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The West India Docks Act of 1799 allowed the [[City of London Corporation]] to construct a canal from [[Limehouse Reach]] to [[Blackwall Reach (Thames)|Blackwall Reach]], across the Isle of Dogs.<ref name=portcities>[http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.46/chapterId/565/The-19thcentury-port.html Canals and distribution]</ref> It was intended to provide a short cut for sailing ships, to save them travelling around the south of the Isle of Dogs to access the wharves in the upper reaches of the river. If winds were unfavourable, this journey could take some time. The idea had been suggested by [[Ralph Walker (engineer)|Ralph Walker]] in 1796. The West India merchants employed him as an engineer, and with assistance from [[William Jessop]], John Foulds and [[George Dance the Younger|George Dance]], who was the City of London's surveyor, he produced the detailed plans which enabled the [[Act of Parliament]] to be obtained. Jessop was appointed as engineer with Walker as resident engineer, in August 1799, but Walker departed in 1802 after a disagreement with Jessop following a structural failure of part of the works.<ref>{{harvnb|Skempton|2002|p=757}}</ref> The canal was {{convert|3710|ft|m}} long with a surface width of {{convert|173|ft|m}} and a depth of {{convert|45|ft|m}}. The two locks were {{convert|193|by|45|ft|m}}, with the floors built as [[inverted arch]]es. The lock walls were {{convert|6|ft|m}} thick, built of bricks with a stone facing. The depth over the lock cills varied between {{convert|20|and|24|ft|m}} at high tide, allowing ships of up to 500 tons burden to use the canal. Banks {{convert|12|ft|m}} high had to be built, because the high tide level was above that of the surrounding land, and the tops were {{convert|6|ft|m}} above water level. The surrounding land also had to be raised to the same height.<ref>{{harvnb|Skempton|2002|p=370}}</ref>
The West India Docks Act of 1799 allowed the [[City of London Corporation]] to construct a canal from [[Limehouse Reach]] to [[Blackwall Reach (Thames)|Blackwall Reach]], across the Isle of Dogs.<ref name=portcities>[http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.46/chapterId/565/The-19thcentury-port.html Canals and distribution]</ref> It was intended to provide a short cut for sailing ships, to save them travelling around the south of the Isle of Dogs to access the wharves in the upper reaches of the river. If winds were unfavourable, this journey could take some time. The idea had been suggested by [[Ralph Walker (engineer)|Ralph Walker]] in 1796. The West India merchants employed him as an engineer, and with assistance from [[William Jessop]], John Foulds and [[George Dance the Younger|George Dance]], who was the City of London's surveyor, he produced the detailed plans which enabled the [[Act of Parliament]] to be obtained. Jessop was appointed as engineer with Walker as resident engineer, in August 1799, but Walker departed in 1802 after a disagreement with Jessop following a structural failure of part of the works.<ref>{{harvnb|Skempton|2002|p=757}}</ref> The canal was {{convert|3710|ft|m}} long with a surface width of {{convert|173|ft|m}} and a depth of {{convert|45|ft|m}}. The two locks were {{convert|193|by|45|ft|m}}, with the floors built as [[inverted arch]]es. The lock walls were {{convert|6|ft|m}} thick, built of bricks with a stone facing. The depth over the lock cills varied between {{convert|20|and|24|ft|m}} at high tide, allowing ships of up to 500 tons burden to use the canal. Banks {{convert|12|ft|m}} high had to be built, because the high tide level was above that of the surrounding land, and the tops were {{convert|6|ft|m}} above water level. The surrounding land also had to be raised to the same height.<ref>{{harvnb|Skempton|2002|p=370}}</ref>


One of the major contractors was John Dyson Jr., who was based at Newington near [[Bawtry]] in [[South Yorkshire]] at the time. He was awarded a contract for excavation of the canal in 1800, and another for gravel extraction from 1801 to 1805. A third contract, for excavation of the west lock was awarded in 1803. He was working on the lock walls in December 1802, and had moved his family to Mile End by this date.<ref>{{harvnb|Skempton|2002|pp=201–202}}</ref> John Torr Foulds acted as assistant engineer for part of this period, from 1800 to 1802.<ref>{{harvnb|Skempton|2002|p=235}}</ref> James Spedding was employed in 1805 to construct coffer dams to allow the wing walls at the ends of the canal to be built. A dam he had built in the previous year for the East India Dock had partially failed after four weeks, but had been repaired. The problem was one of design rather than bad workmanship, and the City Canal dam worked successfully.<ref>{{harvnb|Skempton|2002|p=646}}</ref> The canal was completed in 1805 (officially opened on 9 December that year), having incorporated at its western end the Breach Dockyard, a mast and timber laying dock formed around a large linear pond.<ref>[http://www.ltgf.co.uk/content/en/heritage_details.aspx?guid=AB1D35FD-54E2-47E6-B953-FFFC031E9D7E London Thames Gateway Forum - Heritage]</ref> The canal cost £168,813, including the acquisition of land.<ref name="Survey">{{harvnb |Hobhouse |1994 |pp=248–68}}</ref>
One of the major contractors was John Dyson Jr., who was based at Newington near [[Bawtry]] in [[South Yorkshire]] at the time. He was awarded a contract for excavation of the canal in 1800, and another for gravel extraction from 1801 to 1805. A third contract, for excavation of the west lock was awarded in 1803. He was working on the lock walls in December 1802, and had moved his family to Mile End by this date.<ref>{{harvnb|Skempton|2002|pp=201–202}}</ref> John Torr Foulds acted as assistant engineer for part of this period, from 1800 to 1802.<ref>{{harvnb|Skempton|2002|p=235}}</ref> James Spedding was employed in 1805 to construct coffer dams to allow the wing walls at the ends of the canal to be built. A dam he had built in the previous year for the East India Dock had partially failed after four weeks, but had been repaired. The problem was one of design rather than bad workmanship, and the City Canal dam worked successfully.<ref>{{harvnb|Skempton|2002|p=646}}</ref> The canal was completed in 1805 (officially opened on 9 December that year), having incorporated at its western end the Breach Dockyard, a mast and timber laying dock formed around a large linear pond.<ref>[http://www.ltgf.co.uk/content/en/heritage_details.aspx?guid=AB1D35FD-54E2-47E6-B953-FFFC031E9D7E London Thames Gateway Forum - Heritage] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20070929103135/http://www.ltgf.co.uk/content/en/heritage_details.aspx?guid=AB1D35FD-54E2-47E6-B953-FFFC031E9D7E |date=2007-09-29 }}</ref> The canal cost £168,813, including the acquisition of land.<ref name="Survey">{{harvnb |Hobhouse |1994 |pp=248–68}}</ref>


However, access to the canal was determined by the state of the tide and the transit slow. These factors meant the canal was not a financial success since the owners did not charge tolls. It soon became a liability and was sold, for £120,000, to the [[West India Dock Company]], owner of the adjacent West India Docks, in 1829.
However, access to the canal was determined by the state of the tide and the transit slow. These factors meant the canal was not a financial success since the owners did not charge tolls. It soon became a liability and was sold, for £120,000, to the [[West India Dock Company]], owner of the adjacent West India Docks, in 1829.
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The company bought it mainly to prevent it from falling into other hands. Proposals for collier docks immediately south of the City Canal, and the opening of the [[St Katharine Docks]] in 1828, had heightened the company's awareness of the threat represented by other dock interests.<ref name="Survey"/> They added a timber dock to the south of the canal in 1832–3, the last major building work at the docks for 20 years.<ref name="Survey"/>
The company bought it mainly to prevent it from falling into other hands. Proposals for collier docks immediately south of the City Canal, and the opening of the [[St Katharine Docks]] in 1828, had heightened the company's awareness of the threat represented by other dock interests.<ref name="Survey"/> They added a timber dock to the south of the canal in 1832–3, the last major building work at the docks for 20 years.<ref name="Survey"/>


Some 30 years later (1866–70), in a scheme managed by engineer Sir [[John Hawkshaw]], the canal was enlarged, the entrances were widened, and the complex was renamed the South West India Dock,<ref>[http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/conFactFile.83/outputFormat/print/West-India-Docks.html West India Docks (1803-1980)]</ref><ref name="Building">[http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConGallery.45/Building-the-docks.html Building the docks]</ref> later known as South Dock.
Some 30 years later (1866–70), in a scheme managed by engineer Sir [[John Hawkshaw]], the canal was enlarged, the entrances were widened, and the complex was renamed the South West India Dock,<ref>[http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/conFactFile.83/outputFormat/print/West-India-Docks.html West India Docks (1803-1980)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926230017/http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/conFactFile.83/outputFormat/print/West-India-Docks.html |date=2007-09-26 }}</ref><ref name="Building">[http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConGallery.45/Building-the-docks.html Building the docks]</ref> later known as South Dock.


In 1926 it was decided that the South Dock should be connected to the West India import and export docks and to the [[Millwall Dock]].<ref name="Building"/> The developments - a new South Dock east entrance lock and three passages to link the Millwall, South, Export and Import Docks - were divided into four contracts, and were completed in 1931 at a final cost of £1,311,981 for the dock works, considerably improving access to the docks.<ref name="Survey"/>
In 1926 it was decided that the South Dock should be connected to the West India import and export docks and to the [[Millwall Dock]].<ref name="Building"/> The developments - a new South Dock east entrance lock and three passages to link the Millwall, South, Export and Import Docks - were divided into four contracts, and were completed in 1931 at a final cost of £1,311,981 for the dock works, considerably improving access to the docks.<ref name="Survey"/>

Revision as of 08:10, 8 August 2017

City Canal
Specifications
Locks2
Statusincorporated into docks
History
Date of act1799
Date of first use1805
City Canal
Legend
 River Thames, to London
Limehouse Reach
Former West Lock
A1206 Westferry
West India Dock
Millwall Dock
East Lock
A1206 Prestons Road
Blackwall Reach
River Thames, to estuary

The City Canal was a short, and short-lived, canal excavated across the Isle of Dogs in east London, linking two reaches of the River Thames. Today, it has been almost completely reconstructed to form the South Dock of the West India Docks.

History

The West India Docks Act of 1799 allowed the City of London Corporation to construct a canal from Limehouse Reach to Blackwall Reach, across the Isle of Dogs.[1] It was intended to provide a short cut for sailing ships, to save them travelling around the south of the Isle of Dogs to access the wharves in the upper reaches of the river. If winds were unfavourable, this journey could take some time. The idea had been suggested by Ralph Walker in 1796. The West India merchants employed him as an engineer, and with assistance from William Jessop, John Foulds and George Dance, who was the City of London's surveyor, he produced the detailed plans which enabled the Act of Parliament to be obtained. Jessop was appointed as engineer with Walker as resident engineer, in August 1799, but Walker departed in 1802 after a disagreement with Jessop following a structural failure of part of the works.[2] The canal was 3,710 feet (1,130 m) long with a surface width of 173 feet (53 m) and a depth of 45 feet (14 m). The two locks were 193 by 45 feet (59 by 14 m), with the floors built as inverted arches. The lock walls were 6 feet (1.8 m) thick, built of bricks with a stone facing. The depth over the lock cills varied between 20 and 24 feet (6.1 and 7.3 m) at high tide, allowing ships of up to 500 tons burden to use the canal. Banks 12 feet (3.7 m) high had to be built, because the high tide level was above that of the surrounding land, and the tops were 6 feet (1.8 m) above water level. The surrounding land also had to be raised to the same height.[3]

One of the major contractors was John Dyson Jr., who was based at Newington near Bawtry in South Yorkshire at the time. He was awarded a contract for excavation of the canal in 1800, and another for gravel extraction from 1801 to 1805. A third contract, for excavation of the west lock was awarded in 1803. He was working on the lock walls in December 1802, and had moved his family to Mile End by this date.[4] John Torr Foulds acted as assistant engineer for part of this period, from 1800 to 1802.[5] James Spedding was employed in 1805 to construct coffer dams to allow the wing walls at the ends of the canal to be built. A dam he had built in the previous year for the East India Dock had partially failed after four weeks, but had been repaired. The problem was one of design rather than bad workmanship, and the City Canal dam worked successfully.[6] The canal was completed in 1805 (officially opened on 9 December that year), having incorporated at its western end the Breach Dockyard, a mast and timber laying dock formed around a large linear pond.[7] The canal cost £168,813, including the acquisition of land.[8]

However, access to the canal was determined by the state of the tide and the transit slow. These factors meant the canal was not a financial success since the owners did not charge tolls. It soon became a liability and was sold, for £120,000, to the West India Dock Company, owner of the adjacent West India Docks, in 1829.

The company bought it mainly to prevent it from falling into other hands. Proposals for collier docks immediately south of the City Canal, and the opening of the St Katharine Docks in 1828, had heightened the company's awareness of the threat represented by other dock interests.[8] They added a timber dock to the south of the canal in 1832–3, the last major building work at the docks for 20 years.[8]

Some 30 years later (1866–70), in a scheme managed by engineer Sir John Hawkshaw, the canal was enlarged, the entrances were widened, and the complex was renamed the South West India Dock,[9][10] later known as South Dock.

In 1926 it was decided that the South Dock should be connected to the West India import and export docks and to the Millwall Dock.[10] The developments - a new South Dock east entrance lock and three passages to link the Millwall, South, Export and Import Docks - were divided into four contracts, and were completed in 1931 at a final cost of £1,311,981 for the dock works, considerably improving access to the docks.[8]

Today

South Dock regularly plays host to medium-sized military vessels visiting London as it is the furthest point upstream that they can be turned around - courtesy of the reconstruction worked carried out in 1926-1931. There is no longer a route for vessels across the Isle of Dogs - only the reconstructed eastern entrance remains.

Bibliography

  • Hobhouse, Hermione (1994). "The West India Docks: Historical development, Survey of London: volumes 43 and 44: Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs". British History Online. Retrieved 20 August 2007. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Skempton, Sir Alec; et al. (2002). A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland: Vol 1: 1500 to 1830. Thomas Telford. ISBN 0-7277-2939-X. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

References

  1. ^ Canals and distribution
  2. ^ Skempton 2002, p. 757
  3. ^ Skempton 2002, p. 370
  4. ^ Skempton 2002, pp. 201–202
  5. ^ Skempton 2002, p. 235
  6. ^ Skempton 2002, p. 646
  7. ^ London Thames Gateway Forum - Heritage Archived 2007-09-29 at archive.today
  8. ^ a b c d Hobhouse 1994, pp. 248–68
  9. ^ West India Docks (1803-1980) Archived 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ a b Building the docks

51°30′06″N 0°01′01″W / 51.50167°N 0.01694°W / 51.50167; -0.01694

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