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Nigeria's implementation of the land use act of 1978 allowed the state or federal government the right to assign and lease land and also gave indigenes the right to apply and be given a certificate of occupancy to claim ownership of their ancestral lands.<ref name="Okello">Okello (2014)</ref> This placed the pastoral Fulani in a difficult position because most did not apply for lands of occupancy of their grazing routes and recurring transhumance movement will lead to encroachment of the properties of others. The Nigeria government designed some areas as grazing routes but this has not reduced clashes. From 1996 to 2006 about 121 people lost their lives in [[Bauchi State|Bauchi]] and [[Gombe State|Gombe]] states as a result of conflicts between pastoralists and farmers.<ref>Abbass (2014)</ref>
Nigeria's implementation of the land use act of 1978 allowed the state or federal government the right to assign and lease land and also gave indigenes the right to apply and be given a certificate of occupancy to claim ownership of their ancestral lands.<ref name="Okello">Okello (2014)</ref> This placed the pastoral Fulani in a difficult position because most did not apply for lands of occupancy of their grazing routes and recurring transhumance movement will lead to encroachment of the properties of others. The Nigeria government designed some areas as grazing routes but this has not reduced clashes. From 1996 to 2006 about 121 people lost their lives in [[Bauchi State|Bauchi]] and [[Gombe State|Gombe]] states as a result of conflicts between pastoralists and farmers.<ref>Abbass (2014)</ref>

Thousands of people have been killed since 2016 in clashes between farmers and semi-nomadic herders.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/amnesty-farmer-herder-clashes-kill-3600-nigeria-181217101114812.html Amnesty: Farmer-herder clashes kill 3,600 in Nigeria.]</ref>


===Ghana===
===Ghana===

Revision as of 23:15, 29 March 2019

Fulani wedding

Fulani herdsmen or Fulani pastoralists are nomadic or semi-nomadic Fulani people whose primary occupation is raising livestock.[1] The Fulani herdsmen are largely located in the Sahel and semi-arid parts of West Africa but due to changes in climate patterns many herdsmen have moved further south into the savannah and tropical forest belt of West Africa. The herdsmen are found in countries such as Nigeria, Niger, Senegal, Guinea, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Benin, Côte d'Ivoire and Cameroon. In Senegal they inhabit northeastern Ferlo and the southeastern part of the country. In many of these countries the Fula often constitute a minority group.

History

Herding system

A pastoral Fulani family is the traditional herding unit. Tasks are divided by gender and age among the members of the family.[2] The main work of men is to manage the herd, find grazing sites, build tents and camps and make security tools such as knives, bow and arrows and guns. Women in the unit take on traditional roles such as sourcing food produce in the market, milking cows, weaving and mat making.[3] Some women are also involved in farming such as growing vegetables and raising poultry.

Cattle is the dominant composition of the Fulani herd in countries such as Nigeria and camel is the least liked animal.[2] The livestock is largely female with close to 60% of cattle being female, the male species are usually reduced by selling them.

Movements

Fulani herdsmen's engage in both random and planned transhumance movements. Random movements are usually taken by the pure nomadic Fulani herdsmen while planned movements are taken by the semi nomadic pastoralist. A primary reason for the migratory nature of the herdsmen is to reach areas with abundant grass and water for the cattle.[4] The herdsmen also move to avoid tax collectors, harmful insects and hostile weather and social environment. A major benefit of the movement for the herdsmen is to maximize the availability food resources for the cattle and reduce excessive grazing.[5] Before moving new areas, the herdsmen send a reconnaissance team to study the area for availability of resources such as grass and water.

Source of income

The sale of goat, sheep and dairy products such as milk constitute the primary source of income and livelihood for the herdsmen. Their wealth and riches are often measured by the size of the Cattle herd.[6] Traditionally, the herdsmen often loan cows (habbanaya) to one another and once the cow has birthed and weaned a calf it is returned to its original owner. These herdsmen herd several species of cattle, but the zebu cattle is the most common in the West African hinterland because of its drought resistant traits. The dwarf Ndama cattle is commonly herded in the wetter areas of Fouta Djallon and Casamance as result of their resistance to trypanosomiasis and other conditions directly associated with high humidity.[7]

Residence

Fulani herdsmen build domed houses called "Suudu hudo" or "Bukkaru" made from grasses. During the dry season, it is often supported with compact millet stalk pillars, and by reed mats held together and tied against wood poles, in the wet or rainy season.[8][9] The advantage of the "Bukkaru" house is that it is mobile, easy to set up and dismantle as a typical house of nomadic societies. When it is time to relocate, the houses are dismantled and loaded onto a camel, horses, donkeys and sometimes cattle for transport.[9][10] In recent times several herdsmen now live in mud or concrete block houses.[11]

Conflict with farmers

Historically Fulani pastoralists have grazed in lands around the arid and sahel regions of West Africa partly because of the environmental conditions that limit the amount of land for agricultural purposes leading to less intense competition for land between farmers and herders. However, after recurrent droughts in the arid and Sahel regions, Fulani pastoralists have gradually moved southwards to the Guinea savanna and the tropical forest areas resulting in competition for grazing routes with farmers.[12] Farmers have also moved north with the increase in population.[13]

Nigeria

See also: Communal conflicts in Nigeria § Herder-farmer conflicts

Fulani pastoralists started migrating into Northern Nigeria from the Senegambia region around the thirteenth or fourteenth century.[12] After the Uthman dan Fodio jihad, the Fulani became integrated into the Hausa culture of Northern Nigeria. Thereafter, during the dry season when tsetse fly population is reduced, Fulani pastoralists began to drive their cattle into the Middle Belt zone dominated by non-Hausa groups, returning to the north at the onset of the rainy season. But while managing the herd and driving cattle, cattle grazing on farmlands sometimes occurs leading to destruction of crops and becoming a source of conflict.

Nigeria's implementation of the land use act of 1978 allowed the state or federal government the right to assign and lease land and also gave indigenes the right to apply and be given a certificate of occupancy to claim ownership of their ancestral lands.[14] This placed the pastoral Fulani in a difficult position because most did not apply for lands of occupancy of their grazing routes and recurring transhumance movement will lead to encroachment of the properties of others. The Nigeria government designed some areas as grazing routes but this has not reduced clashes. From 1996 to 2006 about 121 people lost their lives in Bauchi and Gombe states as a result of conflicts between pastoralists and farmers.[15]

Thousands of people have been killed since 2016 in clashes between farmers and semi-nomadic herders.[16]

Ghana

Fulani migrant groups and pastoralist are usually considered strangers and foreigners because of their Senegambia origin,[14] as a result their rights to use the areas termed ancestral lands by indigenous ethnic groups have met with some reservations.

Mali

See also: March 2019 attacks against Fulani herders

In March 2019, 160 Fulani herders were massacred in the villages of Ogossagou and Welingara in Mopti region. The perpetrators were hunters belong from the Dogon ethnic group.[17][18]

See also

References

  1. ^ Iro (1994), pp. 22
  2. ^ a b Iro (1994), pp. 103
  3. ^ Iro (1994), pp. 104
  4. ^ Iro (1994), pp. 106
  5. ^ Iro (1994), pp. 107
  6. ^ Chris Caldicott (1996-11-02). "Take me to the river - Travel". The Independent. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  7. ^ 15 November 2012 (2012-11-15). "Dewgal (Crossing of the Cattle): a celebration of greener pastures". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 2014-02-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Al-Amin Abu-Manga, Fulfulde in the Sudan: process of adaptation to Arabic (1986), p. 7, books.google.com/books?id=8IYOAAAAYAAJ: "The Fulani in the Sudan are known by the loose generic term 'Fellata'"
  9. ^ a b "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
  10. ^ "Association of Concerned Africa Scholars " Citizenship and Identity in Post-Secession Northern Sudan". Concernedafricascholars.org. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
  11. ^ Schlee, Gunther; Watson, Elizabeth, eds. (2013-10-15). "Changing Identifications and Alliances in North-east Africa: Volume II: Sudan, Uganda, and the Ethiopia-Sudan Borderlands". ISBN 9781845459635. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ^ a b Tonah (2002)
  13. ^ Akinwotu, Emmanuel (Jun 25, 2018). "Nigeria's Farmers and Herders Fight a Deadly Battle for Scarce Resources". Retrieved Mar 24, 2019 – via NYTimes.com.
  14. ^ a b Okello (2014)
  15. ^ Abbass (2014)
  16. ^ Amnesty: Farmer-herder clashes kill 3,600 in Nigeria.
  17. ^ "Mali attack: More than 130 Fulani villagers killed". bbc.com. BBC. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
  18. ^ "Death Toll From Mali Attacks Climbs to 160, Government Says". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2019-03-28. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)

Sources

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