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Quercus sinuata var. breviloba

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Bigelow oak
File:Quercus sinuata var. breviloba by Mary P.K. Burns Travis County 2010-03-11.jpg
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Rosids
Order:
Fagales
Family:
Fagaceae
Genus:
Quercus
Section:
Quercus
Species:
Q. sinuata
Binomial name
Quercus sinuata var. breviloba
Combined natural ranges of Quercus sinuata var. breviloba and Quercus sinuata var. sinuata.

Quercus sinuata var. breviloba, commonly called Bigelow oak or Bigelow's oak, is a variety of Quercus sinuata, a species of oak tree[1] that grows in parts of the southern United States and northeastern Mexico. Common names for this taxon are shallow-lobed oak, white shin oak, scaly-bark oak, limestone Durand oak, and shortlobe oak.[2] The less specific common name bastard oak may refer to either of the two varieties of Quercus sinuata, var. sinuata and var. breviloba. Other common names include scrub oak or shin oak, but these names may refer to a number of other low growing, clump forming oak species, subspecies or varieties. For clear differentiation in common reference, American Forests uses Durand Oak[3] to mean Quercus sinuata var. sinuata and Bigelow oak to mean Quercus sinuata var. breviloba, a shrubby variety of Quercus sinuata distinguished in part by its habit of forming clonal colonies in parts of its range.[4][5]

Etymology

Quercus sinuata var. breviloba (Latin quercus, "oak" + sinuata, species epithet from nominative feminine singular of Latin sinuatus[6], participle of sinuo, "to bend or bow out in curves"[7] + var. (variety or varietas) breviloba, a combination of Latin brevis, "short,"[8] and loba, "lobed") is an infraspecific scientific name inspired by the shallowly wavy leaf margins characteristic of the taxon.

No images depicting John Milton Bigelow are known to exist. For more than two decades, Bigelow corresponded with botanist John Torrey, who received and described many of the specimens Bigelow collected as a member of the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey between 1848 and 1855. This signature is reproduced from his letters to Torrey.
No images depicting John Milton Bigelow are known to exist. For more than two decades, Bigelow corresponded with botanist John Torrey, who received and described many of the specimens Bigelow collected as a member of the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey between 1848 and 1855. This signature is reproduced from his letters to Torrey.

The common English word "oak," designating a shrub or tree of the genus Quercus, descends from the Proto-Germanic *eiks through the Old English ac, "oak tree," and the Middle English oke.[9] "Bigelow" honors John Milton Bigelow, who collected and pressed the first specimen of Bigelow oak in a mountain gorge near Howard Springs (30°28′31″N 101°28′31″W / 30.47528°N 101.47528°W / 30.47528; -101.47528 (Howard Springs)) in what is now Crockett County, Texas.[10] Bigelow's botanical collection focused on Texas, Arizona, New Mexico and California.[11]

Taxonomy

Pressed specimen of Quercus sinuata var. breviloba collected by Elihu Hall on a rocky slope in Austin, Texas, on May 20, 1872. From the U.S. National Herbarium collection.
Pressed specimen of Quercus sinuata var. breviloba collected by Elihu Hall on a rocky slope in Austin, Texas, on May 20, 1872. From the U.S. National Herbarium collection.

Synonymous names for this taxon include Quercus durandii var. breviloba (Torr.) Palmer and Q. sinuata var. breviloba (Torr.) C. H. Mull.[1][12] Because it was given by Samuel Botsford Buckley to name some taxons he believed to be varieties but are now understood to be separate species, the term "durandii" is currently regarded as "nomen confusum."[13]

Quercus sinuata, first described by Thomas Walter in Flora Caroliniana in 1788, claims no subspecies and only two varieties, var. sinuata and var. breviloba. Var. breviloba was first described as Q. obtusifolia var. breviloba by John Torrey in 1859. In order of chronology, subsequent reclassifications of Quercus sinuata var. breviloba are:

  • Q.annulata Buckl.1861
  • Q.undulata var. obtusifolia A.DC 1864
  • Q.sansabeana Buckl. ex M.J.Young 1873
  • Q.undulata var. breviloba (Torr.) Engelm. 1877
  • Q.durandii var. sansabeana (Buckl. ex M.J.Young) Buckl. 1883
  • Q.breviloba (Torr.) Sarg. 1895
  • Q.pseudocrispata A.Camus 1939
  • Q. sinuata var. breviloba (Torr.) C.H.Muller 1944 Journal of the Arnold Arboretum. 25: 439
  • Q.durandii var. breviloba (Torr.) Palmer 1945
  • Q.sinuata subsp breviloba (Torr.) E.Murray 1983[13]

Description

John Torrey wrote the first published description of what came to be called Bigelow oak:

QUERCUS OBTUSIFOLIA, var.? BREVILOBA: foliis subcoreaceis obovato oblongis basi cuneatis, lobis brevibus obtusis supra viridibus subtus pallidis pubescentibus; fructibus sessilibus solitariis vel geminis, cupula depressa hemispherica, glande oblongo-ovato obtusa.[10]

Young leaves and flowers of Quercus sinuata var. breviloba, commonly called Bigelow oak. Taken by Mary P.K. Burns in Travis County on March 11, 2010.
Young leaves and flowers of Quercus sinuata var. breviloba.

The Bigelow oak grows to a height of 12 m, with an 81 cm diameter at breast height and gray flaking bark.[1] Leaves range from 3–8 cm long by 2–4.5 cm wide, with "broadly rounded and bristless" tips.[1] Leaf shapes are "narrowly obovate to oblanceolate or narrowly elliptic".[1] Twigs are glabrous or may have "scattered hairs".[1] Leaf undersides have "numerous minute sessile stelate hairs with horizontally spreading rays".[1]

Clonal habit

Apart from thicker acorn cups, longer nuts and smaller leaves, Quercus sinuata var. breviloba is further differentiated from var. sinuata by its clonal habit.[5][14] Although some individuals develop in tree-form, other individuals of Quercus sinuata var. breviloba grow as clonal colonies. Clonal colonies of Quecus sinuata var. breviloba are believed to be more likely to occur where soils are light or roots have been disturbed.[4] A clonal colony of var. breviloba originates from a single zygote that matures into a viable acorn.[15] Following germination, the free-living individual plant grows vegetatively by the production of ramets.[16] A clonal colony or genet of Quercus sinuata var. breviloba appears as thickets of ramets that may grow as high as five meters from a single extensive underground root system.[5] The clustered stems of a clonal individual may cover large geographical expanses, creating the appearance of many individual small trees or shrubs.[4] The genetic uniformity of the ramets identifies the colony as a singular genetic individual. Fragmentation may result in parts of the colony becoming geographically isolated from the main colony, but these fragments do not create new genets.[16] They remain constituents of the original genet. Consequently, a clonal individual of var. breviloba may exist in more than one place.

Distribution

The principal distribution of Quercus sinuata var. breviloba is in central Texas[12][17] and the northern Mexico states of Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas.[17] Disjunct populations occur in the Arbuckle Mountains of south central Oklahoma and, approximately 150 miles to the northwest, on a low hill in Custer County just north of Foss, Oklahoma.[18]

Phytosociology

Associations

Forest & Woodland

International Vegetation Classification Hierarchy
Class: 1. Forest & Woodland
Subclass: 1.B. Temperate & Boreal Forest & Woodland
Formation: 1.B.1. Warm Temperate Forest & Woodland
Division: 1.B.1.Nd. Madrean-Balconian Forest & Woodland
Macrogroup: M015. Balconian Forest & Woodland
Group: G126. Balconian Dry Forest & Woodland
Alliance: A3212. Juniperus ashei Woodland Alliance
Associations: CEGL004170. Juniperus ashei - Quercus sinuata var. breviloba Woodland[19]

Shrub & Herb Vegetation

International Vegetation Classification Hierarchy
Class: 2. Shrub & Herb Vegetation
Subclass: 2.B. Temperate & Boreal Grassland & Shrubland
Formation: 2.B.2. Temperate Grassland & Shrubland
Division: 2.B.2.Nb. Central North American Grassland & Shrubland
Macrogroup: M158. Great Plains Comanchian Scrub & Open Vegetation
Group: G191. Comanchian Oak - Juniper Scrub
Alliance: A4116. Quercus sinuata var. breviloba Scrub Alliance
Associations: CEGL004531. Buddleja racemosa - Ungnadia speciosa / Aquilegia canadensis - Aristolochia serpentaria Shrubland[20]

CEGL004453. Quercus sinuata var. breviloba Scrub[21]

National champion

The largest known Bigelow oak in the United States appeared on the National Register of Champion Trees in 2017. Located in Travis, Texas, the national champion specimen of Quercus sinuata var. breviloba was nominated in 2007 by Eric Beckers and Jim Houser and crowned on May 12, 2017, when it was last measured. By that time, the champion tree had attained a trunk circumference of 124 inches, a height of forty-six feet and a crown spread of seventy-eight feet.[22] The American Forests formula for assigning point scores to nominated trees, Trunk Circumference (in inches) + Height (in feet) + 1/4 Average Crown Spread (in feet), resulted in an overall score of 190 points.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Duncan, Wilbur H.; Marion B. Duncan (1988). Trees of the Southeastern United States. Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press. pp. 275. ISBN 0-8203-1469-2.
  2. ^ "Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin". www.wildflower.org. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
  3. ^ "Durand Oak (Quercus sinuata var. sinuata)". American Forests. 2020-09-30. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
  4. ^ a b c "Texas Native Plants Database". aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
  5. ^ a b c Lance, Ron (2004). Woody Plants of the Southeastern United States: A Winter Guide. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-8203-2524-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  6. ^ "sinuata - Wiktionary". en.wiktionary.org. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  7. ^ "Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, sĭnŭo". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  8. ^ "Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, brĕvis". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  9. ^ "oak | Origin and meaning of oak by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  10. ^ a b United States.; States, United; Baird, Spencer Fullerton; Conrad, T. A.; Emory, William H.; Englemann, George; Girard, Charles; Hall, James; Parry, C. C. (1859). Report on the United States and Mexican boundary survey :made under the direction of the secretary of the Interior. Vol. 2. Washington :: C. Wendell, printer,.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  11. ^ "Bigelow, John Milton (7) = joh71412.htm". bigelowsociety.com. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  12. ^ a b "PLANTS Profile for Quercus sinuata var. breviloba (bastard oak)". PLANTS database. USDA. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
  13. ^ a b "Quercus sinuata". oaks.of.the.world.free.fr. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
  14. ^ "Quercus sinuata var. breviloba in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  15. ^ "What Does a Zygote in Plants Develop Into?". Sciencing. Retrieved 2021-03-23.
  16. ^ a b Scrosati, Ricardo (2002-01-01). "An updated definition of genet applicable to clonal seaweeds, bryophytes, and vascular plants". Basic and Applied Ecology. 3 (2): 97–99. doi:10.1078/1439-1791-00106. ISSN 1439-1791.
  17. ^ a b "Quercus durandii var. breviloba". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
  18. ^ "A New Oklahoma Station for Quercus sinuata var. breviloba". International Oak Society. 2010-12-14. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
  19. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  20. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  21. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  22. ^ "Bigelow Oak (Quercus sinuata var. breviloba)". American Forests. 2016-09-15. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
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