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==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Commons category}}
* [http://world.std.com/~jlr/doom/haber.htm Short biography of Clara Haber (Immerwahr) at Doomed Engineers]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050903122626/http://world.std.com/~jlr/doom/haber.htm Short biography of Clara Haber (Immerwahr) at Doomed Engineers]
* [http://www.unicat.tu-berlin.de/index.php?id=807 Clara Immerwahr Award launched by UniCat in 2011]
* [http://www.unicat.tu-berlin.de/index.php?id=807 Clara Immerwahr Award launched by UniCat in 2011]
* [http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/immerwahr-clara Clara Immerwahr in the Jewish Women's Archive]
* [http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/immerwahr-clara Clara Immerwahr in the Jewish Women's Archive]

Revision as of 20:20, 8 August 2017

Clara Immerwahr
Clara Immerwahr (1870–1915)
Born(1870-06-21)21 June 1870
Polkendorf near Breslau, Silesia Province, Kingdom of Prussia (present-day Poland)
Died2 May 1915(1915-05-02) (aged 44)
Berlin-Dahlem, German Empire
Cause of deathSuicide
NationalityGerman
Alma materUniversity of Breslau
Scientific career
FieldsChemistry
Doctoral advisorRichard Abegg

Clara Immerwahr (21 June 1870 – 2 May 1915) was a German chemist of Jewish descent.[1] She was the first woman to be awarded a doctorate in chemistry in Germany, and is credited with being a pacifist as well as a women's rights activist.[2] From 1901 until her suicide in 1915, she was married to the Nobel Prize-winning chemist Fritz Haber.

Early life and education

Immerwahr was born on the Polkendorff Farm near Breslau (then in eastern Prussia; now known as Wrocław, in western Poland). She was the youngest daughter of Jewish parents, chemist Philipp Immerwahr and his wife Anna (née Krohn). She grew up on the farm with her three older siblings, Elli, Rose and Paul. In 1890, her mother died of cancer; while Elli and her husband Siegfried stayed at the farm, Clara moved with her father to Breslau.[3]

Immerwahr studied at the University of Breslau, in 1900 attaining her degree and a Ph.D. in chemistry under Richard Abegg.[4] Her dissertation was entitled Beiträge zur Löslichkeitsbestimmung schwerlöslicher Salze des Quecksilbers, Kupfers, Bleis, Cadmiums und Zinks (Contributions to the Solubility of Slightly Soluble Salts of Mercury, Copper, Lead, Cadmium, and Zinc). She was the first woman Ph.D. at the University of Breslau [5] and received the designation magna cum laude.[6]

Marriage and work

Immerwahr married Fritz Haber in 1901, four years after she had converted to Christianity in 1897.[7][8]

Due to societal expectations that a married woman's place was in the home, her ability to conduct research was limited.[9][10] She instead contributed to her husband's work without recognition, translating some of his papers into English.[11] On 1 June 1902 she gave birth to Hermann Haber (1902–1946) the only child of that marriage.[12]

Confiding in a friend, Immerwahr expressed her deep dissatisfaction with this subservient role:

It has always been my attitude that a life has only been worth living if one has made full use of all one's abilities and tried to live out every kind of experience human life has to offer. It was under that impulse, among other things, that I decided to get married at that time... The life I got from it was very brief...and the main reasons for that was Fritz's oppressive way of putting himself first in our home and marriage, so that a less ruthlessly self-assertive personality was simply destroyed.[5][13]

During World War I, Fritz Haber became a staunch supporter of the German military effort and played an important role in the development of chemical weapons (particularly poison gases). His efforts would culminate in his supervision of the first successful deployment of a weapon of mass destruction in military history, in Flanders, Belgium on 22 April 1915.

Death

The grave of Fritz and Clara Haber, Hörnli graveyard, near Basel, Switzerland

Shortly after Haber's return from Belgium, Immerwahr shot herself in the chest using Haber's military pistol. She died in her son's arms on 2 May 1915.[9][10] The morning after her death, Haber left to stage the first gas attack against the Russians on the Eastern Front.[14][15]

Her suicide remained largely in the dark. Six days after her death, only the small local newspaper Grunewald-Zeitung reported that "the wife of Dr. H. in Dahlem, who is currently on the front, has set an end to her life by shooting herself. The reasons for this act of the unhappy woman are unknown."[16][17] There is no evidence of an autopsy. The poorly documented circumstances of her death have resulted in considerable discussion and controversy as to her reasons.[9][10]

Fritz Haber eventually fled the Nazis in Germany and died in Basel, Switzerland in 1934. His and Clara's ashes were buried together in a cemetery in Basel. Subsequently, their son Hermann Haber emigrated to the United States, where he committed suicide in 1946.[13][18] Ludwig ("Lutz") Fritz Haber (1921–2004), the son of Fritz Haber and his second wife, Charlotte, published a book on the history of poison gas, The Poisonous Cloud (1986).[19]

In drama and fiction

A number of works have been inspired to explore Fritz and Clara's relationship. The short film Haber, written and directed by Daniel Ragussis, attempts to examine some of the issues in the couple's relationship.[20] The Habers also feature prominently in the novel A Reunion of Ghosts by Judith Claire Mitchell, where their characters are named Lenz and Iris Alter.[21] Works such as The Greater Good (2008), directed by Celia de Wolff and written by Justin Hopper, portray Clara as deeply affected by her husband's research on gas warfare.[22] Their lives are also portrayed in the American television series Genius.[citation needed]

References

  1. ^ Carty, Ryan (2012). "Casualty of War". Chemical Heritage Magazine. 30 (2). Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  2. ^ Germans rediscover First World War heroine in new TV drama The Telegraph, 29 May 2014
  3. ^ Clara Immerwahr profile, jwa.org; accessed 27 April 2015.
  4. ^ Freemantle, Michael (2014). The Chemists' War: 1914–1918. Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 9781849739894. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  5. ^ a b Cornwell, John (2003). Hitler's Scientists, Science, War and the Devil's Pact. Penguin Press. p. 49. ISBN 0-14-200480-4.
  6. ^ Hoffmann, Frederick; Kremers, Edward (1901). Pharmaceutical Review, Volume 19. Pharmaceutical Review Publishing Company. p. 137. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  7. ^ King, Gilbert (6 June 2012). "Fritz Haber's Experiments in Life and Death". Smithsonian.com.
  8. ^ Stern, Fritz (2001). Einstein's German world (5. print., and 1. pbk. print. ed.). Princeton, NJ [u.a.]: Princeton Univ. Press. p. 77. ISBN 9780691074580. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  9. ^ a b c Creese, Mary R. S. Creese; Creese, Thomas M. (2004). Ladies in the Laboratory II: West European women in science, 1800 – 1900 : a survey of their contributions to research. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. pp. 143–145. ISBN 978-0810849792. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  10. ^ a b c Friedrich, Bretislav; Hoffmann, Dieter (March 2016). "Clara Haber, nee Immerwahr (1870–1915): Life, Work and Legacy". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 642 (6): 437–448. doi:10.1002/zaac.201600035. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  11. ^ Travis, Anthony S. (July 3, 2015). The Synthetic Nitrogen Industry in World War I: Its Emergence and Expansion. Springer. p. 49. ISBN 3319193562. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  12. ^ Stoltzenberg, Dietrich (2004). Fritz Haber : chemist, nobel laureate, german, jew. Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation. p. 50. ISBN 978-0941901246.
  13. ^ a b Stoltzenberg, Dietrich (1998). Fritz Haber: Chemiker, Nobelpreisträger, Deutscher, Jude: eine Biographie. Weinheim.
  14. ^ Cornwell, John (2003). Hitler's Scientists, Science, War and the Devil's Pact. Penguin Press. p. 65. ISBN 0-14-200480-4.
  15. ^ Stoltzenberg, Dietrich (1998). Fritz Haber: Chemiker, Nobelpreisträger, Deutscher, Jude: eine Biographie. Weinheim. p. 356.
  16. ^ "Clara Immerwahr, verh. Haber". FemBio. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  17. ^ Dick, Jutta (1 March 2009). "Clara Immerwahr". Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia (Online ed.). Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  18. ^ H.P. Albarelli, A Terrible Mistake: The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA's Secret Cold War Experiments, July 1, 2009; ISBN 0-9777953-7-3, pg 37.
  19. ^ "Lutz F. Haber (1921–2004)" (PDF). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  20. ^ Meyer, Michal (Spring 2010). "Feeding a War (Interview with Daniel Ragussis)". Chemical Heritage Magazine. 28 (1): 40–41. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  21. ^ Benjamin, Chloe (March 30, 2015). "The Project is Nothing, The Process is Everything: An Interview with Judith Claire Mitchell". Fiction Writers Review. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  22. ^ "The Greater Good". Justin Hopper – Writer and Script Consultant. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
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