Muzaffar ul-Mulk: Difference between revisions
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[[Highness|His Highness]] '''Muzaffar ul-Mulk''' (6 October 1901 – 12 January 1949) was the Mehtar of [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]] who reigned from 1943 to 1949.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Central Asia, Issues 3-4|publisher=Area Study Centre|location=University of Michigan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com |
[[Highness|His Highness]] '''Muzaffar ul-Mulk''' (6 October 1901 – 12 January 1949) was the Mehtar of [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]] who reigned from 1943 to 1949.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Central Asia, Issues 3-4|publisher=Area Study Centre|location=University of Michigan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pErODQAAQBAJ&pg=PA197&dq=muzaffar+ul+mulk+chitral&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjE4N_kjr_SAhUGOxoKHRFsDWEQ6AEIMDAG#v=onepage&q=muzaffar%20ul%20mulk%20chitral&f=false|title=The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1949|last=Steinberg|first=S.|date=2016-12-28|publisher=Springer|year=|isbn=9780230270787|location=|pages=197|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KaBCAAAAIAAJ&q=muzaffar+ul+mulk&dq=muzaffar+ul+mulk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiXkOjgjL_SAhWBtBoKHdyPD2EQ6AEIJjAD|title=Memoranda on the Indian States|last=|first=|date=1939-01-01|publisher=Manager of Publications.|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=208|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXUMAQAAMAAJ&q=muzaffar+ul+mulk+1947&dq=muzaffar+ul+mulk+1947&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiFrrX_kb_SAhUCuBoKHaa4AWIQ6AEIKzAF|title=Proceedings of the Third International Hindu Kush Cultural Conference|last=Israr-ud-Din|first=|date=2008-01-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=|isbn=9780195798890|location=|pages=339|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J9Wu86PvaKsC&q=muzaffar+ul+mulk+chitral&dq=muzaffar+ul+mulk+chitral&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj626ySob_SAhWCchoKHQzYDGE4MhDoAQgiMAM|title=The London Gazette|last=|first=|date=1947-01-01|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=5070|language=en}}</ref> He took the important decision of Chitrals [[Instrument of Accession|accession]] to [[Pakistan]] <nowiki/>in 1947.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8cPvqCNy8zsC&q=muzaffar+ul+mulk+chitral&dq=muzaffar+ul+mulk+chitral&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjE4N_kjr_SAhUGOxoKHRFsDWEQ6AEILDAF|title=Pakistan|last=Wilcox|first=Wayne Ayres|date=1963-01-01|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=230|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sk_ODQAAQBAJ&pg=PA178&dq=muzaffar+ul+mulk+chitral&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjE4N_kjr_SAhUGOxoKHRFsDWEQ6AEINTAH#v=onepage&q=muzaffar%20ul%20mulk%20chitral&f=false|title=The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1946|last=Epstein|first=M.|date=2016-12-28|publisher=Springer|year=|isbn=9780230270756|location=|pages=178|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EMZAAAAMAAJ&q=muzaffar+ul+mulk+chitral&dq=muzaffar+ul+mulk+chitral&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiM0-2Rkb_SAhWMPxoKHeZwBmE4ChDoAQgWMAA|title=Population Census of Pakistan, 1961: Dacca. 2.Chittagong. 3.Sylhet. 4.Rajshahi. 5.Khulna. 6.Rangpur. 7.Mymensingh. 8.Comilla. 9.Bakerganj. 10.Noakhali. 11.Bogra. 12.Dinajpur. 13.Jessore. 14.Pabna. 15.Kushtia. 16.Faridpur. 17.Chittagong Hill tracts|last=Commissioner|first=Pakistan Office of the Census|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=1–19|language=en}}</ref> He dispatched his army into [[Gilgit Agency|Gilgit]] in August 1947, to help secure that territory for Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.royalark.net/Pakistan/chitral9.htm|title=Katur Dynasty|last=Buyers|first=Christopher|date=2004|website=Royal Ark|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=psTeAAAAMAAJ&q=mata+ul+mulk&dq=mata+ul+mulk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiNncP1oMTSAhXDbxQKHfhLB2sQ6AEILTAF|title=History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820-1956: The State Force Background|last=Singh|first=K. Brahma|date=1990-01-01|publisher=Lancer International|year=|isbn=9788170620914|location=|pages=268|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KGZDnzqQj2QC&q=mata+ul+mulk&dq=mata+ul+mulk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiNncP1oMTSAhXDbxQKHfhLB2sQ6AEINjAH|title=Jammu and Kashmir Arms: History of the J & K Rifles|last=Palit|first=D. K.|date=1972-01-01|publisher=Palit & Dutt|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=299|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WFRuAAAAMAAJ&q=mata+ul+mulk&dq=mata+ul+mulk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiNncP1oMTSAhXDbxQKHfhLB2sQ6AEIPjAJ|title=Conquering Kashmir: a Pakistani obsession|last=Gen.)|first=K. K. Nanda (Lieut|date=1994-01-01|publisher=Lancers Books|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=103|language=en}}</ref> |
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== Life prior to accession == |
== Life prior to accession == |
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Muzaffar ul-Mulk was born on 6 October 1901. He was the second son of Mehtar [[Sir]] [[Shuja ul-Mulk]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com |
Muzaffar ul-Mulk was born on 6 October 1901. He was the second son of Mehtar [[Sir]] [[Shuja ul-Mulk]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KaBCAAAAIAAJ&q=muzaffar+ul+mulk+1901&dq=muzaffar+ul+mulk+1901&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi8uf7Slb_SAhVBtRQKHWIKC84Q6AEIFzAA|title=Memoranda on the Indian States|last=|first=|date=1939-01-01|publisher=Manager of Publications.|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=208|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=twq2AAAAIAAJ&q=muzaffar+ul+mulk+1901&dq=muzaffar+ul+mulk+1901&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi8uf7Slb_SAhVBtRQKHWIKC84Q6AEIGzAB|title=Memoranda on the India States, 1930: (Corrected Up to the 1st January 1930).|last=Branch|first=India Manager, Government of India Central Publication|date=1931-01-01|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=101|language=en}}</ref> He was given over for [[foster care]] at a young age and spent the early part of his childhood at his foster home.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral|last=Ghufran|first=Mirza Muhammad|publisher=Public Art Press|year=1962|isbn=|location=Peshawar|pages=444|translator-last=Murtaza|translator-first=Ghulam}}</ref> He received education from [[Islamia College University|Islamia College]] [[Peshawar]], ultimately ending up with an [[Junior college|F.A]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NP0TAAAAIAAJ&q=muzaffar+ul+mulk+islamia+college&dq=muzaffar+ul+mulk+islamia+college&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiA_eSwl7_SAhVCzRQKHSL4ClsQ6AEIHzAC|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|last=|first=|date=1948-01-01|publisher=Bennett, Coleman.|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=460|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wu9WAAAAMAAJ&q=muzaffar+ul+mulk+islamia+college&dq=muzaffar+ul+mulk+islamia+college&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiA_eSwl7_SAhVCzRQKHSL4ClsQ6AEIIzAD|title=The Muslim Year Book of India and Who's who: With Complete Information on Pakistan, 1948-49|last=|first=|date=1948-01-01|publisher=Bombay Newspaper Company|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=468|language=en}}</ref> During the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|Anglo-Afghan War of 1919]] he served with the [[Chitral Bodyguard|Chitral State Bodyguards]] under the command of his brother [[Nasir ul-Mulk]], in fending off the [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] attack.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xacSAAAAIAAJ&q=muzaffar+ul+mulk+1919&dq=muzaffar+ul+mulk+1919&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV86DemL_SAhVDQBQKHYnjBi44ChDoAQgWMAA|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|last=|first=|date=1945-01-01|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=1297|language=en}}</ref> In 1924 he returned to Chitral and became the Chief Secretary to his father Mehtar [[Shuja ul-Mulk]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral|last=Ghufran|first=Mirza Muhammad|publisher=Public Art Press|year=1962|isbn=|location=Peshawar|pages=444|translator-last=Murtaza|translator-first=Ghulam}}</ref> In 1930 he became the administrator of [[Torkhow Valley|Torkhow]] region in Chitral. The designation was formally termed the Governor of Torkhow. In 1939 he accompanied Nasir ul-Mulk on [[Hajj|pilgrimage]] to [[Mecca]]. Meanwhile Muzaffar was to retain his administrative post until his unforeseen accession as Mehtar in 1943.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vUnF8fl2dzcC&pg=PA98&dq=muzaffar+ul+mulk+governor&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLi6bDmr_SAhUC7BQKHbKxA6I4ChDoAQgaMAE#v=onepage&q=muzaffar%20ul%20mulk%20governor&f=false|title=An Indian Englishman|last=Gibson|first=Jack|last2=Sharma|first2=Brij|date=2008-08-15|publisher=Lulu.com|year=|isbn=9781435734616|location=|pages=98|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iwru5G6KMOMC&q=muzaffar+ul+mulk+chitral&dq=muzaffar+ul+mulk+chitral&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiK5e3fmr_SAhUD1xQKHcuhCUMQ6AEIFzAA|title=Notes on Chitral|last=Scott|first=Ian Dixon|date=1937-01-01|publisher=Manager, Government of India Press|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J9Wu86PvaKsC&q=muzaffar+ul+mulk+haj&dq=muzaffar+ul+mulk+haj&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiY57rHxcHSAhUJcBoKHRgsALwQ6AEIITAC|title=The London Gazette|last=|first=|date=1947-01-01|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=5070|language=en}}</ref> |
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On 29 July 1943 Mehtar [[Nasir ul-Mulk]] died of a [[stroke]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com |
On 29 July 1943 Mehtar [[Nasir ul-Mulk]] died of a [[stroke]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kj9uAAAAMAAJ&q=nasir+ul+mulk+1943+died&dq=nasir+ul+mulk+1943+died&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdne6snr_SAhUBAxoKHS9-BmIQ6AEIFzAA|title=Hindu Kush study series|last=Baig|first=Rahmat Karim|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=49–51|language=en}}</ref> He had two daughters but no son’s.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2eRAAQAAIAAJ&q=muzaffar+ul+mulk+chitral&dq=muzaffar+ul+mulk+chitral&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiBqa7wnL_SAhVD6xoKHSrQDGE4ChDoAQgiMAM|title=Appalachia|last=|first=|date=2008-01-01|publisher=Appalachian Mountain Club|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=66 and 67|language=en}}</ref> As fate would have it, he died without leaving a natural [[Heir apparent|heir]]. Thus the seat of power passed on to Muzaffar ul-Mulk, who was the Mehtars immediate younger brother.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WD0WAQAAMAAJ&q=nasir+ul+mulk+1943+died&dq=nasir+ul+mulk+1943+died&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdne6snr_SAhUBAxoKHS9-BmIQ6AEIJDAD|title=Indian Information|last=|first=|date=1943-01-01|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=152|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0x8PAQAAIAAJ&q=muzaffar+ul+mulk+chitral&dq=muzaffar+ul+mulk+chitral&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiBqa7wnL_SAhVD6xoKHSrQDGE4ChDoAQgsMAU|title=The Story of Swat|last=Swat)|first=Sir Abdul Wadud (Wali of|last2=K̲h̲ān̲|first2=Muḥammad Āṣif|date=1963-01-01|publisher=Ferezsons|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=142|language=en}}</ref> The [[Political officer (British Empire)|Political Agent]] [[Malakand Agency|Malakand]] came to [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]] and formally [[Diplomatic recognition|recognised]] the new ruler.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral|last=Ghufran|first=Mirza Muhammad|publisher=Public Art Press|year=1962|isbn=|location=Peshawar|pages=440|translator-last=Murtaza|translator-first=Ghulam}}</ref> |
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== Reign (1943-1949) == |
== Reign (1943-1949) == |
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By this period Muzaffars health had steadily declined, in May 1946 it was discovered that the reason for his ailing health was [[diabetes]]. The effect of this reflected itself in his administration, which grew inoperative. By early 1947 large scale protests were held across the state, which entailed the [[Political officer (British Empire)|Political Agent]] [[Malakand Agency|Malakand]] to come to [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]] and persuade the ailing Mehtar to dismiss some of the officials who’s negligence had contributed to the situation. Some of the legitimate demands of the protesters were acceded to, resulting in the protests fading.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral|last=Ghufran|first=Mirza Muhammad|publisher=Public Art Press|year=1962|isbn=|location=Peshawar|pages=441|translator-last=Murtaza|translator-first=Ghulam}}</ref> |
By this period Muzaffars health had steadily declined, in May 1946 it was discovered that the reason for his ailing health was [[diabetes]]. The effect of this reflected itself in his administration, which grew inoperative. By early 1947 large scale protests were held across the state, which entailed the [[Political officer (British Empire)|Political Agent]] [[Malakand Agency|Malakand]] to come to [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]] and persuade the ailing Mehtar to dismiss some of the officials who’s negligence had contributed to the situation. Some of the legitimate demands of the protesters were acceded to, resulting in the protests fading.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral|last=Ghufran|first=Mirza Muhammad|publisher=Public Art Press|year=1962|isbn=|location=Peshawar|pages=441|translator-last=Murtaza|translator-first=Ghulam}}</ref> |
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In early 1947 it was clear that it was a matter of time before the [[British Empire|British]] would leave the [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]] and two independent sovereign states would emerge. Conscious of this, Muzaffar ul-Mulk sent a delegate to [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] to convey that he wholeheartedly supported the [[Pakistan Movement|cause]] of [[Pakistan]] and would in due time exercising his right under the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]] accede to [[Pakistan]]. He also deposited [[Indian rupee|Rs]] 40,000 into Mr Jinnahs Pakistan Fund.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com |
In early 1947 it was clear that it was a matter of time before the [[British Empire|British]] would leave the [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]] and two independent sovereign states would emerge. Conscious of this, Muzaffar ul-Mulk sent a delegate to [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] to convey that he wholeheartedly supported the [[Pakistan Movement|cause]] of [[Pakistan]] and would in due time exercising his right under the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]] accede to [[Pakistan]]. He also deposited [[Indian rupee|Rs]] 40,000 into Mr Jinnahs Pakistan Fund.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA81&dq=chitral+instrument+of+accession&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi6kfPoysHSAhXJAxoKHR45C9o4ChDoAQgsMAU#v=onepage&q=chitral%20instrument%20of%20accession&f=false|title=State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security|last=Long|first=Roger D.|last2=Singh|first2=Gurharpal|last3=Samad|first3=Yunas|last4=Talbot|first4=Ian|date=2015-10-08|publisher=Routledge|year=|isbn=9781317448204|location=|pages=81|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_9tAAAAMAAJ&q=muzaffar+ul+mulk&dq=muzaffar+ul+mulk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiblPGRyMHSAhUEtRoKHVEECrY4ChDoAQgzMAU|title=Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers: The States : historical and policy perspectives and accession to Pakistan|last=Zaidi|first=Z. H.|last2=Project|first2=Quaid-i-Azam Papers|date=1993-01-01|publisher=Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, National Archives of Pakistan|year=|isbn=9789698156138|location=|pages=6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pIsMAQAAMAAJ&q=chitral+instrument+of+accession&dq=chitral+instrument+of+accession&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj19c7kycHSAhUERhQKHQJ6Dm4Q6AEIPDAI|title=Swat State (1915-1969) from Genesis to Merger: An Analysis of Political, Administrative, Socio-political, and Economic Development|last=Sultan-i-Rome|first=|date=2008-01-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=|isbn=9780195471137|location=|pages=158|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral|last=Ghufran|first=Mirza Muhammad|publisher=Public Art Press|year=1962|isbn=|location=Peshawar|pages=441|translator-last=Murtaza|translator-first=Ghulam}}</ref> |
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In May 1947 Indian Secretary for Frontier and Tribal Affairs visited [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]]. Muzaffar ul-Mulk conveyed to him Chitrals plans of acceding to [[Pakistan]] and asked that the intention be formally conveyed to the authorities.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com |
In May 1947 Indian Secretary for Frontier and Tribal Affairs visited [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]]. Muzaffar ul-Mulk conveyed to him Chitrals plans of acceding to [[Pakistan]] and asked that the intention be formally conveyed to the authorities.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8QTAAAAIAAJ&q=chitral+instrument+of+accession&dq=chitral+instrument+of+accession&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi6kfPoysHSAhXJAxoKHR45C9o4ChDoAQgkMAM|title=Asian Recorder|last=|first=|date=1956-01-01|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=885|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzdvrgEACAAJ&dq=chitral+instrument+of+accession&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi6kfPoysHSAhXJAxoKHR45C9o4ChDoAQgxMAY|title=A Princely Affair: The Accession and Integration of the Princely States of Pakistan, 1947-1955|last=Bangash|first=Yaqoob Khan|date=2015-01-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199066490|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral|last=Ghufran|first=Mirza Muhammad|publisher=Public Art Press|year=1962|isbn=|location=Peshawar|pages=441|translator-last=Murtaza|translator-first=Ghulam}}</ref> Chitral became the first [[Princely states of Pakistan|princely state]] to announce that it would accede to Pakistan. Although formal accession and signing of the [[Instrument of Accession]] occurred in November 1947.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8cPvqCNy8zsC&q=muzaffar+ul+mulk+jinnah&dq=muzaffar+ul+mulk+jinnah&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjj5_P7yMHSAhWL2BoKHYpHCmEQ6AEIKzAE|title=Pakistan|last=Wilcox|first=Wayne Ayres|date=1963-01-01|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=230|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1t0TAAAAIAAJ&q=chitral+instrument+of+accession&dq=chitral+instrument+of+accession&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj19c7kycHSAhUERhQKHQJ6Dm4Q6AEIGTAA|title=Pakistan|last=|first=|date=1955-01-01|publisher=Pakistan Publications|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=270|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ngMAQAAMAAJ&q=chitral+instrument+of+accession&dq=chitral+instrument+of+accession&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj19c7kycHSAhUERhQKHQJ6Dm4Q6AEIJjAD|title=Back to the Future: The Khanate of Kalat and the Genesis of Baloch Nationalism, 1915-1955|last=Axmann|first=Martin|date=2008-01-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=|isbn=9780195476453|location=|pages=272|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral|last=Ghufran|first=Mirza Muhammad|publisher=Public Art Press|year=1962|isbn=|location=Peshawar|pages=442|translator-last=Murtaza|translator-first=Ghulam}}</ref> Thus Chitral became a part of Pakistan and a [[constitutional monarchy]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lMzkAAAAMAAJ&q=chitral+instrument+of+accession&dq=chitral+instrument+of+accession&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj19c7kycHSAhUERhQKHQJ6Dm4Q6AEIPzAJ|title=The Bihar information|last=|first=|date=1965-01-01|publisher=Director of Public Relations|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jINAAAAIAAJ&q=chitral+instrument+of+accession&dq=chitral+instrument+of+accession&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi6kfPoysHSAhXJAxoKHR45C9o4ChDoAQgdMAE|title=The Crisis in Perspective|last=|first=|date=1965-01-01|publisher=G.P.|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=11|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A5XRAAAAMAAJ&q=chitral+instrument+of+accession&dq=chitral+instrument+of+accession&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi6kfPoysHSAhXJAxoKHR45C9o4ChDoAQggMAI|title=Indian and Foreign Review|last=|first=|date=1965-01-01|publisher=Publications Division of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=9|language=en}}</ref> |
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Meanwhile it became clear that the [[Dogra dynasty|Maharaja of Kashmir]] desired to accede to [[India]]. Considering this a betrayal of the Muslim majority populace of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir]], Muzaffar [[Telegraphy|telegraphically]] conveyed to [[Hari Singh|Maharaja Hari Singh]] that such a decision would provoke aggression from Chitral.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral|last=Ghufran|first=Mirza Muhammad|publisher=Public Art Press|year=1962|isbn=|location=Peshawar|pages=442–443|translator-last=Murtaza|translator-first=Ghulam}}</ref> |
Meanwhile it became clear that the [[Dogra dynasty|Maharaja of Kashmir]] desired to accede to [[India]]. Considering this a betrayal of the Muslim majority populace of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir]], Muzaffar [[Telegraphy|telegraphically]] conveyed to [[Hari Singh|Maharaja Hari Singh]] that such a decision would provoke aggression from Chitral.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral|last=Ghufran|first=Mirza Muhammad|publisher=Public Art Press|year=1962|isbn=|location=Peshawar|pages=442–443|translator-last=Murtaza|translator-first=Ghulam}}</ref> |
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With the endorsement of Muzaffar ul-Mulk many [[mujahideen]] left Chitral to fight a [[jihad]] in Kashmir and be part of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|conflict which had arisen]]. The jihadists were followed by the [[Chitral Bodyguard|Bodyguards]] and the [[Chitral Scouts]] lead by Mata ul-Mulk and [[Burhan-ud-Din of Chitral|Burhan-ud-Din]]. The Chitral forces fought for 4 months laying [[Siege of Skardu|Siege to Skardu]] and returning with triumph.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com |
With the endorsement of Muzaffar ul-Mulk many [[mujahideen]] left Chitral to fight a [[jihad]] in Kashmir and be part of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|conflict which had arisen]]. The jihadists were followed by the [[Chitral Bodyguard|Bodyguards]] and the [[Chitral Scouts]] lead by Mata ul-Mulk and [[Burhan-ud-Din of Chitral|Burhan-ud-Din]]. The Chitral forces fought for 4 months laying [[Siege of Skardu|Siege to Skardu]] and returning with triumph.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6TjAAAAMAAJ&q=mata+ul+mulk&dq=mata+ul+mulk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzz-qO_8TSAhUF7hoKHcVqAUUQ6AEIHzAC|title=Pakistan's Criminal Folly in Kashmir: The Drama of Accession and Rescue of Ladakh|last=Chibber|first=Manohar Lal|date=1998-01-01|publisher=Manas Publications|year=|isbn=9788170490951|location=|pages=138|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TqTjAAAAMAAJ&q=mata+ul+mulk&dq=mata+ul+mulk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJ3e-m_8TSAhXLXhoKHabEA9c4ChDoAQglMAM|title=The battles of Zojila, 1948|last=Bloeria|first=Sudhir S.|date=1997-12-31|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=72|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UDodAAAAMAAJ&q=mata+ul+mulk&dq=mata+ul+mulk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJ3e-m_8TSAhXLXhoKHabEA9c4ChDoAQgtMAU|title=Debacle in Baltistan|last=Mahajan|first=Skumar|date=1973-01-01|publisher=sole distributors] A. K. Corporation, New Delhi|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=107 and 148|language=en}}</ref> |
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== Titles and Honours == |
== Titles and Honours == |
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| Line 53: | Line 53: | ||
== Death == |
== Death == |
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On January 12, 1949 Muzaffar ul-Mulk collapsed to his illness and died.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com |
On January 12, 1949 Muzaffar ul-Mulk collapsed to his illness and died.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=godxAAAAMAAJ&q=muzaffar+ul+mulk+1949&dq=muzaffar+ul+mulk+1949&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjH09TVw8HSAhUCfRoKHRHrB7YQ6AEIFzAA|title=Central Asia|last=|first=|date=1979-01-01|publisher=Area Study Centre (Central Asia), University of Peshawar.|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=44|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0x8PAQAAIAAJ&q=muzaffar+ul+mulk+1949&dq=muzaffar+ul+mulk+1949&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjH09TVw8HSAhUCfRoKHRHrB7YQ6AEIIDAC|title=The Story of Swat|last=Swat)|first=Sir Abdul Wadud (Wali of|last2=K̲h̲ān̲|first2=Muḥammad Āṣif|date=1963-01-01|publisher=Ferezsons|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=142|language=en}}</ref> He was succeeded by his eldest son Saif-ur-Rehman as Mehtar.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WV86AQAAIAAJ&q=saif+ur+rehman+chitral&dq=saif+ur+rehman+chitral&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwicm8WVxMHSAhVGfRoKHRKABLUQ6AEIHjAC|title=The Statesman's Year-book|last=Martin|first=Frederick|last2=Keltie|first2=Sir John Scott|last3=Renwick|first3=Isaac Parker Anderson|last4=Epstein|first4=Mortimer|last5=Steinberg|first5=Sigfrid Henry|last6=Paxton|first6=John|date=1955-01-01|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=213|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-s0zAAAAMAAJ&q=saif+ur+rehman+chitral&dq=saif+ur+rehman+chitral&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwicm8WVxMHSAhVGfRoKHRKABLUQ6AEILzAG|title=Nalanda Yearbook and Who's who in India and Pakistan: An Indian and International Annual of Current Statistics, Events and Personalities|last=|first=|date=1951-01-01|publisher=Nalanda Press|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=641|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B1BaAAAAIAAJ&q=saif+ur+rehman+chitral&dq=saif+ur+rehman+chitral&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwicm8WVxMHSAhVGfRoKHRKABLUQ6AEIPDAJ|title=The Table|last=|first=|date=1949-01-01|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=105|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ng3Ap3gOD8wC&q=saif+ur+rehman+chitral&dq=saif+ur+rehman+chitral&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjGipzTxMHSAhWBiRoKHfOFCr44ChDoAQgWMAA|title=The Constituent Assembly (Legislature) of Pakistan Debate: Official Report|last=|first=|date=1953-01-01|publisher=Manager of Publications|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=84|language=en}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 20:03, 18 August 2019
Muzaffar ul-Mulk | |
|---|---|
| The Mehtar of Chitral | |
 | |
| Tenure | 1943-1949 |
| Predecessor | Mehtar Nasir ul-Mulk |
| Successor | Mehtar Saif-ur-Rehman |
| Other titles | His Highness Cdt. Chitral State Bodyguards Hon. Col Cdt. Chitral State Scouts Hon. Lieut Col. British Indian Army Hon. Lieut Col. Pakistan Army |
| Born | 1901 Chitral |
| Died | 1949 |
| Buried | Chitral Fort |
| Residence | The Royal Fort at Chitral |
| Wars and battles | Third Anglo-Afghan War Siege of Skardu Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 |
His Highness Muzaffar ul-Mulk (6 October 1901 – 12 January 1949) was the Mehtar of Chitral who reigned from 1943 to 1949.[1][2][3][4][5] He took the important decision of Chitrals accession to Pakistan in 1947.[6][7][8] He dispatched his army into Gilgit in August 1947, to help secure that territory for Pakistan.[9][10][11][12]
Life prior to accession
Muzaffar ul-Mulk was born on 6 October 1901. He was the second son of Mehtar Sir Shuja ul-Mulk.[13][14] He was given over for foster care at a young age and spent the early part of his childhood at his foster home.[15] He received education from Islamia College Peshawar, ultimately ending up with an F.A.[16][17] During the Anglo-Afghan War of 1919 he served with the Chitral State Bodyguards under the command of his brother Nasir ul-Mulk, in fending off the Afghan attack.[18] In 1924 he returned to Chitral and became the Chief Secretary to his father Mehtar Shuja ul-Mulk.[19] In 1930 he became the administrator of Torkhow region in Chitral. The designation was formally termed the Governor of Torkhow. In 1939 he accompanied Nasir ul-Mulk on pilgrimage to Mecca. Meanwhile Muzaffar was to retain his administrative post until his unforeseen accession as Mehtar in 1943.[20][21][22]
On 29 July 1943 Mehtar Nasir ul-Mulk died of a stroke.[23] He had two daughters but no son’s.[24] As fate would have it, he died without leaving a natural heir. Thus the seat of power passed on to Muzaffar ul-Mulk, who was the Mehtars immediate younger brother.[25][26] The Political Agent Malakand came to Chitral and formally recognised the new ruler.[27]
Reign (1943-1949)
After his accession as Mehtar, Muzaffar ul-Mulk embarked on an initiative to replace the existing administration, with his own appointees. He established a separate office for the Wazir-e-Azam Chitral and delegated to the office many administrative functions.[28] In January 1944, the British Government presented Muzaffar ul-Mulk with a gift of 4 large cannons and 106 Martini–Henry Rifles.[29]
By this period Muzaffars health had steadily declined, in May 1946 it was discovered that the reason for his ailing health was diabetes. The effect of this reflected itself in his administration, which grew inoperative. By early 1947 large scale protests were held across the state, which entailed the Political Agent Malakand to come to Chitral and persuade the ailing Mehtar to dismiss some of the officials who’s negligence had contributed to the situation. Some of the legitimate demands of the protesters were acceded to, resulting in the protests fading.[30]
In early 1947 it was clear that it was a matter of time before the British would leave the subcontinent and two independent sovereign states would emerge. Conscious of this, Muzaffar ul-Mulk sent a delegate to Muhammad Ali Jinnah to convey that he wholeheartedly supported the cause of Pakistan and would in due time exercising his right under the Indian Independence Act 1947 accede to Pakistan. He also deposited Rs 40,000 into Mr Jinnahs Pakistan Fund.[31][32][33][34]
In May 1947 Indian Secretary for Frontier and Tribal Affairs visited Chitral. Muzaffar ul-Mulk conveyed to him Chitrals plans of acceding to Pakistan and asked that the intention be formally conveyed to the authorities.[35][36][37] Chitral became the first princely state to announce that it would accede to Pakistan. Although formal accession and signing of the Instrument of Accession occurred in November 1947.[38][39][40][41] Thus Chitral became a part of Pakistan and a constitutional monarchy.[42][43][44]
Meanwhile it became clear that the Maharaja of Kashmir desired to accede to India. Considering this a betrayal of the Muslim majority populace of Kashmir, Muzaffar telegraphically conveyed to Maharaja Hari Singh that such a decision would provoke aggression from Chitral.[45]
With the endorsement of Muzaffar ul-Mulk many mujahideen left Chitral to fight a jihad in Kashmir and be part of the conflict which had arisen. The jihadists were followed by the Bodyguards and the Chitral Scouts lead by Mata ul-Mulk and Burhan-ud-Din. The Chitral forces fought for 4 months laying Siege to Skardu and returning with triumph.[46][47][48]
Titles and Honours
- His Highness (1943)
- Hon Col Cdt Chitral State Scouts (1943)
- Hon Lieut-Col British Indian Army (1946)
- Hon Lieut-Col Pakistan Army (1947)
Death
On January 12, 1949 Muzaffar ul-Mulk collapsed to his illness and died.[49][50] He was succeeded by his eldest son Saif-ur-Rehman as Mehtar.[51][52][53][54]
References
- ^ Central Asia, Issues 3-4. University of Michigan: Area Study Centre.
- ^ Steinberg, S. (28 December 2016). The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1949. Springer. p. 197. ISBN 9780230270787.
- ^ Memoranda on the Indian States. Manager of Publications. 1 January 1939. p. 208.
- ^ Israr-ud-Din (1 January 2008). Proceedings of the Third International Hindu Kush Cultural Conference. Oxford University Press. p. 339. ISBN 9780195798890.
- ^ The London Gazette. H.M. Stationery Office. 1 January 1947. p. 5070.
- ^ Wilcox, Wayne Ayres (1 January 1963). Pakistan. p. 230.
- ^ Epstein, M. (28 December 2016). The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1946. Springer. p. 178. ISBN 9780230270756.
- ^ Commissioner, Pakistan Office of the Census. Population Census of Pakistan, 1961: Dacca. 2.Chittagong. 3.Sylhet. 4.Rajshahi. 5.Khulna. 6.Rangpur. 7.Mymensingh. 8.Comilla. 9.Bakerganj. 10.Noakhali. 11.Bogra. 12.Dinajpur. 13.Jessore. 14.Pabna. 15.Kushtia. 16.Faridpur. 17.Chittagong Hill tracts. pp. 1–19.
- ^ Buyers, Christopher (2004). "Katur Dynasty". Royal Ark.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) - ^ Singh, K. Brahma (1 January 1990). History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820-1956: The State Force Background. Lancer International. p. 268. ISBN 9788170620914.
- ^ Palit, D. K. (1 January 1972). Jammu and Kashmir Arms: History of the J & K Rifles. Palit & Dutt. p. 299.
- ^ Gen.), K. K. Nanda (Lieut (1 January 1994). Conquering Kashmir: a Pakistani obsession. Lancers Books. p. 103.
- ^ Memoranda on the Indian States. Manager of Publications. 1 January 1939. p. 208.
- ^ Branch, India Manager, Government of India Central Publication (1 January 1931). Memoranda on the India States, 1930: (Corrected Up to the 1st January 1930). p. 101.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Ghufran, Mirza Muhammad (1962). Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral. Translated by Murtaza, Ghulam. Peshawar: Public Art Press. p. 444.
- ^ The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who. Bennett, Coleman. 1 January 1948. p. 460.
- ^ The Muslim Year Book of India and Who's who: With Complete Information on Pakistan, 1948-49. Bombay Newspaper Company. 1 January 1948. p. 468.
- ^ The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who. Bennett, Coleman & Company. 1 January 1945. p. 1297.
- ^ Ghufran, Mirza Muhammad (1962). Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral. Translated by Murtaza, Ghulam. Peshawar: Public Art Press. p. 444.
- ^ Gibson, Jack; Sharma, Brij (15 August 2008). An Indian Englishman. Lulu.com. p. 98. ISBN 9781435734616.
- ^ Scott, Ian Dixon (1 January 1937). Notes on Chitral. Manager, Government of India Press. p. 8.
- ^ The London Gazette. H.M. Stationery Office. 1 January 1947. p. 5070.
- ^ Baig, Rahmat Karim. Hindu Kush study series. pp. 49–51.
- ^ Appalachia. Appalachian Mountain Club. 1 January 2008. pp. 66 and 67.
- ^ Indian Information. 1 January 1943. p. 152.
- ^ Swat), Sir Abdul Wadud (Wali of; K̲h̲ān̲, Muḥammad Āṣif (1 January 1963). The Story of Swat. Ferezsons. p. 142.
- ^ Ghufran, Mirza Muhammad (1962). Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral. Translated by Murtaza, Ghulam. Peshawar: Public Art Press. p. 440.
- ^ Ghufran, Mirza Muhammad (1962). Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral. Translated by Murtaza, Ghulam. Peshawar: Public Art Press. p. 440.
- ^ Ghufran, Mirza Muhammad (1962). Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral. Translated by Murtaza, Ghulam. Peshawar: Public Art Press. p. 440.
- ^ Ghufran, Mirza Muhammad (1962). Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral. Translated by Murtaza, Ghulam. Peshawar: Public Art Press. p. 441.
- ^ Long, Roger D.; Singh, Gurharpal; Samad, Yunas; Talbot, Ian (8 October 2015). State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security. Routledge. p. 81. ISBN 9781317448204.
- ^ Zaidi, Z. H.; Project, Quaid-i-Azam Papers (1 January 1993). Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers: The States : historical and policy perspectives and accession to Pakistan. Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, National Archives of Pakistan. p. 6. ISBN 9789698156138.
- ^ Sultan-i-Rome (1 January 2008). Swat State (1915-1969) from Genesis to Merger: An Analysis of Political, Administrative, Socio-political, and Economic Development. Oxford University Press. p. 158. ISBN 9780195471137.
- ^ Ghufran, Mirza Muhammad (1962). Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral. Translated by Murtaza, Ghulam. Peshawar: Public Art Press. p. 441.
- ^ Asian Recorder. 1 January 1956. p. 885.
- ^ Bangash, Yaqoob Khan (1 January 2015). A Princely Affair: The Accession and Integration of the Princely States of Pakistan, 1947-1955. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199066490.
- ^ Ghufran, Mirza Muhammad (1962). Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral. Translated by Murtaza, Ghulam. Peshawar: Public Art Press. p. 441.
- ^ Wilcox, Wayne Ayres (1 January 1963). Pakistan. p. 230.
- ^ Pakistan. Pakistan Publications. 1 January 1955. p. 270.
- ^ Axmann, Martin (1 January 2008). Back to the Future: The Khanate of Kalat and the Genesis of Baloch Nationalism, 1915-1955. Oxford University Press. p. 272. ISBN 9780195476453.
- ^ Ghufran, Mirza Muhammad (1962). Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral. Translated by Murtaza, Ghulam. Peshawar: Public Art Press. p. 442.
- ^ The Bihar information. Director of Public Relations. 1 January 1965. p. 8.
- ^ The Crisis in Perspective. G.P. 1 January 1965. p. 11.
- ^ Indian and Foreign Review. Publications Division of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. 1 January 1965. p. 9.
- ^ Ghufran, Mirza Muhammad (1962). Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral. Translated by Murtaza, Ghulam. Peshawar: Public Art Press. pp. 442–443.
- ^ Chibber, Manohar Lal (1 January 1998). Pakistan's Criminal Folly in Kashmir: The Drama of Accession and Rescue of Ladakh. Manas Publications. p. 138. ISBN 9788170490951.
- ^ Bloeria, Sudhir S. (31 December 1997). The battles of Zojila, 1948. Har-Anand Publications. p. 72.
- ^ Mahajan, Skumar (1 January 1973). Debacle in Baltistan. sole distributors] A. K. Corporation, New Delhi. pp. 107 and 148.
- ^ Central Asia. Area Study Centre (Central Asia), University of Peshawar. 1 January 1979. p. 44.
- ^ Swat), Sir Abdul Wadud (Wali of; K̲h̲ān̲, Muḥammad Āṣif (1 January 1963). The Story of Swat. Ferezsons. p. 142.
- ^ Martin, Frederick; Keltie, Sir John Scott; Renwick, Isaac Parker Anderson; Epstein, Mortimer; Steinberg, Sigfrid Henry; Paxton, John (1 January 1955). The Statesman's Year-book. St. Martin's Press. p. 213.
- ^ Nalanda Yearbook and Who's who in India and Pakistan: An Indian and International Annual of Current Statistics, Events and Personalities. Nalanda Press. 1 January 1951. p. 641.
- ^ The Table. 1 January 1949. p. 105.
- ^ The Constituent Assembly (Legislature) of Pakistan Debate: Official Report. Manager of Publications. 1 January 1953. p. 84.