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Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV)

RHDV (also referred to classical RHD) only affects adult European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). This virus was first reported in China in 1984,^[1] from which it spread to much of Asia, Europe, Australia, and elsewhere.^[2] An antigenic variant of RHDV, termed RHDVa, was first described in 1997 and has spread around the world causing epidemics in China, Korea, the United States, Mexico, Japan, Reunion Island, and Europe. There have been a few isolated outbreaks of RHDVa in the United States and Mexico, but they remained localized and were eradicated.^[3]

In 2010, a new lagovirus with a distinct antigenic profile was identified in France. This virus also caused rabbit hemorrhagic disease but behaved differently from RHDVa in that it affected vaccinated and young European rabbits as well as hares (Lepus spp.).^[4] All these features strongly suggested that the virus was not derived from RHDVa but from some other unknown source.^[4] The new virus was named rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 (abbreviated as RHDV-2 or RHDVb). RHDV-2 is distinct enough from RHDVa that the two require different vaccines, which are only partially cross protective. RHDV-2 has since spread to the majority of Europe as well as to Australia, Canada, and the United States.

The two strains of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus currently of medical significance are RHDVa and RHDV-2.

^[5]

^ Liu, SJ; Xue, HP; Pu, BQ; et al. (1984). "A new viral disease in rabbits". Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine (Xumu Yu Shouyi). 16 (6): 253–255.
^ Cite error: The named reference Kerr2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Kerr2009 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Capucci2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Abrantes2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Liu1984-1] Liu, SJ; Xue, HP; Pu, BQ; et al. (1984). "A new viral disease in rabbits". Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine (Xumu Yu Shouyi). 16 (6): 253–255.

[Kerr2013-2] Cite error: The named reference Kerr2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Kerr2009-3] Cite error: The named reference Kerr2009 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Capucci2017-4] Cite error: The named reference Capucci2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Abrantes2012-5] Cite error: The named reference Abrantes2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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 Sandbox in which Rabbit Vet will be playing...
+== Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) ==
-===Europe===
-The first report of RHDV in Europe came from in Italy in 1986.<ref name=Abrantes2012 /> From there it spread to much of Europe.  Spain's first reported case was in 1988,<ref name=Abrantes2012 /> and France, Belgium, and [[Scandinavia]] followed in 1990. Spain experienced a large die-off of wild rabbits, which in turn caused a population decline in predators that normally ate rabbits, including the [[Iberian lynx]] and [[Spanish imperial eagle]].<ref name=sd110705>{{cite news | url = https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110705081111.htm | title = Iberian Lynx Depends On Rabbits for Survival | publisher = Science Daily | date = 5 July 2011 }}</ref><ref name=sa110712>{{cite news | url = http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown/2011/07/12/deadly-rabbit-disease-may-have-doomed-iberian-lynx/ | title = Deadly Rabbit Disease May Have Doomed Iberian Lynx | first = John R. | last = Platt | work = Scientific American | date = 12 July 2011 }}</ref>
-RHD caused by RHDV was reported for the first time in the United Kingdom in 1992.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chasey |first1=D. |title=Possible origin of rabbit haemorrhagic disease in the United Kingdom |journal=Veterinary Record |date=1994 |volume=135 |issue=21 |pages=469-499}}</ref> This initial epidemic was brought under control in the late 1990s using a combination of vaccination, strict biosecurity, and good husbandry.<ref name=Rocchi2018>{{cite journal |last1=Rocchi |first1=Mara S. |last2=Dagleish |first2=Mark P. |title=Diagnosis and prevention of rabbit viral haemorrhagic disease 2 |journal=In Practice |date=27 January 2018 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=11–16 |doi=10.1136/inp.k54}}</ref> The new viral strain RHDV2 was first detected in England and Wales in 2014, and soon spread to Scotland and Ireland.<ref name=Rocchi2018 />
+RHDV (also referred to classical RHD) only affects adult European rabbits (''Oryctolagus cuniculus''). This virus was first reported in China in 1984,<ref name=Liu1984>{{cite journal |display-authors=3 |last1=Liu |first1=SJ |last2=Xue |first2=HP |last3=Pu |first3=BQ |last4=Qian |first4=NH |title=A new viral disease in rabbits |journal=Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine (Xumu Yu Shouyi) |date=1984 |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=253–255}}</ref> from which it spread to much of Asia, Europe, Australia, and elsewhere.<ref name=Kerr2013 /> An antigenic variant of RHDV, termed RHDVa, was first described in 1997 and has spread around the world causing epidemics in China, Korea, the United States, Mexico, Japan, Reunion Island, and Europe. There have been a few isolated outbreaks of RHDVa in the United States and Mexico, but they remained localized and were eradicated.<ref name=Kerr2009 />
-In April 2016, a highly lethal disease started affecting one of the northernmost feral rabbit populations in the world in [[Helsinki]], Finland. The outbreak has since been identified to be caused by the new RHDV2 strain of the virus, being the first appearance of RHD in the country. Cases of viral transmission to domesticated pet rabbits have been confirmed and vaccinating rabbits has been recommended.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.evira.fi/elaimet/elainlaakaripalvelut/saparo-uutiskirje-elainlaakareille/2016/saparo-uutiskirje-elainlaakareille-elokuu-2016/rhd-tauti-todettu-myos-lemmikkikaniinissa-erityisluvallista-rokotetta-saatavilla/|title=RHD-tauti todettu myös lemmikkikaniinissa - erityisluvallista rokotetta saatavilla|website=Finnish Food Safety Authority (Finnish)|access-date=2016-12-29}}</ref>
+In 2010, a new lagovirus with a distinct antigenic profile was identified in France. This virus also caused rabbit hemorrhagic disease but behaved differently from RHDVa in that it affected vaccinated and young European rabbits as well as hares ''(Lepus spp.)''.<ref name=Capucci2017 /> All these features strongly suggested that the virus was not derived from RHDVa but from some other unknown source.<ref name=Capucci2017 />  The new virus was named ''rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2'' (abbreviated as RHDV-2 or RHDVb). RHDV-2 is distinct enough from RHDVa that the two require different vaccines, which are only partially cross protective. RHDV-2 has since spread to the majority of Europe as well as to Australia, Canada, and the United States.
+The two strains of ''rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus'' currently of medical significance are RHDVa and RHDV-2.
 <ref name=Abrantes2012 />