outside San Jose, Costa Rica, was raided by an estimated 100 police who were under the mistaken impression gambling was taking place. Ayre, who was not charged, used the media spotlight provided by the raid to promote the series and the Bodog brand. He made light of the raid, claiming the police “ate half my buffet.”[16]

Bodog also branched out into sports with the launch of Bodog Fight, a mixed martial arts league incorporating a television series and live pay-per-view events. The 2007 finale in St. Petersburg, Russia, was attended by Russian President Vladimir Putin, former Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi and actor Jean-Claude Van Damme.[17]

Philanthropy

Ayre has stated that one of the perks of his success is “the freedom to be able to, like boom, offer assistance to people if you see a problem.” Calvin Ayre and Bodog have supported a wide variety of charitable causes over the years, including the LA Lakers Youth Foundation and actress Shannon Elizabeth’s Animal Avengers organization.[18]

In 2005, Ayre formalized his charitable efforts under the banner of the Calvin Ayre Foundation. The foundation chose to focus on areas like animal welfare, the environment and education for the disadvantaged. The foundation has supported needy families, elementary schools and physical rehabilitation centers in Costa Rica, worked with groups to combat the practice of bear bile farming in Asia, and provided funding to enable deserving individuals in various nations to pursue higher education. In 2010, the foundation matched funds raised by the online gambling industry for relief efforts tied to the devastating earthquake in Haiti.[18]

In 2006, Ayre produced Bodog Salutes The Troops, a weekend of entertainment for US military personnel in Hawaii, footage of which appeared in a one-hour special on Spike TV. The event, which consisted of a poker tournament and a live musical concert featuring Snoop Dogg, was intended as a benefit for the Fisher House Foundation, which provides free or low-cost lodging for veterans and military families receiving treatment at military medical centers.[19] Following the extensive damage Typhoon Haiyan inflicted on the Philippines in November 2013,[20] Calvin Ayre donated $200,000 to local relief efforts. The Calvin Ayre Foundation also pledged to match gaming industry members' individual donations to typhoon relief up to $1 million.[21][22]

In 2016, Ayre’s foundation was actively operating in countries such as the islands of Antigua, where Ayre is based[23] and the Philippines, providing relief and rehabilitation assistance to a school and communities devastated by typhoons in Northern Samar located in central Philippines, and investing in the future after donating $200,000 to a fund dedicated to ensuring deserving Antiguan students get access to premier education.[24]

Retirement and reemergence

In 2006, the online gambling industry underwent realignment as US authorities made high-profile arrests of several online gambling executives. That year Ayre sold Bodog’s US-facing online gambling business to the Morris Mohawk Gaming Group of Kahnawake, Quebec, with Ayre retaining rights to the Bodog brand. He subsequently announced his retirement from the online gambling business.[25]

In 2009, Ayre came out of retirement to launch CalvinAyre.com, an online gambling industry news and entertainment site. Ayre also announced a revamp of Bodog into a brand licensing business. Ayre licensed Bodog to online gambling companies in Europe and Asia and struck a deal to market the Italian coffee brand Illy in Bodog-branded kiosks. Bodog also entered into sponsorship deals with West Bromwich Albion F.C. and with Scottish Football League First Division side Ayr United F.C..[26][27]

Indictment

In February 2012, Ayre and three other individuals were indicted by the US Attorney for Maryland on charges of illegal gambling and money laundering related to conduct that occurred before the 2006 passage of the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act (UIGEA). Ayre released a statement via CalvinAyre.com saying he viewed the indictment as “abuse of the US criminal justice system for the commercial gain of large US corporations.” Ayre also noted that the US Attorney had seized Bodog.com, a domain that had been dormant since the Bodog brand revoked its licensing agreement with MMGG the previous year. Ayre holds an online gaming license in the country of Antigua that is subject to a longstanding World Trade Organization dispute with the US government and which may figure in the resolution of this dispute.[28][29]

In July 2017, US federal prosecutors have dropped all charges filed over five years ago against Calvin Ayre and the Bodog online gambling business. Chief Judge Catherine Blake of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland accepted a resolution that dismissed all of the felony charges against Calvin Ayre and Bodog. In addition, the seized Bodog.com domain has been returned and has been purchased by friends of Ayre. [30]

Bitcoin Involvement

In June 2016, Andrew O'Hagan published a writer's account of the background behind Craig Wright publicly asserting himself to be Satoshi Nakamoto, the inventor of Bitcoin cryptocurrency, which made the news in May 2016. He revealed Calvin Ayre to be part of the business operation behind this affair, possibly even its ultimate organizer and the financial backer of the $30 million acquisition and development of Craig Wright's assets.[31]

References

  1. ^ a b Bowers, Simon (February 8, 2008). "Billionaire bookie who went from farmboy to playboy". www.guardian.co.uk. The Guardian UK. Retrieved June 18, 2013. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Miller, Matthew (March 11, 2006). "Catch Me If You Can". www.forbes.com/. Forbes. Retrieved June 18, 2013. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Gray, John (October 24, 2005). "Calvin Ayre — The Dealer". www.canadianbusiness.com. Rogers Communications. Retrieved June 20, 2013. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  4. ^ "Money Doesn't Make the Man". www.people.com. Time Inc. June 26, 2006. Retrieved June 19, 2013. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  5. ^ "Most Eligible Billionaire Bachelors Poll". www.starmagazine.com. American Media, Inc. November 14, 2007. Archived from the original on February 14, 2008. Retrieved June 19, 2013. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  6. ^ a b c Hansen, Burke (October 24, 2006). "Playboy gambler says Feds can't stop his online empire". www.theregister.co.uk. The Register. Retrieved June 18, 2013. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  7. ^ "MTV Cribs Visits the Bodog Compound in Costa Rica". calvinayreap.com. March 25, 2008. Retrieved June 18, 2013. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  8. ^ "VH1 The Fabulous Life – Billionaire Rags to Riches". calvinayreap.com. Retrieved June 18, 2013. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  9. ^ "The Bachelor Who Has Made Billions Out of Taking a Gamble". www.extratv.com. TTT West Coast, Inc. September 3, 2007. Retrieved June 18, 2013. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  10. ^ "Bodog.com Founder Calvin Ayre's 1st Post Retirement Interview". Point-spreads.com. 2009-04-20. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  11. ^ "Morris Mohawk Rebrands in US with Bovada Domain". eGaming Review. 2011-06-26. Retrieved 2011-12-14.
  12. ^ "Bodog Branded Entities No Longer". Herald Online. 2011-06-26. Retrieved 2011-12-14.
  13. ^ Ayre, Calvin. "The Making of BodogConference.com". www.docsports.com. Retrieved June 20, 2013. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  14. ^ "Wu-Tang Signs European Deal For New Album". www.xxlmag.com. Harris Publications, Inc. May 3, 2007. Retrieved June 18, 2013. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  15. ^ West, Rudy; DMX (December 19, 2007). "DMX Inks Record Deal With Bodog Music". allhiphop.com. AllHipHop.com, Inc. Retrieved June 18, 2013. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  16. ^ "Sask.-born billionaire shrugs off police raid". www.cbc.ca. CBC. July 20, 2006. Retrieved June 18, 2013. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  17. ^ "The Last of the Famous International Playboys". www.gamblingonlinemagazine.com. Gambling Online Magazine. Archived from the original on February 22, 2013. Retrieved June 18, 2013. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ a b Ferguson, Mike (July 7, 2006). "Interview with Bodog Owner Calvin Ayre". pokerroomreview.com. PokerRoomReview.com. Retrieved June 18, 2013. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  19. ^ "Beach, Bodog Babes and Snoop Dogg: Bodog.com Salutes the Troops". www.bluff.com. Bluff Holding Company. October 2005. Retrieved June 18, 2013. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  20. ^ Super-typhoon Haiyan
  21. ^ Walsh, Jeff (November 12, 2013). "The Calvin Ayre Foundation Pledges Up To 1 Million In Typhoon Relief". Pokerfuse Online Poker News. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  22. ^ Diola, Camille (2013-11-13). "London group dares gambling industry: Raise $1-M for Philippines". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  23. ^ "Gaming mogul says the country is poised to gain from global Bitcoin convergence". www.antiguaobserver.com/. October 2016. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  24. ^ "Charity Recognition Award 2016 Winners". www.gaffg.com. December 2016. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  25. ^ Dean, Josh (July 1, 2008). "THE PERSONALITY BEHIND ONLINE GAMING SITE BODOG". www.fastcompany.com. Mansueto Ventures. Retrieved June 18, 2013. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  26. ^ "West Brom bag record-breaking sponsorship deal with Bodog". www.dailymail.co.uk. Associated Newspapers Ltd. June 27, 2011. Retrieved June 18, 2013. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  27. ^ McGivern, Mark (July 27, 2011). "What odds? Billionaire gambler playboy says it's 'a dream come true' to visit Ayr United". www.dailyrecord.co.uk. Daily Record and Sunday Mail. Retrieved June 18, 2013. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  28. ^ "Bodog gambling site shut down, Canadian owner indicted". www.cbc.ca. CBC. February 29, 2012. Retrieved June 18, 2013. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  29. ^ "WTO online gaming ruling could be trouble for United States". www.antiguaobserver.com. Antigua Observer. February 11, 2013. Retrieved June 18, 2013. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  30. ^ "Charges dropped against Calvin Ayre, Bodog and friends". Steven Stradbrooke. CalvinAyre.com. July 14, 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2017. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  31. ^ "Andrew O'Hagan - The Satoshi Affair". June 30, 2016. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
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