Long-tailed woodnymph: Difference between revisions
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Updated with more details (Description; Distribution and habitat; Ecology and behavior; Conservation status) |
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| image = Beija-flor de costas violetas (Thalurania watertonii) RPPN Frei Caneca, Jaqueira, PE.jpg |
| image = Beija-flor de costas violetas (Thalurania watertonii) RPPN Frei Caneca, Jaqueira, PE.jpg |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |
| status_ref = <ref name="IUCN">{{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22687402/119410693 |title=''Thalurania watertonii'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2017 |access-date=16 November 2020|ref=harv}}</ref> |
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| genus = Thalurania |
| genus = Thalurania |
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| species = watertonii |
| species = watertonii |
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The '''long-tailed woodnymph''' (''Thalurania watertonii'') is a species of [[hummingbird]] in the family [[Trochilidae]]. It is found in [[subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest|humid forest]] in northeastern [[Brazil]], where it is known from the states of [[Pernambuco]], [[Alagoas]], [[Sergipe]] and the northernmost [[Bahia]].<ref name="BOW"/> It is usually thought to be widespread, but seen at low density in its increasingly fragmented range.<ref name="BOW"/> Its population is estimated to be around 1,000–2,500 individuals, currently in decline due to [[deforestation]] and [[habitat loss]].<ref name="ABC"/> |
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The '''long-tailed woodnymph''' (''Thalurania watertonii'') is a species of [[hummingbird]] in the family [[Trochilidae]]. |
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It is found in [[subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest|humid forest]] in northeastern [[Brazil]]. Its population of 1'000-2'500 individuals is currently in decline most likely due to [[deforestation]] and loss of habitat. <ref>https://abcbirds.org/bird/long-tailed-woodnymph/ '''2018'''. Retrieved 3 March 2020.</ref> |
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==Description== |
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The long-tailed woodnymph is [[sexually dimorphic]]. The males are heavier, with significantly larger wings and tails, whereas the females have longer bills.<ref name="Las-Casas2010"/> Males are approximately {{convert|11.8|–|13|cm|in}} long, including a tail of {{convert|6|cm|in}} cm; while females measure roughly {{convert|10|–|11|cm|in}} in length, with a tail of {{convert|3.6|cm|in}}. Individuals have a weight of 3.7–5.2 g.<ref name="BOW"/> |
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Males have a conspicuous iridescent plumage in blue, green and purple. The crown and neck are bronze-green,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mobbs |first1=A. J. |title=Hummingbirds |date=1982 |publisher=Triplegate |location=Hindhead, Surrey |isbn=978-0862300494 |url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=ENJFAAAAYAAJ&q="Long-tailed+Woodnymph"&dq="Long-tailed+Woodnymph"&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiA86ubzYjtAhXaGbkGHSc6At0Q6AEwA3oECAQQAg |language=en}}</ref> back is iridescent violet-blue, shining grass-green undersides, violet-blue flanks and a long, deeply-forked blue tail.<ref name="BOW"/>Female plumage is much more faint, allowing them to stay unnoticeable as they build nests and care for their young,<ref name="ABC"/> and a shorter, slightly forked white-tipped tail with a blue subterminal band and a pair of blue-green [[rectrices]]. Juveniles are similar to adult females.<ref name="BOW"/> |
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==Distribution and habitat== |
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This species is restricted to the Brazilian states of [[Pernambuco]], [[Alagoas]], [[Sergipe]] and apparently to northern [[Bahia]], though there are no recent records. The species is thought to be found only in the [[Atlantic Forest]]. Reports from eastern [[Pará]] are possibly inaccurate, and there is one specimen which was attributed to [[Guyana]], although its true origin is unknown.<ref name="IUCN"/><ref name="ICMBio/MMA"/> |
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The long-tailed woodnymph inhabits coastal lowland habitats such as coastal rainforest, cerrado, plantations and parks throughout its Atlantic forest range, from sea-level to {{convert|550|m|ft}}. It forages at low to medium heights, generally at the periphery of vegetation.<ref name="BOW"/> |
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==Ecology and behavior== |
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The long-tailed woodnymph feeds on the nectar of flowering [[vine]]s, [[cacti]], [[epiphytes]], [[trees]] and [[bushes]], occasionally foraging on [[invertebrates]] captured in the air. Male establishes feeding territories which are aggressively defended against [[intraspecific]] and [[interspecific]] intruders.<ref name="IUCN"/> |
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[[Breeding (animal)|Breeding]] takes place between November and February. The woodnymph builds a cup-shaped nest made of fine rootlets and [[moss]], tightly tied together by a [[spider's web]]. The nest is attached to a horizontal branch in a shrub or small tree, usually protected by overhanging leaves, {{convert|1.5|–|2.5|m|ft}} above the ground. The female typically lays two eggs, with an incubation period of 14–15 days, often carried by the female.<ref name="BOW"/> |
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==Conservation status== |
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''Thalurania watertonii'' is listed as Endangered by the [[IUCN Red List]], due to the ongoing reduction of its populations, mainly due to the extensive and continuing loss of habitat and the depletion of lowland forests in north-eastern Brazil.<ref name="IUCN"/> Its occupation area is currently less than 500 km<sup>2</sup>. The population is severely fragmented, with the total population estimated to be less than 2,500 individuals, and each subpopulation contains less than 250 of them.<ref name="ICMBio"/><ref name="BirdLife"/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist |
{{Reflist|refs= |
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<ref name="ABC">{{cite web |title=Long-tailed Woodnymph |work=American Bird Conservancy |date=12 January 2018|accessdate=3 March 2020 |url=https://abcbirds.org/bird/long-tailed-woodnymph/}}</ref> |
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<ref name="BOW">{{cite book |last1=Schuchmann |first1=Karl-Ludwig |last2=Kirwan |first2=Guy M. |last3=Sharpe |first3=Chris |editor1-last=del Hoyo |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=Elliot |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Sargatal |editor3-first=J. |editor4-last=Christie |editor4-first=D. A. |editor5-last=de Juana |editor5-first=E. |title=Birds of the World |date=4 March 2020 |publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology |location=Ithaca, NY, USA |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/lotwoo2/cur/introduction |language=en |chapter=Long-tailed Woodnymph (Thalurania watertonii)}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Las-Casas2010">{{cite journal |last1=Las-Casas |first1=Flor Maria Guedes |last2=Azevedo-Júnior |first2=Severino Mendes de |title=Dimorfismo sexual de tamanho no beija-flor-de-costas-violetas ''Thalurania watertonii'' (Bourcier, 1847) (Aves: Trochilidae): implicações ecológicas |journal=Ornithologia |date=10 November 2010 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=83–89 |url=http://ornithologia.cemave.gov.br/index.php/ornithologia/article/view/39 |language=pt |issn=1809-2969}}</ref> |
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<ref name="ICMBio/MMA">{{cite book |title=Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção |date=2018 |publisher=ICMBio/MMA |location=Brasília, DF |edition=1 |url=https://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/images/stories/comunicacao/publicacoes/publicacoes-diversas/livro_vermelho_2018_vol3.pdf |language=pt-br |format=PDF |chapter=Volume III – Aves}}</ref> |
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<ref name="ICMBio">{{cite web |title=Aves - ''Thalurania watertonii'' (Bourcier, 1847) - Beija-flor-de-costas-violetas |url=https://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/faunabrasileira/lista-de-especies/5737-especie-5737 |website=www.icmbio.gov.br |publisher=Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade |accessdate=17 November 2020 |language=pt-br}}</ref> |
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<ref name="BirdLife">{{cite web |title=Long-tailed Woodnymph (Thalurania watertonii) - BirdLife species factsheet |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/long-tailed-woodnymph-thalurania-watertonii |website=datazone.birdlife.org}}</ref> |
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}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q839933}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q839933}} |
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Revision as of 03:17, 17 November 2020
| Long-tailed woodnymph | |
|---|---|
_RPPN_Frei_Caneca,_Jaqueira,_PE.jpg)
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Clade: | Strisores |
| Order: | Apodiformes |
| Family: | Trochilidae |
| Genus: | Thalurania |
| Species: | T. watertonii
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| Binomial name | |
| Thalurania watertonii Bourcier, 1847
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The long-tailed woodnymph (Thalurania watertonii) is a species of hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. It is found in humid forest in northeastern Brazil, where it is known from the states of Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe and the northernmost Bahia.[2] It is usually thought to be widespread, but seen at low density in its increasingly fragmented range.[2] Its population is estimated to be around 1,000–2,500 individuals, currently in decline due to deforestation and habitat loss.[3]
Description
The long-tailed woodnymph is sexually dimorphic. The males are heavier, with significantly larger wings and tails, whereas the females have longer bills.[4] Males are approximately 11.8–13 centimetres (4.6–5.1 in) long, including a tail of 6 centimetres (2.4 in) cm; while females measure roughly 10–11 centimetres (3.9–4.3 in) in length, with a tail of 3.6 centimetres (1.4 in). Individuals have a weight of 3.7–5.2 g.[2]
Males have a conspicuous iridescent plumage in blue, green and purple. The crown and neck are bronze-green,[5] back is iridescent violet-blue, shining grass-green undersides, violet-blue flanks and a long, deeply-forked blue tail.[2]Female plumage is much more faint, allowing them to stay unnoticeable as they build nests and care for their young,[3] and a shorter, slightly forked white-tipped tail with a blue subterminal band and a pair of blue-green rectrices. Juveniles are similar to adult females.[2]
Distribution and habitat
This species is restricted to the Brazilian states of Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe and apparently to northern Bahia, though there are no recent records. The species is thought to be found only in the Atlantic Forest. Reports from eastern Pará are possibly inaccurate, and there is one specimen which was attributed to Guyana, although its true origin is unknown.[1][6]
The long-tailed woodnymph inhabits coastal lowland habitats such as coastal rainforest, cerrado, plantations and parks throughout its Atlantic forest range, from sea-level to 550 metres (1,800 ft). It forages at low to medium heights, generally at the periphery of vegetation.[2]
Ecology and behavior
The long-tailed woodnymph feeds on the nectar of flowering vines, cacti, epiphytes, trees and bushes, occasionally foraging on invertebrates captured in the air. Male establishes feeding territories which are aggressively defended against intraspecific and interspecific intruders.[1]
Breeding takes place between November and February. The woodnymph builds a cup-shaped nest made of fine rootlets and moss, tightly tied together by a spider's web. The nest is attached to a horizontal branch in a shrub or small tree, usually protected by overhanging leaves, 1.5–2.5 metres (4.9–8.2 ft) above the ground. The female typically lays two eggs, with an incubation period of 14–15 days, often carried by the female.[2]
Conservation status
Thalurania watertonii is listed as Endangered by the IUCN Red List, due to the ongoing reduction of its populations, mainly due to the extensive and continuing loss of habitat and the depletion of lowland forests in north-eastern Brazil.[1] Its occupation area is currently less than 500 km2. The population is severely fragmented, with the total population estimated to be less than 2,500 individuals, and each subpopulation contains less than 250 of them.[7][8]
References
- ^ a b c d BirdLife International (2017). "Thalurania watertonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - ^ a b c d e f g Schuchmann, Karl-Ludwig; Kirwan, Guy M.; Sharpe, Chris (4 March 2020). "Long-tailed Woodnymph (Thalurania watertonii)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D. A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). Birds of the World. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
- ^ a b "Long-tailed Woodnymph". American Bird Conservancy. 12 January 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
- ^ Las-Casas, Flor Maria Guedes; Azevedo-Júnior, Severino Mendes de (10 November 2010). "Dimorfismo sexual de tamanho no beija-flor-de-costas-violetas Thalurania watertonii (Bourcier, 1847) (Aves: Trochilidae): implicações ecológicas". Ornithologia (in Portuguese). 3 (2): 83–89. ISSN 1809-2969.
- ^ Mobbs, A. J. (1982). "Long-tailed+Woodnymph"&dq="Long-tailed+Woodnymph"&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiA86ubzYjtAhXaGbkGHSc6At0Q6AEwA3oECAQQAg Hummingbirds. Hindhead, Surrey: Triplegate. ISBN 978-0862300494.
- ^ "Volume III – Aves". Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção (PDF) (in Brazilian Portuguese) (1 ed.). Brasília, DF: ICMBio/MMA. 2018.
- ^ "Aves - Thalurania watertonii (Bourcier, 1847) - Beija-flor-de-costas-violetas". www.icmbio.gov.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
- ^ "Long-tailed Woodnymph (Thalurania watertonii) - BirdLife species factsheet". datazone.birdlife.org.
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