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-The [[Gisborne Region]] has a deep and complex history which dates back to the early 1300's. The region, on the East Coast of New Zealand's [[North Island]], has many culturally and historically significant sites that relate to early [[Māori people|Māori]] exploration in the 14th century and important colonial events, such as [[Captain Cook|Captain Cook's]] first landfall in New Zealand.
-==First arrivals==
-For centuries the Gisborne Region has been inhabited by the tribes of [[Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki]], [[Rongowhakaata]], [[Ngāi Tāmanuhiri]], [[Ngāti Porou]] and [[Te Aitanga-a-Hauiti]].<ref name="tearatribes"/> These iwi descended from 3 main groups of migrants, the crews of the ''Te Ikaroa-a-Rauru'', ''[[Horouta]]'' and ''[[Tākitimu]]'' waka, which were part of a larger 7 canoe migration from [[Hawaiki]] around 1350 AD.<ref name="teara1"/><ref name="cawthron"/>
-===Māui and Paikea===
-The Ngāti Porou [[iwi]] of the East Cape cite the god-like figure [[Māui]] as being fundamental to their history. It is said that he is the ancestor who binds Ngāti Porou descendants to the beginnings of human existence.<ref name="reedy"/> Māui’s canoe ''Nukutaimemeha'' is the most ancient waka associated with the region. In it he is said to have fished up the North Island from the bottom of the ocean.<ref name="teara-ecms"/> According to tribal tradition, ''Nukutaimemeha'' now lies upturned in stone on [[Mt Hikurangi]], another significant cultural icon.<ref name="cawthron"/>
-Ngāti Porou derive their name from their ancestor Porourangi, a descendant of Māui. Porourangi’s wife, Hamoterangi, migrated on ''Te Ikaroa a Rauru'' waka which belonged to Māia, brother-in-law of Uenuku.<ref name="teara-ngatiporou"/><ref name="ngawaka"/>, who bought with him precious [[gourd]] seeds.<ref name="teara-aa"/> ''Te Ikaroa a Rauru'' came ashore on the Kaiti side of the Turanganui river, close to Tuamotu, and the crew occupied this area as well as the banks of the Taruheru stream.<ref name="sorrenson"/> Māia lived at the Puhi Kaiti pā.<ref name="gdc"/>
-[[Paikea]] is also a key ancestor in East Coast history who is said to have come from Hawaiki on the back of a whale.<ref name="teara-ngatiporou"/> Traditions recount how, on his journey to New Zealand, Paikea's canoe sunk and his brothers drowned. After calling upon the guardians of the sea to help him, a [[taniwha]] in the form of a whale came to his rescue and carried him to land at Ahuahu ([[Great Mercury Island]]). From here he went on to [[Whakatāne]], and eventually to [[Whangara]] on the East Coast.<ref name="teara-ngatiporou"/><ref name="teaohou"/>
-===''Horouta'', ''Takitimu'' and ''Te Ikaroa-a-Rauru'' ===
-[[File:MitTaki024a.jpg|thumb|400px|Genealogical Table of Pawa and Kiwa of the ''Horouta''<ref name="takitimu" />]]
-Whilst it is generally accepted that the tribes of the East Coast descend from the voyagers of the three above mentioned [[Waka (canoe)|waka]], local oral traditions offer differing versions of account regarding their arrival in the region.<ref name="tearatribes"/> The learned Māoris of the past regarded their history as being exceedingly sacred, or ''[[Tapu (Polynesian culture)|tapu]]'', and therefore imparting it to a stranger rendered it 'polluted' or 'common'. Being the most sacred canoe of all in the migration, the ''Tākitimu's'' history was held strictly tapu.<ref name="takitimu" /> Subsequently, two versions of its story exist, one of the Northern East Coast which tells of the crew disembarking at [[Mahia]], and the another of the Southern East Coast which maintains that the ''Tākitimu'' landed at several places along the East Coast including Ūawa ([[Tolaga Bay]]) and Turanganui (Gisborne).<ref name="teara-canoes"/>
-In one account, the great navigator Kiwa was the commander aboard the ''Tākitimu'' canoe which made the first landfall in the region from [[Hawaiki]].<ref name="teara6" /> In this version, Pāoa (or Pawa), captain of the waka ''[[Horouta]]'', is said to have followed later.<ref name="spedding"/> However, another widely accepted version of events is that ''Horouta'' preceded ''Tākitimu'' (possibly by as much as 100 years) with both Pāoa and Kiwa aboard, and that Tamatea was commander of ''Tākitimu''.<ref name="takitimu" /><ref name="mackay" /> In 1931, [[Sir Āpirana Ngata]] maintained in an address to the Tairawhiti Maori Association that ''Horouta'' was in fact the main canoe that brought the people to the East Coast, not the ''Takitimu'', and that Ngāti Porou had always regarded ''Tākitimu'' as "an unimportant canoe".<ref name="echoes"/><ref name="mackay" /> Māori historian [[Rongowhakaata Halbert]] also affirmed this in his book 'Horouta' (1999).<ref name="halbert"/>
-Originally, the great [[Polynesians|polynesian]] explorer [[Toi (name)|Toi]] had given the ''Horouta'' to Kahukura so he could retrieve [[kūmara]] from Hawaiki.<ref name="teara-canoes" /><ref name="spedding" /> After retrieving the vegetables, ''Horouta'' returned to New Zealand with Pāoa as her commander and Kiwi her priest.<ref name="takitimu" /> The canoe first made landfall at Ahuahu, followed by the [[Bay of Plenty]] and Te Muriwai, where Pāoa's sister Hinehakirirangi disembarked and decided to stay.<ref name="halbert" />
-''Horouta'' then continued across the bay around until it came ashore on the west bank of the [[Turanganui River]].<ref name="spedding" /> Kiwa was first to step foot on land (either as the new commander of a skeleton crew,<ref name="halbert" /> or because it was customary for a priest to do so), and thus named the land "Tūranganui-a-Kiwa" (''The great standing place of Kiwa'').<ref name="takitimu" />
-Many place-names were left by the Horouta crew including the Waipaoa River, Te Kurī-o-Pāoa ([[Young Nick's Head]]), and Te Tuahenitanga-a-Pawa (Tuahine Point).<ref name="spedding" />
-==Early History (c. 1350 – 1900)==
-===Māori Settlement===
-During the fourteenth century, Māori tribes built fishing villages close to the sea and built [[pā]] on nearby hilltops.<ref name="ttours" />
-In fifteenth century, [[Ruapani]], a descendant of Pāoa and Kiwa, became paramount chief of the Tūranga tribes.<ref name="mackay" /> He had a great pā, known as Popoia, on the western bank of the Waipāoa River at Waituhi.<ref name="teara-ecms" /> Ruapani had three wives who between them bore 25 children. Many prominent Māori leaders descend from Ruapani including [[Te Kani-a-Takirau]], the [[Te Heuheu]] dynasty of [[Ngāti Tuwharetoa]], [[Te Rauparaha]], Hēnare Tomoana, [[Te Kooti]], [[Wi Pere]], [[Sir James Carroll]], Sir Māui Pōmare and [[Sir Āpirana Ngata]].<ref name="teara-ecms" />
-Several major conflicts occurred in the region between neighbouring tribes over the following centuries, which led to the spread of influence of Porourangi’s descendants.<ref name="teara-toi" /><ref name="reedy" />
-=== Captain Cook landing===
-On 8 October 1769, [[Captain James Cook]] made his historic first landing in New Zealand upon the ''[[HMS Endeavour|Endeavour]]'' at Gisborne's Kaiti Beach.<ref name="gdc"/> Cook had earlier set off from [[Plymouth]], England in August 1768 on a mission bound for [[Tahiti]]. Once he had concluded his duties in Tahiti, Cook continued south to look for a large landmass or continent.<ref name="spedding" /><ref name="landingsite"/> [[Young Nick's Head]] was thought to be the first piece of New Zealand land sighted by Cook's party, and so named because it was first observed by cabin boy Nicholas Young on October 6th.<ref name="cyclopedia/><ref name="landingsite"/>
-On October 9, Cook came ashore on the eastern bank of the Tūranganui River, accompanied by a party of men.<ref name="spedding" /> Their arrival was marred by misunderstanding and resulted in the death and wounding of nine Maori over four days.<ref name="ttours" /><ref name="teara3"/> Cook dubbed the place [[Poverty Bay]] because "it afforded us no one thing we wanted."<ref name="doc-cook-site" /> Before leaving the region, the ''Endeavour'' visited Anaura and Tolaga bays where they had more positive interactions with Māori.<ref name="teara-euroimpact" />
-Cook's landing site on Kaiti Beach was commemorated by a monument in 1906, on the 137th anniversary of Cook's arrival. In 1964 the Gisborne committee of the [[New Zealand Historic Places Trust]] registered the land around the monument as a historic reserve, and in 1990 it was designated a [[National reserves of New Zealand|National Historic Reserve]] and put under the care of the [[Department of Conservation (New Zealand)|Department of Conservation]].<ref name="tearacooksite"/><ref name="landingsite" />
-===Musket wars===
-{{Main|Musket Wars}}
-With the arrival of European whaling and trading ships in the early 1800s, the northern tribes of Ngapuhi and Ngati Whatua were able to trade flax, potatoes, fruit and pigs for muskets.<ref name="nzinhistory"/> As muskets were made more readily available, inter-tribal warfare intensified, as did Kaitangata (cannibalism), slavery and the pursuit of utu (revenge). During this time the East Coast region was decimated by the northern tribes, as Ngāpuhi chiefs [[Pōmare]] and [[Te Wera Hauraki]] waged a number of battles against local iwi.<ref name="teara-euroimpact" /><ref name="teara-mwars"/> Most notable was the 1820 massacre of Ngati Porou hapu by Pōmare's war party during a six month siege in Te Whetumatarau pa at Te Araroa.<ref name="teara-pomare"/><ref name="reedy" />
-===European settlement and town growth===
-European settlement didn't begin in Gisborne until the early 1830s when [[Merchant|traders]] such as Captain John Harris and Captain George E. Read set up the first trading stations along the Tūranganui River.<ref name="mackay" /><ref name="teara6" /> The [[Anglican Church]] became a strong influence in many Māori communities during this time as the [[Church Missionary Society]] extended its reach to the East Cape.<ref name="teara3"/> In 1840 [[William Williams (bishop)|William Williams]], a missionary and linguist, established a mission station at Tūranga.<ref name="teara-williams"/>
-Over the next 30 years, many more European traders and [[missionaries]] migrated to the region where flax, muskets, blankets, tobacco were the main products of trade.<ref name="teara-euroimpact" /> In May 1840, 24 chiefs from the Tūranga district signed the Treaty of Waitangi. Land was then sold or leased, and more systematic European settlement of the area began.<ref name="teara3"/> The Māori people of Tūranganui-a-Kiwa made the most of business and trading opportunities with some hapū beginning to ship produce long-distance to a prospering [[Auckland]].<ref name="teara-euroimpact" />
-===Conflict of the 1860s===
-During the early 1860s conflict had broken out between Māori and the government over ownership of land and authority. Initially few people of the Tūranganui-a-Kiwa tribes were drawn into these wars, however attitudes changed when the government began to confiscate Māori land.<ref name="teara3" />
-As the [[Pai Mārire]] (Hauhau) religious movement spread their anti-colonisation ideology into the Poverty Bay region,<ref name="gisherald-pa" /> infighting broke out in Ngati Porou and the iwi was split into two factions, the Hauhau converts and those who stood to resist their invasion. Hauhau sought to drive Pākehā from Māori land and gain support for [[Kīngitanga]], the movement to create a Māori nation under a Māori king.<ref name="reedy" /> Major conflict erupted on the East Coast when government forces and those of Ngati Porou who had pledged allegiance to the crown sought to drive Hauhau from pā sites in the region.<ref name="gisherald-pa" /> The most noted leaders who rose against the Hauhau forces in Ngāti Porou land were Rāpata Wahawaha, Hōtene Porourangi, Tuta Nihohiho, Hēnare Pōtae and Mōkena Kōhere.<ref name="reedy" />
-Internal conflicts followed in a number of places from northern Waiapu to Tokomaru Bay, Tolaga Bay, and Tūranganui–Waerenga-a-hika. They ended in the pursuit of [[Te Kooti]] through the Urewera in 1870.<ref name="reedy" />
-==20th century==
-The end of the 19th century marked an end to conflict and the beginning of flourishing trade opportunities along the coast.<ref name="reedy" /> A thriving pastoral hinterland and two new freezing works boosted development and as a result many other industries were established.<ref name="teara6"/>
-[[File:William Gisborne, circa 1895.jpg|right|thumb|160px|alt=William Gisborne|[[William Gisborne]], who the town is named after, circa 1895]]
-In 1868 the government bought 300 hectares of land in Gisborne for a town site. The town was laid out in 1870 and the name changed from Tūranga to Gisborne, after the then colonial secretary [[William Gisborne]], and to avoid confusion with [[Tauranga]]. In 1872, Gisborne's first public school was opened and it's first newspaper, the ''Poverty Bay Standard'' was established.<ref name="mackay"/> A town council was formed in 1877.<ref name="teara6" /><ref name="ttours" />
-From the 1890s onwards, Ngati Porou leader [[Āpirana Ngata]], rose to prominence as a political leader and staunch advocate for Māori development on the East Coast. His leadership helped revitalise the Māori population and morale through administration of farm land, cultural revival in the arts and literature, and promotion of sports. Ngata helped to organise Māori participation in both world wars and is remembered as the 'father of the [[Māori Battalion]]'.<ref name="reedy" /><ref name="teara-ngata" /><ref name="britannica-ngata" />
-[[File:View over Gisborne in the 1920s ATLIB 291659.png|thumb|View over Gisborne in the 1920s ATLIB 291659]]
-By 1926 the population of Gisborne had risen to 15,000, although it was overwhelmingly [[Pākehā]] (European) – fewer than 2% of the population were Māori. However, the opening of a new meeting house at Te Poho-o-Rāwiri [[marae]] in 1930 was a major public event that bought many Māori to the area. By that time Gisborne had developed into a provincial capital with an improved harbour, a post office, a high school and a flourishing main street (Gladstone Road). Homes were built along the banks of the Taruheru River, along with a botanical garden.<ref name="teara6" />
-Pastoral farming continued to thrive during the 1950s and 1960s. The port was complemented by a rail link and an airport, and a food-processing and canning industry developed.<ref name="teara6" /> Gisborne attained city status on August 8, 1955 with a population of 20,000.<ref name="herald-60years"/>
-From the second half of the 20th century, the Gisborne region began to grow as a major centre of Māori culture. While in 1961 the Māori population in the area was just under 12% of the total, by 2013 it had increased to 49%, the highest proportion of any regional population.<ref name="stats-maori" /><ref name="teara6" /> The 2013 New Zealand census revealed that over 30% of Māori residents in Gisborne speak [[te reo Māori]].<ref name="stats" />
-In March 1988 [[Cyclone Bola]] hit Gisborne and the East Cape, bringing torrential rain that flooded the area for more than three days and caused significant damage to homes and farm land, costing the horticulture industry an estimated $90 million. Three people died and thousands were evacuated from their homes. Cyclone Bola resulted in a government repair bill of more than $111 million.<ref name="nzh-bola" /><ref name="gisherald-bola" />
-Due to it's proximity to the international dateline,<ref name="britannica-gis" /> Gisborne has long regarded itself as the first city in the world to see the sun rise each day.<ref name="nztourism" /><ref name="aa" /> Over the 1999/2000 new year, Gisborne hosted major celebrations as the world's first major settlement to witness the dawn of the new millennium. The festivities, which included a performance by opera singer [[Kiri te Kanawa]], were broadcast to television audiences worldwide.<ref name="teara-millennium" /><ref name="guardian-millennium" />
-==References==
-{{reflist|3|refs=
-<ref name="teara-williams">{{cite web|author1=Frances Porter|title=Williams, William – Biography|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1w26/williams-william|website=Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|accessdate=6 May 2017}}</ref>
-<ref name="teara-euroimpact">{{cite web|author1=Monty Soutar|title=East Coast region - European impact on Māori, 1769 to 1869|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/east-coast-region/page-5|website=Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|accessdate=6 May 2017}}</ref>
-<ref name="teara-mwars">{{cite web|author1=Basil Keane|title=Musket wars - Warfare from the north|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/musket-wars/page-3|website=Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|accessdate=6 May 2017}}</ref>
-<ref name="gisherald-pa">{{cite news|author1=Michael Neilson|title=Historic Te Araroa pa is excavated and mapped|url=http://gisborneherald.co.nz/localnews/2666726-135/historic-te-araroa-pa-is-excavated|accessdate=6 May 2017|publisher=Gisborne Herald|date=20 February 2017}}</ref>
-<ref name="teara-pomare">{{cite web|author1=Angela Ballara|title=Pomare I|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1p19/pomare-i|website=Dictionary of New Zealand Biography|publisher=Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|accessdate=6 May 2017}}</ref>
-<ref name="teara-ecms">{{cite web|author1=Monty Soutar|title=The East Coast region – Māori settlement|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/east-coast-region/page-4|website=Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|accessdate=6 May 2017}}</ref>
-<ref name="nzinhistory">{{cite web|title=The Musket Wars|url=http://www.history-nz.org/wars5.html|website=New Zealand in History|accessdate=6 May 2017}}</ref>
-<ref name="teara-toi">{{cite web|author1=Tamati Muturangi Reedy|title=Ngāti Porou - Toi descendants|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/ngati-porou/page-3|website=Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|accessdate=6 May 2017}}</ref>
-<ref name="teaohou">{{cite journal|title=The Story of Paikea and Ruatapu|journal=Te Ao Hou: The Māori Magazine|date=September 1962|volume=40|page=6|url=http://teaohou.natlib.govt.nz/journals/teaohou/issue/Mao40TeA/c5.html|accessdate=21 October 2016}}</ref>
-<ref name="cawthron">{{cite book|author1=Te Rangi Hiroa|title=Cawthron Lectures Volume II|date=1925|pages=22–56|url=http://www.cawthron.org.nz/media_new/publications/pdf/2013_09/No_5_The_Coming_of_the_Maori_No_5_1.pdf|accessdate=6 May 2017|chapter=The Coming of the Maori}}</ref>
-<ref name="reedy">{{cite web|author1=Sir Tamati Muturangi Reedy|title=The story of Ngati Porou|url=http://www.ngatiporoukiponeke.org.nz/home/the-story-of-ngati-porou/|website=Te Taurahere o Ngati Porou ki Poneke|accessdate=6 May 2017}}</ref>
-<ref name="teara1">{{cite web|author1=Rāwiri Taonui|title=The meaning of canoe traditions|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/canoe-traditions/page-1|website=Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|accessdate=6 May 2017}}</ref>
-<ref name="tearatribes">{{cite web|title=Story: Tūranganui-a-Kiwa tribes|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/turanganui-a-kiwa-tribes|website=Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|accessdate=28 May 2016}}</ref>
-<ref name="lonelyplanet">{{cite web|title=History of Gisborne - Lonely Planet Travel Information|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/new-zealand/the-east-coast/gisborne/history|website=Lonely Planet|accessdate=28 May 2016}}</ref>
-<ref name="ttours">{{cite web|title=Gisborne History|url=http://www.tairawhititours.co.nz/history/|website=Tairāwhiti Tours|accessdate=28 May 2016}}</ref>
-<ref name="trotak">{{cite web|title=The People - History|url=http://www.trotak.iwi.nz/thepeople/history.php|website=Te Runanga o Turanganui a Kiwa|accessdate=28 May 2016}}</ref>
-<ref name="mackay">{{cite book|last1=Mackay|first1=Joseph Angus|title=Historic Poverty Bay and the East Coast, N.I., N.Z.|date=1949|url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-MacHist.html}}</ref>
-<ref name="echoes">{{cite book|author1=Tairawhiti Māori Association|title=Echoes of the Pa: Tairawhiti Māori Association's Research Proceedings 1931-1932|date=1932|publisher=Gisborne Publishing Co.}}</ref>
-<ref name="gdc">{{cite web|title=Our district's history|url=http://www.gdc.govt.nz/our-districts-history/|website=Gisborne District Council|accessdate=28 May 2016}}</ref>
-<ref name="teara3">{{cite web|title=Tūranganui-a-Kiwa tribes: Contacts and conflicts|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/turanganui-a-kiwa-tribes/page-3|website=Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|accessdate=28 May 2016}}</ref>
-<ref name="teara6">{{cite web|last1=Soutar|first1=Monty|title=East Coast places - Gisborne|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/east-coast-places/page-6|website=Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|accessdate=12 June 2016|date=25 March 2015}}</ref>
-<ref name="teara-aa">{{cite web|last1=Tūpara|first1=Nick|title=Tūranganui-a-Kiwa tribes - Arrivals and alliance|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/turanganui-a-kiwa-tribes/page-2|website=Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|accessdate=14 June 2016|language=en|date=22 September 2012}}</ref>
-<ref name="landingsite">{{cite web|title=Historic Cook Landing Site|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/east-coast/places/gisborne-area/cook-landing-site/|website=Department of Conservation|accessdate=28 May 2016}}</ref>
-<ref name="teara-ngatiporou">{{cite web|author1=Tamati Muturangi Reedy|title=Ngāti Porou - Ancestors|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/ngati-porou/page-1|website=Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|accessdate=12 June 2016|date=22 September 2012}}</ref>
-<ref name="spedding">{{cite book|last1=Spedding|first1=Michael|title=The Turanganui River: A Brief History|date=October 2006|publisher=Department of Conservation in association with NZ Historic Places Trust, Tairawhiti Museum and Eastland Port Co. Ltd|isbn=0-478-14120-3|pages=13-29|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/conservation/historic/by-region/echb/turanganui-river-history.pdf|accessdate=28 May 2016}}</ref>
-<ref name="halbert">{{cite book|last1=Halbert|first1=Rongowhakaata|title=Horouta : the history of the Horouta canoe, Gisborne and East Coast|date=1999|publisher=Reed, Auckland, N.Z.|isbn=0790006235|pages=26-28|chapter=The Horouta Canoe}}</ref>
-<ref name="teara-canoes">{{cite web|last1=Taonui|first1=Rāwiri|title=Canoe traditions - Canoes of the East Coast|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/canoe-traditions/page-6|website=Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|accessdate=12 June 2016|date=22 September 2012}}</ref>
-<ref name="tearacooksite">{{cite web|author1=Nancy Swarbrick|title=Public history - Historic places and objects|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/44444/historic-sites-james-cook-landing-site|website=Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|accessdate=28 May 2016|date=12 August 2014}}</ref>
-<ref name="cyclopedia>{{cite journal|author1=Cyclopedia Company Limited|title=The Cyclopedia of New Zealand [Auckland Provincial District]|date=1902|pages=960 - 1002|url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc02Cycl-t1-body1-d3-d6-d6.html|accessdate=28 May 2016|publisher=The Cyclopedia Company}}</ref>
-<ref name="ngawaka">{{cite book|last1=Evans|first1=Jeff|title=Nga Waka O Nehera: The First Voyaging Canoes By Jeff Evans|date=1997|publisher=Libro International|location=Auckland, N.Z.|isbn=9781877514043|page=63|edition=Ed. 2009|url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=bba_rL6_k30C&pg=PA63&lpg=PA63&dq=uenuku+maia&source=bl&ots=t1_ZtgaLXa&sig=upKmXDHKOk9NIDVz7gLO8xLB4is&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJh6PCn6fNAhWHipQKHRyNA_UQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=uenuku%20maia&f=false|accessdate=14 June 2016}}</ref>
-<ref name="takitimu">{{cite book|author1=Tiaki Hikawera Mitira|author2=J.H. Mitchell|title=Takitimu|date=1944|publisher=Reed Publishing|location=Wellington, New Zealand|isbn=9781927203361|url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-MitTaki-t1-body-d1-d2.html|accessdate=14 June 2016|chapter=Chapter Two — The History of Horouta and that of Pawa (her Commander) and Kiwa (the Priest)}}</ref>
-<ref name="sorrenson">{{cite book|editor1-last=Sorrenson|editor1-first=M.P.K.|title=Na to hoa aroha: From your dear friend : the correspondence between Sir Apirana Ngata and Sir Peter Buck, 1925-50|date=1986|publisher=Auckland University Press in association with the Alexander Turnbull Library, Endowment Trust, and the Maori Purposes Fund Board|location=Auckland|isbn=9780196480350|url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=3tpaAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT318&lpg=PT318&dq=maia+te+ikaroa+a+rauru&source=bl&ots=bmsx4aXK5D&sig=FJe15XNGANWJ-spZk2mVstQwDRw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjnvMrVnafNAhXjGaYKHXSqC58Q6AEITjAI#v=onepage&q=te%20ikaroa%20a%20rauru&f=false|accessdate=14 June 2016}}</ref>
-<ref name="gdc">{{cite web|title=Ngā Whakaaetanga ā Ture mō Te Tāirawhiti: Statutory Acknowledgements for the Gisborne District|url=http://www.gdc.govt.nz/assets/Files/Iwi-Plans/Statutory-Acknowledgements-Ngati-Porou_2.pdf|website=Gisborne District Council|accessdate=14 June 2016|page=19|date=2012}}</ref>
-<ref name="teara-ngata">{{cite web |author1=M. P. K. Sorrenson |title=Ngata, Apirana Turupa |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/3n5/ngata-apirana-turupa |website=Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |publisher=Dictionary of New Zealand Biography |accessdate=31 October 2018 |language=en |date=1996}}</ref>
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-}}