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== History ==
== History ==
The origins of expeditionary education could be thought to extend far back into early human history through hunting and gathering expeditions where traditional ecological knowledge was learned. Potentially one of the first formal applications of expeditionary education were the field trips conducted through [[Henry David Thoreau]] and his brother John's Concord MA grammar school in 1838. Later in the 19th century a summer camping movement was established in response to anxieties about urban and industrial influences on children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/eh/11.1/smith.html|title=History Cooperative - A short history of nearly everything!|work=historycooperative.org}}</ref> During this time, expeditions into "nature" were combined with informal educational pursuits. [[Scouting]], a movement started in 1907 by [[Robert Baden-Powell]] iniatiated widespread development of practical outdoor skills which often incorporated expeditionary components like [[camping]], [[backpacking (wilderness)|backpacking]], and [[canoeing]] and has grown to 38 million members in 216 countries 100 years after its inception.<ref>see [[scouting]] para. 3-4.</ref> By the late 20th century expeditions were being used as educational vehicles by many private and public sector groups and has grown into large groups such as [[outward bound]], serving over 200,000 students in 2006<ref>{{cite web|website=Outward Bound International |year=2006 |url=http://www.outwardbound.net/news/annual_reports/obi_annual-report_2006.pdf |format=PDF|title=OB Annual Report |accessdate=November 30, 2008}}</ref> and [[National Outdoor Leadership School]] who have trained over 120,000 people. Various contemporary groups and programs are discussed in [[#Programs]]
The origins of expeditionary education could be thought to extend far back into early human history through hunting and gathering expeditions where traditional ecological knowledge was learned. Potentially one of the first formal applications of expeditionary education were the field trips conducted through [[Henry David Thoreau]] and his brother John's Concord MA grammar school in 1838. Later in the 19th century a summer camping movement was established in response to anxieties about urban and industrial influences on children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/eh/11.1/smith.html|title=History Cooperative - A short history of nearly everything!|work=historycooperative.org|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305063730/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/eh/11.1/smith.html|archivedate=2009-03-05|df=}}</ref> During this time, expeditions into "nature" were combined with informal educational pursuits. [[Scouting]], a movement started in 1907 by [[Robert Baden-Powell]] iniatiated widespread development of practical outdoor skills which often incorporated expeditionary components like [[camping]], [[backpacking (wilderness)|backpacking]], and [[canoeing]] and has grown to 38 million members in 216 countries 100 years after its inception.<ref>see [[scouting]] para. 3-4.</ref> By the late 20th century expeditions were being used as educational vehicles by many private and public sector groups and has grown into large groups such as [[outward bound]], serving over 200,000 students in 2006<ref>{{cite web |website=Outward Bound International |year=2006 |url=http://www.outwardbound.net/news/annual_reports/obi_annual-report_2006.pdf |format=PDF |title=OB Annual Report |accessdate=November 30, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513183135/http://www.outwardbound.net/news/annual_reports/obi_annual-report_2006.pdf |archivedate=May 13, 2008 |df= }}</ref> and [[National Outdoor Leadership School]] who have trained over 120,000 people. Various contemporary groups and programs are discussed in [[#Programs]]


== Psychology and philosophy ==
== Psychology and philosophy ==
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* [http://www.oceanicsociety.org Natural History Expeditions with Oceanic Society]
* [http://www.oceanicsociety.org Natural History Expeditions with Oceanic Society]
* [http://www.earthwatch.org/aboutus/education/edopp/edfelfund Teacher education fellowships with Earthwatch expeditions]
* [http://www.earthwatch.org/aboutus/education/edopp/edfelfund Teacher education fellowships with Earthwatch expeditions]
* [http://www.expeditions.com/Education514.asp expeditions for teachers and kids from Galápagos to learn EE from National Geographic]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090124065400/http://expeditions.com/Education514.asp expeditions for teachers and kids from Galápagos to learn EE from National Geographic]


==== Educational Programs ''Related To'' Expeditions ====
==== Educational Programs ''Related To'' Expeditions ====
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* [http://www.globalwarming101.com Education interactive with expeditions in the Arctic]
* [http://www.globalwarming101.com Education interactive with expeditions in the Arctic]
* [http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/edu/modules/welcome.html NOAA]
* [http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/edu/modules/welcome.html NOAA]
* [http://seagrant.wisc.edu/digitalgreatlakes/ A geography companion to the children's book Paddle To The Sea with Google Earth.] Note: you need Google earth to run this link.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090409081753/http://seagrant.wisc.edu/digitalgreatlakes/ A geography companion to the children's book Paddle To The Sea with Google Earth.] Note: you need Google earth to run this link.
* [http://www.polarhusky.com "adventure learning" connected to Arctic expeditions]
* [http://www.polarhusky.com "adventure learning" connected to Arctic expeditions]
* [http://www.hawaiianatolls.org/research/NWHIED2005/index.php Hawaiian Island Tolls Ed Expedition]
* [http://www.hawaiianatolls.org/research/NWHIED2005/index.php Hawaiian Island Tolls Ed Expedition]
* [https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/lewis-clark/ A standards based guide for the Lewis and Clarke Expedition from the governments National Archives]
* [https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/lewis-clark/ A standards based guide for the Lewis and Clarke Expedition from the governments National Archives]
* [http://www.seaofcortez.org/seaofcortez_teach.html Satellite/Expedition Research in the Sea of Cortez]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090102195117/http://www.seaofcortez.org/seaofcortez_teach.html Satellite/Expedition Research in the Sea of Cortez]
* [http://www.jason.org/public/home.aspx Virtual Expeditions with the] [[JASON Project]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090130060152/http://www.jason.org/public/home.aspx Virtual Expeditions with the] [[JASON Project]]
* [http://128.125.202.141/pmwiki-2.1.27/pmwiki.php Some schools ask an Antarctic research vessel some questions and do some stuff on their own]
* [http://128.125.202.141/pmwiki-2.1.27/pmwiki.php Some schools ask an Antarctic research vessel some questions and do some stuff on their own]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.immersionpresents.org Immersion Presents, a division of the Sea Research Foundation, Inc.]
* [http://www.immersionpresents.org Immersion Presents, a division of the Sea Research Foundation, Inc.]


Revision as of 08:08, 26 September 2017

Expeditionary education is often associated with adventure education, outdoor education, environmental education, or experiential education and refers specifically to learning associated with exploration and journey-based experiences or expeditions within these fields. Usually involving elements of challenge, adventure, and leadership, expeditionary education can take place in a variety of settings including wilderness, classrooms, and even virtual spaces (the internet). Participants in expeditionary education can be directly involved in the expedition, or may be linked to expeditions undertaken by others.

Scope

Definitions

Webster's online dictionary defines expeditionary as "of, relating to, or being an expedition."[1] Expeditionary education is of, relating to, or being an expedition within an educational framework. Expeditionary education may be mistakenly defined as a subset of or synonymous to outdoor education, adventure education, or experiential education. While many expeditionary education programs of, or being an expedition could be defined under these existing fields (such as Outward Bound, or NOLS), educational programs relating to expeditions may take place in the classroom and not outside, requiring adventure, or experiential in nature are becoming more prevalent as explorers and expedition based researchers strive to connect educational content to their projects.[2]

Summary of program types

Expeditionary education can be:

  1. An educational expedition one participates in (Programs of or being expeditionary education).
  2. An expedition with educational agendas of various involvement levels for non-expedition members (Programs relating to expeditions).

History

The origins of expeditionary education could be thought to extend far back into early human history through hunting and gathering expeditions where traditional ecological knowledge was learned. Potentially one of the first formal applications of expeditionary education were the field trips conducted through Henry David Thoreau and his brother John's Concord MA grammar school in 1838. Later in the 19th century a summer camping movement was established in response to anxieties about urban and industrial influences on children.[3] During this time, expeditions into "nature" were combined with informal educational pursuits. Scouting, a movement started in 1907 by Robert Baden-Powell iniatiated widespread development of practical outdoor skills which often incorporated expeditionary components like camping, backpacking, and canoeing and has grown to 38 million members in 216 countries 100 years after its inception.[4] By the late 20th century expeditions were being used as educational vehicles by many private and public sector groups and has grown into large groups such as outward bound, serving over 200,000 students in 2006[5] and National Outdoor Leadership School who have trained over 120,000 people. Various contemporary groups and programs are discussed in #Programs

Psychology and philosophy

Expedition as a mode of educational pursuit has its theoretical and applied roots in many soils. Many people, theories, and practices can be identified as influential.

People

Theories[7]

Research

Research has been conducted on various aspects of expeditionary education. Correlations between a controlled exposure to challenge and psychological resiliency have been found by researchers James Neill and Katica Dias in their study of young adult Outward Bound participants.[9] In a review of 150 research studies conducted between 1993 and 2003, general findings of positive impacts from outdoor learning[10] In another meta analysis, focus areas such as self-concept, leadership, and communications skills were shown to have positive gains during the educational experience, and in contrast to many educational interventions, significant ongoing gains in follow up reviews.[11] While these and other studies point to positive results, the difficulty of drawing causality between psychologically gained elements and these programs in empirically based studies exist in the number of variables to control for and the strength of experimental designs.

See also

More than 130 national females and their children attended the "female health education event" in which Dr. Mahjaben and the Kandahar Provincial Directorate of Women's Affairs, Mim Roqiyah Achackyzi gave them information at the district center in Spin Boldak City.

References

  1. ^ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/expeditionaryExpeditionary
  2. ^ See: Educational programs related to expeditions
  3. ^ "History Cooperative - A short history of nearly everything!". historycooperative.org. Archived from the original on 2009-03-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ see scouting para. 3-4.
  5. ^ "OB Annual Report" (PDF). Outward Bound International. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 13, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ "Search Results - Wisconsin Historical Society". wisconsinhistory.org.
  7. ^ cited from outdoor education
  8. ^ "The Outward Bound Process Model". wilderdom.com.
  9. ^ Neill, J. & Dias, K. (2001). Adventure Education and Resilience-The Double Edged Sword Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Leadership. 1(2) 2001 35-42
  10. ^ Rickinson, M., Dillon, J., Teamey, K., Morris, M., Choi M. Y., Sanders, D., & Benefield, P. (2004, March).A review of research on outdoor learning. Shrewsbury, UK: National Foundation for Educational Research and King's College London. pp. 2000
  11. ^ Hattie, J. A., Marsh, H. W., Neill, J. T. & Richards, G. E. (1997). Adventure education and Outward Bound: Out-of-class experiences that have a lasting effect. Review of Educational Research, 67, 43-87.

Resources

Programs

Programs Of and Being Expeditionary Education

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