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[[Image:Maxwell Ultracapacitors.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Maxwell Technologies]] product series supercapacitors]]
[[Image:Maxwell Ultracapacitors.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Maxwell Technologies]] product series supercapacitors]]


'''Electric double-layer capacitors''' ('''EDLC''') are [[electrochemistry|electrochemical]] [[capacitor]]s in which energy storage predominantly is achieved by [[double layer (interfacial)|double-layer capacitance]]. In the past, all [[electrochemical capacitor]]s were called "double-layer capacitors". However, since some years it is known that double-layer capacitors together with [[pseudocapacitor]]s are part of a new family of electrochemical capacitors<ref name="conway1">{{citation |author-first=Brian Evans |author-last=Conway |author-link=Brian Evans Conway |title=Electrochemical Supercapacitors: Scientific Fundamentals and Technological Applications |publisher=[[Springer Nature|Springer]] |publication-place=Berlin, Germany |year=1999 |at=pp.&nbsp;1–8 |isbn=0306457369 |language=German |url={{Google books|8yvzlr9TqI0C|page=1|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref><ref name="conway2">{{cite |url=http://electrochem.cwru.edu/encycl/art-c03-elchem-cap.htm |author-first=Brian Evans |author-last=Conway |author-link=Brian Evans Conway |title=Electrochemistry Encyclopedia |chapter=Electrochemical Capacitors — Their Nature, Function and Applications}}</ref> called [[supercapacitor]]s, also known as ultracapacitors. Supercapacitors do not have a conventional solid [[dielectric]].
'''Electric double-layer capacitors''' ('''EDLC''') are [[electrochemistry|electrochemical]] [[capacitor]]s in which energy storage predominantly is achieved by [[double layer (interfacial)|double-layer capacitance]]. In the past, all [[electrochemical capacitor]]s were called "double-layer capacitors". However, since some years it is known that double-layer capacitors together with [[pseudocapacitor]]s are part of a new family of electrochemical capacitors<ref name="conway1">{{citation |author-first=Brian Evans |author-last=Conway |author-link=Brian Evans Conway |title=Electrochemical Supercapacitors: Scientific Fundamentals and Technological Applications |publisher=[[Springer Nature|Springer]] |publication-place=Berlin, Germany |year=1999 |at=pp.&nbsp;1–8 |isbn=0306457369 |language=German |url={{Google books|8yvzlr9TqI0C|page=1|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref><ref name="conway2">{{cite |url=http://electrochem.cwru.edu/encycl/art-c03-elchem-cap.htm |author-first=Brian Evans |author-last=Conway |author-link=Brian Evans Conway |title=Electrochemistry Encyclopedia |chapter=Electrochemical Capacitors — Their Nature, Function and Applications |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813020215/http://electrochem.cwru.edu/encycl/art-c03-elchem-cap.htm |archivedate=2012-08-13 |df= }}</ref> called [[supercapacitor]]s, also known as ultracapacitors. Supercapacitors do not have a conventional solid [[dielectric]].


The [[capacitance]] value of a supercapacitor is determined by two storage principles:
The [[capacitance]] value of a supercapacitor is determined by two storage principles:


* [[Double layer (interfacial)|Double-layer capacitance]]&nbsp;– [[electrostatics|electrostatic]] storage of the electrical [[energy]] achieved by separation of [[electric charge|charge]] in a [[Hermann von Helmholtz|Helmholtz]] double layer at the [[interface (chemistry)|interface]] between the [[surface science|surface]] of a conductor [[electrode]] and an electrolytic solution [[electrolyte]]. The separation of charge distance in a double-layer is on the order of a few [[Ångström]]s (0.3–0.8&nbsp;[[nanometre|nm]]) and is [[static electricity|static]] in origin.<ref name="Namisnyk">{{cite web |author-first=Adam Marcus |author-last=Namisnyk |title=A Survey of Electrochemical Supercapacitor Technology |url=http://services.eng.uts.edu.au/cempe/subjects_JGZ/eet/Capstone%20thesis_AN.pdf |access-date=2011-06-24 |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222044332/http://services.eng.uts.edu.au:80/cempe/subjects_JGZ/eet/Capstone%20thesis_AN.pdf |archive-date=2014-12-22}}</ref>
* [[Double layer (interfacial)|Double-layer capacitance]]&nbsp;– [[electrostatics|electrostatic]] storage of the electrical [[energy]] achieved by separation of [[electric charge|charge]] in a [[Hermann von Helmholtz|Helmholtz]] double layer at the [[interface (chemistry)|interface]] between the [[surface science|surface]] of a conductor [[electrode]] and an electrolytic solution [[electrolyte]]. The separation of charge distance in a double-layer is on the order of a few [[Ångström]]s (0.3–0.8&nbsp;[[nanometre|nm]]) and is [[static electricity|static]] in origin.<ref name="Namisnyk">{{cite web |author-first=Adam Marcus |author-last=Namisnyk |title=A Survey of Electrochemical Supercapacitor Technology |url=http://services.eng.uts.edu.au/cempe/subjects_JGZ/eet/Capstone%20thesis_AN.pdf |access-date=2011-06-24 |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222044332/http://services.eng.uts.edu.au/cempe/subjects_JGZ/eet/Capstone%20thesis_AN.pdf |archive-date=2014-12-22 |df= }}</ref>
* [[Pseudocapacitor|Pseudocapacitance]]&nbsp;– Electrochemical storage of the electrical energy, achieved by [[redox|redox reactions]] electrosorption or [[intercalation (chemistry)|intercalation]] on the surface of the electrode by specifically adsorbed [[ion]]s that results in a reversible [[faradaic current|faradaic]] [[charge-transfer complex|charge-transfer]] on the electrode.<ref name="Namisnyk"/>
* [[Pseudocapacitor|Pseudocapacitance]]&nbsp;– Electrochemical storage of the electrical energy, achieved by [[redox|redox reactions]] electrosorption or [[intercalation (chemistry)|intercalation]] on the surface of the electrode by specifically adsorbed [[ion]]s that results in a reversible [[faradaic current|faradaic]] [[charge-transfer complex|charge-transfer]] on the electrode.<ref name="Namisnyk"/>


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* [http://electronicdesign.com/Articles/Index.cfm?AD=1&AD=1&ArticleID=17465 Article on ultracapacitors at electronicdesign.com]
* [http://electronicdesign.com/Articles/Index.cfm?AD=1&AD=1&ArticleID=17465 Article on ultracapacitors at electronicdesign.com]
* [http://www.economist.com/science/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10601407 A new version of an old idea is threatening the battery industry] ([[The Economist]]).
* [http://www.economist.com/science/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10601407 A new version of an old idea is threatening the battery industry] ([[The Economist]]).
* [http://electrochem.cwru.edu/encycl/art-c03-elchem-cap.htm An Encyclopedia Article] From the Yeager center at CWRU.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120813020215/http://electrochem.cwru.edu/encycl/art-c03-elchem-cap.htm An Encyclopedia Article] From the Yeager center at CWRU.
* [http://www.ultracapacitors.org/ Ultracapacitors & Supercapacitors Forum]
* [http://www.ultracapacitors.org/ Ultracapacitors & Supercapacitors Forum]
* [http://www.electrochem.org/dl/interface/spr/spr08/if_spr08.htm Special Issue of Interface magazine on electrochemical capacitors]
* [http://www.electrochem.org/dl/interface/spr/spr08/if_spr08.htm Special Issue of Interface magazine on electrochemical capacitors]

Revision as of 01:59, 19 September 2017

File:Maxwell Ultracapacitors.jpg
Maxwell Technologies product series supercapacitors

Electric double-layer capacitors (EDLC) are electrochemical capacitors in which energy storage predominantly is achieved by double-layer capacitance. In the past, all electrochemical capacitors were called "double-layer capacitors". However, since some years it is known that double-layer capacitors together with pseudocapacitors are part of a new family of electrochemical capacitors[1][2] called supercapacitors, also known as ultracapacitors. Supercapacitors do not have a conventional solid dielectric.

The capacitance value of a supercapacitor is determined by two storage principles:

Double-layer capacitance and pseudocapacitance both contribute inseparable to the total capacitance value of a supercapacitor.[4] However, the ratio of the two can vary greatly, depending on the design of the electrodes and the composition of the electrolyte. Pseudocapacitance can increase the capacitance value by as much as a factor of ten over that of the double-layer by itself.[1][2]

Hierarchical classification of supercapacitors and related types

Supercapacitors are divided into three family members, based on the design of the electrodes:

  • Double-layer capacitors – with carbon electrodes or derivatives with much higher static double-layer capacitance than the faradaic pseudocapacitance
  • Pseudocapacitors – with electrodes made of metal oxides or conducting polymers with much higher faradaic pseudocapacitance than the static double-layer capacitance
  • Hybrid capacitors – capacitors with special electrodes that exhibit both significant double-layer capacitance and pseudocapacitance, such as lithium-ion capacitors

However, because double-layer capacitance and pseudocapacitance both contribute inseparable to the total capacitance value of an electrochemical capacitor, a correct description of these capacitors only can be given under the generic term.

Commercial double layer capacitors

More specifically, commercial EDLCs in which energy storage predominant is achieved by double-layer capacitance, energy is stored by forming an electrical double layer of electrolyte ions on the surface of conductive electrodes. Since EDLCs are not limited by the electrochemical charge transfer kinetics of batteries, it can charge and discharge at a lot higher rate with lifetimes of more than 1 million cycles. The EDLC energy density is determined by operating voltage and the specific capacitance (farad/gram or farad/cm3) of the electrode/electrolyte system. The specific capacitance is related to the Specific Surface Area (SSA) accessible by the electrolyte, its interfacial double-layer capacitance, and the electrode material density.

Commercial EDLCs are based on two symmetric electrodes impregnated with electrolytes comprising tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate salts in organic solvents. Current EDLC with organic electrolytes operates at 2.7 V, reach energy densities around 5-8 Wh/kg and 7 to 10 Wh/l. The specific capacitance is related to the Specific Surface Area (SSA) accessible by the electrolyte, its interfacial double-layer capacitance, and the electrode material density. Graphene-based platelets with mesoporous spacer material is a promising structure for increasing the SSA of the electrolyte.[5]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Conway, Brian Evans (1999), Electrochemical Supercapacitors: Scientific Fundamentals and Technological Applications (in German), Berlin, Germany: Springer, pp. 1–8, ISBN 0306457369
  2. ^ a b Conway, Brian Evans, "Electrochemical Capacitors — Their Nature, Function and Applications", Electrochemistry Encyclopedia, archived from the original on 2012-08-13 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b Namisnyk, Adam Marcus. "A Survey of Electrochemical Supercapacitor Technology" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-22. Retrieved 2011-06-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Frackowiak, Elzbieta; Beguin, Francois (2001). "Carbon materials for the electrochemical storage of energy in Capacitors" (PDF). Carbon. 39. PERGAMON: 937–950.
  5. ^ Bonaccorso, F., Colombo, L., Yu, G., Stoller, M., Tozzini, V., Ferrari, A., . . . Pellegrini, V. (2015). Graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems for energy conversion and storage. Science, 1246501-1246501.
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