Curdlan: Difference between revisions
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'''Curdlan''' is a linear beta-1,3-[[glucan]], a high-molecular-weight polymer of [[glucose]]. Curdlan consists of β-(1,3)-linked glucose residues and forms elastic [[gels]] upon heating in aqueous [[suspension (chemistry)|suspension]]. |
'''Curdlan''' is a water-insoluble linear beta-1,3-[[glucan]], a high-molecular-weight polymer of [[glucose]]. Curdlan consists of β-(1,3)-linked glucose residues and forms elastic [[gels]] upon heating in aqueous [[suspension (chemistry)|suspension]]. Its was reported to be produced by ''[[Alcaligenes faecalis]]'' var. ''myxogenes'' in 1966 by Harada et al. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Harada T., Fujimori K., Hirose S., Masada M.|first=|date=1966|title=Growth and Glucan (10C3K) Production by a Mutant of Alcaligenes faecalis var myxogenes in Defined Medium|url=|journal=Agric Biol Chem|volume=30|pages=764-769|via=}}</ref>. Subsequently, the taxonomy of this non-pathogenic curdlan-producing bacterium has been reclassified as ''[[Agrobacterium]]'' species.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Zhan Xiao-Bei, Lin Chi-Chung, Zhang Hong-Tao|first=|date=2012|title=Recent advances in curdlan biosynthesis, biotechnological production, and applications|url=|journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology|volume=93|pages=525-531|via=}}</ref> |
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Extracellular and capsular polysaccharides are produced by a variety of pathogenic and soil-dwelling bacteria. Curdlan is a neutral β-(1,3)-glucan, perhaps with a few intra- or interchain 1,6-linkages, produced as an exopolysaccharide by soil bacteria of the family Rhizobiaceae.<ref name="pmid15818477">{{cite journal | vauthors = McIntosh M, Stone BA, Stanisich VA | title = Curdlan and other bacterial (1-->3)-beta-D-glucans | journal = Appl Microbiol Biotechnol | volume = 68 | issue = 2 | pages = 163–73 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15818477 | doi = 10.1007/s00253-005-1959-5 }}</ref> Four genes required for curdlan production have been identified in ''[[Agrobacterium]]'' sp. ATCC31749, which produces curdlan in extraordinary amounts, and ''[[Agrobacterium tumefaciens]]''.<ref name="pmid12851288">{{cite journal | vauthors = Karnezis T, Epa VC, Stone BA, Stanisich VA | title = Topological characterization of an inner membrane (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan (curdlan) synthase from Agrobacterium sp. strain ATCC31749 | journal = Glycobiology | volume = 13 | issue = 10 | pages = 693–706 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12851288 | doi = 10.1093/glycob/cwg093 }}</ref> A putative [[operon]] contains crdS, encoding β-(1,3)-glucan synthase catalytic subunit,<ref name="UniProtKB/TrEMBL Q7D3X8 (Q7D3X8_AGRT5)">{{cite web | title = Beta 1,3 glucan synthase catalytic subunit, UniProtKB/TrEMBL Q7D3X8 (Q7D3X8_AGRT5) |url=https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/F5J9M5}}</ref> flanked by two additional genes. A separate locus contains a putative regulatory gene, crdR. A membrane-bound phosphatidylserine synthase, encoded by pssAG, is also necessary for maximal production of curdlan of high molecular mass. Nitrogen starvation upregulates the curdlan operon and increases the rate of curdlan synthesis.<ref name="pmid22305302">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruffing AM, Chen RR | title = Transcriptome profiling of a curdlan-producing Agrobacterium reveals conserved regulatory mechanisms of exopolysaccharide biosynthesis | journal = Microb Cell Fact. | volume = 11 | pages = 17 |date=February 2012 | pmid = 22305302 | doi = 10.1186/1475-2859-11-17 | pmc=3293034}}</ref> |
Extracellular and capsular polysaccharides are produced by a variety of pathogenic and soil-dwelling bacteria. Curdlan is a neutral β-(1,3)-glucan, perhaps with a few intra- or interchain 1,6-linkages, produced as an exopolysaccharide by soil bacteria of the family Rhizobiaceae.<ref name="pmid15818477">{{cite journal | vauthors = McIntosh M, Stone BA, Stanisich VA | title = Curdlan and other bacterial (1-->3)-beta-D-glucans | journal = Appl Microbiol Biotechnol | volume = 68 | issue = 2 | pages = 163–73 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15818477 | doi = 10.1007/s00253-005-1959-5 }}</ref> Four genes required for curdlan production have been identified in ''[[Agrobacterium]]'' sp. ATCC31749, which produces curdlan in extraordinary amounts, and ''[[Agrobacterium tumefaciens]]''.<ref name="pmid12851288">{{cite journal | vauthors = Karnezis T, Epa VC, Stone BA, Stanisich VA | title = Topological characterization of an inner membrane (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan (curdlan) synthase from Agrobacterium sp. strain ATCC31749 | journal = Glycobiology | volume = 13 | issue = 10 | pages = 693–706 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12851288 | doi = 10.1093/glycob/cwg093 }}</ref> A putative [[operon]] contains crdS, encoding β-(1,3)-glucan synthase catalytic subunit,<ref name="UniProtKB/TrEMBL Q7D3X8 (Q7D3X8_AGRT5)">{{cite web | title = Beta 1,3 glucan synthase catalytic subunit, UniProtKB/TrEMBL Q7D3X8 (Q7D3X8_AGRT5) |url=https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/F5J9M5}}</ref> flanked by two additional genes. A separate locus contains a putative regulatory gene, crdR. A membrane-bound phosphatidylserine synthase, encoded by pssAG, is also necessary for maximal production of curdlan of high molecular mass. Nitrogen starvation upregulates the curdlan operon and increases the rate of curdlan synthesis.<ref name="pmid22305302">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruffing AM, Chen RR | title = Transcriptome profiling of a curdlan-producing Agrobacterium reveals conserved regulatory mechanisms of exopolysaccharide biosynthesis | journal = Microb Cell Fact. | volume = 11 | pages = 17 |date=February 2012 | pmid = 22305302 | doi = 10.1186/1475-2859-11-17 | pmc=3293034}}</ref> |
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Curdlan has numerous applications as a gelling agent in the food, construction, and pharmaceutical industries and has been approved as a food additive by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration.<ref name="Compendium of Food Additive Specifications">{{cite web | title = Compendium of Food Additive Specifications (Addendum 7) Joint FAO/WHO Expert. Curdlan: New specification prepared at the 53rd JECFA (1999) and published in FNP 52 Add 7 (1999) |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X3860E/X3860E12.htm}}</ref> |
Curdlan has numerous applications as a gelling agent in the food, construction, and pharmaceutical industries and has been approved as a food additive by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration.<ref name="Compendium of Food Additive Specifications">{{cite web | title = Compendium of Food Additive Specifications (Addendum 7) Joint FAO/WHO Expert. Curdlan: New specification prepared at the 53rd JECFA (1999) and published in FNP 52 Add 7 (1999) |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X3860E/X3860E12.htm}}</ref> |
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Recently, curdlan and its derivatives have been found to play a role in both innate and adaptive immunity leading to many new potential curdlan applications in biomedicine.<ref name=":0" /> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 00:55, 10 August 2018
| |
| Identifiers | |
|---|---|
| ChemSpider |
|
| E number | E424 (thickeners, ...) |
| Properties | |
| (C6H10O5)n | |
| Appearance | odourless white powder |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
| |
Curdlan is a water-insoluble linear beta-1,3-glucan, a high-molecular-weight polymer of glucose. Curdlan consists of β-(1,3)-linked glucose residues and forms elastic gels upon heating in aqueous suspension. Its was reported to be produced by Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes in 1966 by Harada et al. [1]. Subsequently, the taxonomy of this non-pathogenic curdlan-producing bacterium has been reclassified as Agrobacterium species.[2]
Extracellular and capsular polysaccharides are produced by a variety of pathogenic and soil-dwelling bacteria. Curdlan is a neutral β-(1,3)-glucan, perhaps with a few intra- or interchain 1,6-linkages, produced as an exopolysaccharide by soil bacteria of the family Rhizobiaceae.[3] Four genes required for curdlan production have been identified in Agrobacterium sp. ATCC31749, which produces curdlan in extraordinary amounts, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens.[4] A putative operon contains crdS, encoding β-(1,3)-glucan synthase catalytic subunit,[5] flanked by two additional genes. A separate locus contains a putative regulatory gene, crdR. A membrane-bound phosphatidylserine synthase, encoded by pssAG, is also necessary for maximal production of curdlan of high molecular mass. Nitrogen starvation upregulates the curdlan operon and increases the rate of curdlan synthesis.[6]
Curdlan has numerous applications as a gelling agent in the food, construction, and pharmaceutical industries and has been approved as a food additive by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration.[7]
Recently, curdlan and its derivatives have been found to play a role in both innate and adaptive immunity leading to many new potential curdlan applications in biomedicine.[2]
See also
References
- ^ Harada T., Fujimori K., Hirose S., Masada M. (1966). "Growth and Glucan (10C3K) Production by a Mutant of Alcaligenes faecalis var myxogenes in Defined Medium". Agric Biol Chem. 30: 764–769.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Zhan Xiao-Bei, Lin Chi-Chung, Zhang Hong-Tao (2012). "Recent advances in curdlan biosynthesis, biotechnological production, and applications". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 93: 525–531.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ McIntosh M, Stone BA, Stanisich VA (2005). "Curdlan and other bacterial (1-->3)-beta-D-glucans". Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 68 (2): 163–73. doi:10.1007/s00253-005-1959-5. PMID 15818477.
- ^ Karnezis T, Epa VC, Stone BA, Stanisich VA (2003). "Topological characterization of an inner membrane (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan (curdlan) synthase from Agrobacterium sp. strain ATCC31749". Glycobiology. 13 (10): 693–706. doi:10.1093/glycob/cwg093. PMID 12851288.
- ^ "Beta 1,3 glucan synthase catalytic subunit, UniProtKB/TrEMBL Q7D3X8 (Q7D3X8_AGRT5)".
- ^ Ruffing AM, Chen RR (February 2012). "Transcriptome profiling of a curdlan-producing Agrobacterium reveals conserved regulatory mechanisms of exopolysaccharide biosynthesis". Microb Cell Fact. 11: 17. doi:10.1186/1475-2859-11-17. PMC 3293034. PMID 22305302.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "Compendium of Food Additive Specifications (Addendum 7) Joint FAO/WHO Expert. Curdlan: New specification prepared at the 53rd JECFA (1999) and published in FNP 52 Add 7 (1999)".
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