America First (policy): Difference between revisions
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[[File:America First Committee.jpg|thumb|Logo of the [[America First Committee]], a non-interventionist pressure group against the American entry into [[World War II]]]] |
[[File:America First Committee.jpg|thumb|Logo of the [[America First Committee]], a non-interventionist pressure group against the American entry into [[World War II]]]] |
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'''America First''' refers to a [[foreign policy]] in the [[United States]] that emphasizes [[American nationalism]] in international relations and that is often described as [[isolationism|isolationist]]. It first gained prominence in the [[interwar period]] and was advocated by the [[America First Committee]], a non-interventionist pressure group against the American entry into [[World War II]].<ref name="Sarles" /> Since 2016, |
'''America First''' refers to a [[foreign policy]] in the [[United States]] that emphasizes [[American nationalism]] in international relations and that is often described as [[isolationism|isolationist]]. It first gained prominence in the [[interwar period]] and was advocated by the [[America First Committee]], a non-interventionist pressure group against the American entry into [[World War II]].<ref name="Sarles" /> Since 2016, an identically-named foreign policy that emphasizes similar objectives has been pursued by the [[Trump Administration|administration]] of [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{cite web|title=America First Foreign Policy|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/america-first-foreign-policy|website=Whitehouse.gov|publisher=The White House|accessdate=January 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Shapiro|first1=Ari|title=As Trump Adopts 'America First' Policy, China's Global Role Could Change|url=http://www.npr.org/2017/01/23/511267259/as-trump-adopts-america-first-policy-chinas-global-role-could-change|accessdate=January 26, 2017|agency=National Public Radio|date=January 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The New Nationalism|url=http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21710249-his-call-put-america-first-donald-trump-latest-recruit-dangerous|accessdate=January 26, 2017|publisher=The Economist|date=November 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Trump details 'America First' foreign plan|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-us-2016-36152947|accessdate=January 26, 2017|agency=BBC World Service|date=April 28, 2016}}</ref> |
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==First use== |
==First use== |
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Revision as of 14:48, 20 July 2017
America First refers to a foreign policy in the United States that emphasizes American nationalism in international relations and that is often described as isolationist. It first gained prominence in the interwar period and was advocated by the America First Committee, a non-interventionist pressure group against the American entry into World War II.[1] Since 2016, an identically-named foreign policy that emphasizes similar objectives has been pursued by the administration of U.S. President Donald Trump.[2][3][4][5]
First use
America First originally referred to the foreign policy advocated by the America First Committee, a non-interventionist pressure group against the American entry into World War II and it emphasized American nationalism in international relations. The America First Committee's membership peaked at 800,000 paying members in 450 chapters, and it popularized the slogan "America First."[1] While the America First Committee had a variety of supporters in the United States, "the movement was marred by anti-Semitic and pro-fascist rhetoric."[6]
Later use
America First has sometimes been used as a slogan by some Republicans in later periods, notably by Pat Buchanan, who praised the America First Committee and said "the achievements of that organization are monumental."[7] Buchanan's "call for an America First foreign policy has been compared with the America First Committee."[8]
Donald Trump
Since 2016, a similarly named foreign policy that emphasizes similar objectives has been pursued by the administration of U.S. President Donald Trump.[9][10][11][12]
Trump used the slogan, who has said that "'America First' will be the major and overriding theme" of his administration.[13][14]
In a Politico/Morning Consult poll released on January 25, 2017, 65% of Americans responded positively to President Trump's "America First" inaugural message, with 39% viewing the speech as poor.[15][16]
The slogan has been criticized by some for carrying comparisons to the America First Committee, a non-interventionist organization that lobbied the United States against entry into World War II.[17] Trump denied being an isolationist, and said, "I like the expression."[18] A number of scholars (such as Deborah Dash Moore), commentators (such as Bill Kristol) and Jewish organizations (such as the Anti-Defamation League and the Jewish Council for Public Affairs) criticized Trump's use of the slogan because of its historical association with nativism and antisemitism.[19]
Others have said that Trump is not a non-interventionist and never has been.[20][21]
In popular culture
The policy and its phrasing became a subject of international satire through the Every Second Counts video contest inspired by Dutch comedian Arjen Lubach and launched by German comedian Jan Böhmermann following Trump's inauguration.[22] News satire television programs initially throughout Europe, and later from around the world, comically appealed to Trump to acknowledge their own countries in light of Trump's nationalist slogan, with a narrator employing a similar voice, speech patterns, and exaggerations to those of Trump himself.[23][24] Lubach's initial version, for example, ended by noting that "We totally understand it's going to be America first, but can we just say: The Netherlands second?".[25][26]
References
- ^ a b Ruth Sarles, A Story of America First: The Men and Women who Opposed U.S.intervention in World War II, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003, ISBN 9780275975128
- ^ "America First Foreign Policy". Whitehouse.gov. The White House. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
- ^ Shapiro, Ari (January 23, 2017). "As Trump Adopts 'America First' Policy, China's Global Role Could Change". National Public Radio. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
- ^ "The New Nationalism". The Economist. November 19, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
- ^ "Trump details 'America First' foreign plan". BBC World Service. April 28, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
- ^
- Brian Bennett, "America First", a Phrase with a Loaded Anti-Semitic and Isolationist History, Los Angeles Times (January 20, 2017): "While the America First Committee attracted a wide array of support, the movement was marred by anti-Semitic and pro-fascist rhetoric."
- See also Susan Dunn, Trump's 'America First' has ugly echoes from U.S. history, CNN (April 28, 2016): "Seeking to brand itself as a mainstream organization, America First struggled with the problem of the anti-Semitism of some of its leaders and many of its members."
- Richard Gid Powers, Not Without Honor: The History of American Anticommunism (The Free Press, 1995: Yale University Press ed., 1998), p. 167: "The America First Committee and Norman Thomas's group tried to maintain their distance from anti-Semites and fascists, but the lunatic fringe of countersubversives was drawn irresistibly to them, wild for the possibility of become part of a powerful mainstream political movement. Gerald L. K. Smith, Elizabeth Dilling, Gerald B. Winrod, William Dudley Pelley, Charles Coughlin, Laura Ingalls, and all of the country's other notorious anti-Semitic anticommunist crackpots joyously raised the temperature of the debate by attacking defense preparations as Jewish inspired and Communist directed."
- ^ Pat Buchanan (October 13, 2004). "The Resurrection of 'America First!'". The American Cause. Retrieved 2008-02-03Template:Inconsistent citations
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ Michael Cox and Martin Durham, "The Politics of Anger: The Extreme Right in the United States" (p. 287), in Paul Hainsworth, ed., The Politics of the Extreme Right: From the Margins to the Mainstream, London/New York: Pinter, 2000, ISBN 1855674599
- ^ "America First Foreign Policy". Whitehouse.gov. The White House. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
- ^ Shapiro, Ari (January 23, 2017). "As Trump Adopts 'America First' Policy, China's Global Role Could Change". National Public Radio. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
- ^ "The New Nationalism". The Economist. November 19, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
- ^ "Trump details 'America First' foreign plan". BBC World Service. April 28, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
- ^ DelReal, Jose A. (April 27, 2016). "Trump, pivoting to the general election, hones 'America First' foreign policy vision". Washington Post. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
- ^ Haberman, Maggie; Sanger, David E.; Trump, Donald (March 26, 2016). "Transcript: Donald Trump Expounds on His Foreign Policy Views". The New York Times. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
- ^ Sherman, Jake (January 25, 2017). "Poll: Voters liked Trump's 'America first' address". POLITICO. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
- ^ Savransky, Rebecca (January 25, 2017). "Majority of Americans approves of Trump's 'America First' message". The Hill. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
- ^ Elving, Ron (January 21, 2017). "Trump Vows Policy Vision Of 'America First,' Recalling Phrase's Controversial Past". NPR. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
- ^ Thomas, Louisa (July 24, 2016). "America First, for Charles Lindbergh and Donald Trump". The New Yorker. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
- ^ —
Thomas, Louisa (July 24, 2016). "America First, for Charles Lindbergh and Donald Trump". The New Yorker. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
- Calamur, Krishnadev (January 21, 2017). "A Short History of 'America First'". The Atlantic. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
- Nathan-Kazis, Josh (January 20, 2017). "Trump's 'America First' Leaves Jewish Groups Hesitant". The Forward. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
- ^ http://www.counterpunch.org/2017/03/31/trump-never-was-a-noninterventionist/
- ^ http://reason.com/blog/2016/03/31/donald-trump-is-no-non-interventionist
- ^ Camila Domonoske (6 February 2017). "If America's No. 1, Who's No. 2? European Nations Compete For The, Uh, Honor". NPR. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
- ^ Hillary Busis (7 February 2017). "Meet the Men Trolling Trump in Those Viral European Videos". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
- ^ Boyer, Lauren (January 25, 2017). "Dutch TV Show Trolls Donald Trump For 'America First' Message". U.S. News & World Report.
- ^ "Click this page. It's Huge. Like Donalds hands. It's the funniest website in the world! Believe us!". Every Second Counts. Neo Magazin Royale. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ Purdom, Clayton (6 February 2017). "Trump's "America first" slogan parodied as other countries vie to be second". AV Club.