Max Troll: Difference between revisions
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===Nazi era=== |
===Nazi era=== |
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With [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power]] in Germany, the Nazis took power in [[Bavaria]] on 9 March 1933 and Troll was arrested the same day alongside his two stepbrothers and taken to [[Dachau concentration camp]].{{sfn|Mehringer|Schönhoven|Grossmann|1983|p=133}} He and his brothers were |
With [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power]] in Germany, the Nazis took power in [[Bavaria]] on 9 March 1933 and Troll was arrested the same day alongside his two stepbrothers and taken to [[Dachau concentration camp]].{{sfn|Mehringer|Schönhoven|Grossmann|1983|p=133}} He and his brothers were some of the first inmates at Dachau.{{sfn|Meinl|Schröder|2015|p=20}} Troll was released again in May and worked as an informer for the [[Bavarian political police]], now under the control of [[Heinrich Himmler]]. The possibility exists that he either already worked as an informer when he joined the KPD in 1932,<ref name="Centre" /> or that he may have been forced into cooperating after his release by the threat that his brothers would be killed at Dachau should he refuse. His difficult financial situation as well as the fact that he was broken while at Dachau may also have been factors.{{sfn|Meinl|Schröder|2015|p=21}} In any case, from May 1933 Troll made a concentrated effort to establish the names of Bavarian communists who had gone underground. Because of the de-centralised nature of the communist movements it had become very hard for the police to track the communist resistance.<ref name="Centre" /> |
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Under the code name "Theo", Troll actively recruited members for the communist resistance. He was employed at a building site at the [[Deutsches Museum]] in Munich in 1934 and successfully recruited members there. Those as well as communists who distributed illegal leaflets and collected donations for the ''[[Rote Hilfe]]'', an organisation supporting family members of people arrested by the Nazis, were betrayed by Troll. He rose to become, in April 1935, the leader of the ''Rote Hilfe'' and, in early 1936, the leader of the KPD in Southern Bavaria. Troll travelled repeatedly to Switzerland and Czechoslovakia to obtain donations and instructions while also infiltrating the non-communist resistance in Bavaria with his informers.<ref name="Centre" />{{sfn|Mehringer|Schönhoven|Grossmann|1983|p=134}} |
Under the code name "Theo", Troll actively recruited members for the communist resistance. He was employed at a building site at the [[Deutsches Museum]] in Munich in 1934 and successfully recruited members there. Those as well as communists who distributed illegal leaflets and collected donations for the ''[[Rote Hilfe]]'', an organisation supporting family members of people arrested by the Nazis, were betrayed by Troll. He rose to become, in April 1935, the leader of the ''Rote Hilfe'' and, in early 1936, the leader of the KPD in Southern Bavaria. Troll travelled repeatedly to Switzerland and Czechoslovakia to obtain donations and instructions while also infiltrating the non-communist resistance in Bavaria with his informers.<ref name="Centre" />{{sfn|Mehringer|Schönhoven|Grossmann|1983|p=134}} |
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Revision as of 00:49, 31 October 2018
Max Troll | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1902 |
| Died | 7 April 1972 |
| Occupation(s) | Party activist and official |
| Known for | Gestapo informer (1933–1936) |
| Political party | KPD (1932–1936) |
Max Troll (1902–1972) was a German communist-turned-informer who betrayed hundreds of Bavarian communists to the Bavarian Political Police, a forerunner of the Gestapo,[1] between 1933 and 1936. Troll spent a short time in Dachau concentration camp and served in the German Army during World War II. After the war he was sentenced to ten years in jail for his role as informer but released after five, unlike his Gestapo superiors who were not prosecuted.
Troll was never a Nazi, opposing the regime instead, but a number of factors have been cited for his betrayal, among them financial difficulties, his treatment while being held at Dachau and the threat of physical violence against his stepbrothers should he not cooperate with the police.
Biography
Early life
Troll, the son of a truck driver, and born in Lower Bavaria, grew up in Munich. Troll worked as a labourer on building sites and as a life guard for the city of Munich, but lost his job in 1931 because of his left-wing activities and thereafter remained unemployed until 1934.[2] Troll lived in the working class suburb of Giesing, in public housing, an area dominated by unemployment and communist activities,[2] and joined the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) in 1932.[3]
Nazi era
With Adolf Hitler's rise to power in Germany, the Nazis took power in Bavaria on 9 March 1933 and Troll was arrested the same day alongside his two stepbrothers and taken to Dachau concentration camp.[4] He and his brothers were some of the first inmates at Dachau.[5] Troll was released again in May and worked as an informer for the Bavarian political police, now under the control of Heinrich Himmler. The possibility exists that he either already worked as an informer when he joined the KPD in 1932,[3] or that he may have been forced into cooperating after his release by the threat that his brothers would be killed at Dachau should he refuse. His difficult financial situation as well as the fact that he was broken while at Dachau may also have been factors.[6] In any case, from May 1933 Troll made a concentrated effort to establish the names of Bavarian communists who had gone underground. Because of the de-centralised nature of the communist movements it had become very hard for the police to track the communist resistance.[3]
Under the code name "Theo", Troll actively recruited members for the communist resistance. He was employed at a building site at the Deutsches Museum in Munich in 1934 and successfully recruited members there. Those as well as communists who distributed illegal leaflets and collected donations for the Rote Hilfe, an organisation supporting family members of people arrested by the Nazis, were betrayed by Troll. He rose to become, in April 1935, the leader of the Rote Hilfe and, in early 1936, the leader of the KPD in Southern Bavaria. Troll travelled repeatedly to Switzerland and Czechoslovakia to obtain donations and instructions while also infiltrating the non-communist resistance in Bavaria with his informers.[3][7]
Because of his work the Bavarian political police were able to wait until mid-1935 until beginning with a wave of arrests,[3] being in almost complete control of the communist resistance in Munich and able to direct it through Troll.[8] By then, when suspicion started to fall on him, Troll had handed the names of 250 communists and sympathisers to the police as well as betrayed their organisational structure, bringing the communist resistance in Munich to an almost complete standstill. Some of the resistance members he betrayed were subsequently sentenced to death and executed.[3] He was also involved in the destruction of the Munich cell of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany and made contact with Catholic and monarchist resistance groups as part of the aim of the KPD to create a united peoples front, the Volksfront, to resist Hitler and the Nazis.[9]
Troll was withdrawn as an informer by the Gestapo in 1936 and subsequently worked in the Messerschmitt aircraft factory in Regensburg,[3] courtesy to a glowing referral provided by Karl Brunner, the head of the Gestapo in Munich.[6]
While paid well during his times as police informer for his work, receiving up to Reichsmark 240 per month, Troll did not receive any further benefits once his role had been completed and the Gestapo actively tried to ensure that he would not be employed in any politically sensitive role.[10] From 1940 to 1944 Troll served in the Wehrmacht until captured in 1944,[3] and returned to Germany in 1946 after having been a prisoner of war in France.[10] During his time in the German military his comrades noted that Troll was opposed to the Nazi regime and criticised it, something they testified to in his trial after the war.[10]
Post-war
He was tracked down by victims of his betrayal, who extracted a written confession from him, which lead to his arrest in May 1947. He was sentenced to ten years in a labour camp by a court in Regensburg, but released after five for health reasons. The sentence against Troll in Regensburg was one of the hardest for Nazi crimes there and also included confiscation of his assets, loss of the right to vote and a ban from working.[3][6]
Attempts to prosecute him further for the death of communists he betrayed were unsuccessful as the court in Munich deemed the result of his actions as within the frame of the anti-communist laws in Germany at the time and the Cold war anti-communist attitude in the west after the war.[6][11] His three former contacts in the Gestapo who he reported to were not prosecuted, also they did spend some compulsory time in detention for being members of the organisation.[6] Some even re-entered Bavarian government service after the war.[3]
Troll died in Regensburg on 7 April 1972 without suffering any further repercussions for his actions as informer.[3]
The destruction of the communist resistance in Munich and the role Troll played in it became part of the novel Verrat in München und Burghausen (Betrayal in Munich and Burghausen) by Max Brym, published in 2018, which tells the story a fictional protagonist in the back ground of the real events.[12]
References
Citations
- ^ Hoser, Paul. "Schutzstaffel (SS), 1925–1945" (in German). Historisches Lexikon Bayerns. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
- ^ a b Mehringer, Schönhoven & Grossmann 1983, p. 148.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Max Troll (1902-1972)". Munich Documentation Centre for the History of National Socialism (in German). Munich. 27 January 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
- ^ Mehringer, Schönhoven & Grossmann 1983, p. 133.
- ^ Meinl & Schröder 2015, p. 20.
- ^ a b c d e Meinl & Schröder 2015, p. 21.
- ^ Mehringer, Schönhoven & Grossmann 1983, p. 134.
- ^ Mehringer, Schönhoven & Grossmann 1983, p. 135.
- ^ Mehringer, Schönhoven & Grossmann 1983, pp. 152–153.
- ^ a b c Mehringer, Schönhoven & Grossmann 1983, p. 156.
- ^ Mehringer, Schönhoven & Grossmann 1983, p. 154.
- ^ "Review: Verrat in München und Burghausen" (in German). Max Brym website. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
Bibliography
- Meinl, Susanne; Schröder, Joachim (2015). „Einstellung zum demokratischen Staat: Bedenkenfrei“. Zur Frühgeschichte des bayerischen Landesamts für Verfassungsschutz [Attitude towards the democratic state: Without concern. The early histroy of the Bavarian State Department for the Protection of the Constitution] (Report) (in German). Alliance 90/The Greens in the Landtag of Bavaria.
{{cite report}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Mehringer, Hartmut; Schönhoven, Klaus; Grossmann, Anton (1983). Die Parteien KPD, SPD, BVP in Verfolgung und Widerstand [The KPD, SPD and BVP parties in persecution and resistance] (in German). De Gruyter Oldenbourg. ISBN 978-3-486-70838-7.
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