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User:SJK/ASD bibliography

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This is the current revision of this page, as edited by SJK (talk | contribs) at 05:41, 4 June 2021 (→Miscellaneous). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.

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Bibliography of interesting sources on the topic of autism spectrum disorder. I hope that I might be able to insert some of these references into one or more articles (although that depends on whether other editors let me do it).

Allen Frances quotes

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Validity

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Validity of DSM/ICD diagnoses in general

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Validity of ASD in particular

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Philosophy of psychiatry

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Fractionablity of the autism triad/dyad

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  • Happé, Francesca; Ronald, Angelica (December 2008). "The 'Fractionable Autism Triad': A Review of Evidence from Behavioural, Genetic, Cognitive and Neural Research" (PDF). Neuropsychology Review. 18 (4): 287–304. doi:10.1007/s11065-008-9076-8. ISSN 1040-7308.
    • "The suggestion that the different aspects of the ASD triad have fractionable causes, at the genetic, neurological, and cognitive levels, is sometimes taken as an attack on the validity of the diagnosis of autism (see Mandy and Skuse 2008 for discussion). However, it is quite compatible to assert that ASD results when a number of independent impairments co-occur, and to assert that the resulting mix has a special quality, distinct prognosis and response to intervention, and is therefore worthy of a distinct diagnostic label."
  • Mandy, William P.L.; Skuse, David H. (August 2008). "Research Review: What is the association between the social-communication element of autism and repetitive interests, behaviours and activities?". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 49 (8): 795–808. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01911.x.
    • "Secondly, although the current literature suggests only a moderate correlation between social-commun- ication and nonsocial behaviours, this is not the same as there being no association at all, and we should not throw the baby out with the bath water. Ronald and colleagues suggest that this correlation (r) lies somewhere in the region of .3. Leaving aside methodological concerns, it is the case that a correlation in psychology of this magnitude is often taken to be meaningful. For example, correlations between goal conflicts and ill health (Emmons & King, 1988), trait positive affectivity and job satisfaction (Agho, Mueller, & Price, cited in Warr, 1996) and use of primitive defence mechanisms and anti-social per- sonality traits (Chabrol & Leichsenring, 2006) have all been reported to be in this range. That RIBAs are not universal in people with social communication disorders should not obscure the fact that these two sets of behaviours are moderately, and perhaps meaningfully, related."
    • (Question: how does the correlation between autism domains compare to the correlation between autism and frequently co-occurring non-autism symptoms, e.g. ADHD symptoms?)
  • Whitten, Allison; Unruh, Kathryn E.; Shafer, Robin L.; Bodfish, James W. (June 2018). "Subgrouping Autism Based on Symptom Severity Leads to Differences in the Degree of Convergence Between Core Feature Domains". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 48 (6): 1908–1919. doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3451-3. ISSN 0162-3257. PMID 29307039.
    • "Existing models of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) disagree as to whether the core features should be conceptualized as convergent (related) or divergent (unrelated), and the few previous studies addressing this question have found conflicting results. We examined standardized parent ratings of symptoms from three domains (social, communication, repetitive behaviors) in large samples of typically developing children, children with ASD, and ASD subgroups. Our results suggest that the most evidence for divergence lies in typically developing children and lower severity ASD cases, while more evidence for convergence is found in a subset of cases with more severe impairment on any core feature. These results highlight the importance of subgrouping ASD given the degree of phenotypic heterogeneity present across the autism spectrum."

Overdiagnosis

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Role of social networks in diagnosis

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Boundary with other conditions

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Some argue that ASD as a diagnosis has unclear and variable boundaries with other conditions which have overlapping symptoms – ADHD, OCD, Tourette's, schizophrenia, IDD

with ADHD

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Accuracy of diagnostic instruments

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  • Evers, Kris; Maljaars, Jarymke; Carrington, Sarah J.; Carter, Alice S.; Happé, Francesca; Steyaert, Jean; Leekam, Susan R.; Noens, Ilse (2020-02-19). "How well are DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for ASD represented in standardized diagnostic instruments?". European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01481-z. ISSN 1018-8827.
    • Examines how well diagnostic instruments (ADOS-2, DISCO-11, 3di) align with DSM-5 criteria
    • "Our analyses showed that the three instruments do not cover all ASD symptoms to the same extent and that their diagnostic classification procedures are not always in line with the DSM-5 ASD criteria. Furthermore, the interpretation of the DSM-5 behavioral A (‘Deficits in social communication and interac- tions’) and B (‘Restricted and repetitive behavior, interests, and activities’) criteria is sometimes ambiguous and the other criteria (C—‘Early onset’, D—‘Significant impact on daily life functioning’, and E—‘Not better explained by other developmental diagnosis’) are not clearly defined."

ADOS/-2

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  • Kamp-Becker, I.; Albertowski, K.; Becker, J.; Ghahreman, M.; Langmann, A.; Mingebach, T.; Poustka, L.; Weber, L.; Schmidt, H.; Smidt, J.; Stehr, T. (September 2018). "Diagnostic accuracy of the ADOS and ADOS-2 in clinical practice". European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 27 (9): 1193–1207. doi:10.1007/s00787-018-1143-y. ISSN 1018-8827.
    • "High variance was found in the codings. The accuracy of the coding depends on the experience of the coder with the ADOS as well as on characteristics of the cases and the quality of the administration of the ADOS"
    • "There is an obvious symptom overlap between ASD and emotional and anxiety disorders documented by several studies [24, 52–56]. Both disorders involve profound social interaction and communication deficits, problems in emotion recognition, insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns or verbal/non-verbal behaviour. 30% of children with an anxiety disorder (but no known diagnosis of ASD) were above the cutoff of the ADI-R in at least one domain [57]. Other disorders are likewise associated with “autistic traits” of profound amount, such as ADHD, conduct disorders, intellectual impairment, and language disorders (see above). The degree of overlap between the above-mentioned disorders and ASD may result in misinterpretation of symptoms and in high scores in the ADOS/-2, respectively. In clinical samples, the specificity of the ADOS/-2 is lower than in research settings [32, 46, 58, 59], with high levels of false-positive diagnoses. In our study, the clinicians made many more false-positive than false-negative ADOS diagnoses."
    • "...examiners and entire clinical teams tend to ‘drift’ with their ADOS codings. Thus, it is important to be involved in calibration with different teams and organisations"
  • Randall, Melinda; Egberts, Kristine J; Samtani, Aarti; Scholten, Rob JPM; Hooft, Lotty; Livingstone, Nuala; Sterling-Levis, Katy; Woolfenden, Susan; Williams, Katrina (2018-07-24). Cochrane Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems Group (ed.). "Diagnostic tests for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in preschool children". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009044.pub2. PMC 6513463. PMID 30075057.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
A 2018 Cochrane systematic review included 12 studies of ADOS diagnostic accuracy in pre-school children (Modules 1 and 2). The summary sensitivity was 0.94 (95% CI 0.89 to 0.97), with sensitivity in individual studies ranging from 0.76 to 0.98. The summary specificity was 0.80 (95% CI 0.68 to 0.88), with specificity in individual studies ranging from 0.20 to 1.00. The studies were evaluated for bias using the QUADAS-2 framework; of the 12 included studies, 8 were evaluated as having a high risk of bias, while for the remaining four there was insufficient information available for the risk of bias to be properly evaluated. The authors could not identify any studies for the ADOS-2; the scope of the review was limited to preschool age children (mean age under 6 years), which excluded studies of Modules 3 and 4 from the meta-analysis. One included study examined the additive sensitivity and specificity of the ADOS used in combination with the ADI-R; that study found an 11% improvement in specificity (compared to ADOS alone) at the cost of a 14% reduction in sensitivity; however, due to overlapping confidence intervals, that result could not be considered statistically significant.
  • T. Hutchins, H. Morris and S. Habermehl, Diagnostic Accuracy of the ADOS-2, Poster Presentation 29391, INSAR 2019 Annual Meeting.
    • "Overall accuracy across modules was 70.4% (sensitivity = 90.9%; specificity = 66.0%) with a high rate of false positives (27.9%). Overall accuracy tended to decrease as module number increased (module 1 = 90.9%; module 2 = 93.9%; module 3 = 62.5%; module 4 = 58.8%). The most common non-spectrum diagnosis for children classified as ASD by the ADOS-2 for modules 2 – 4 (approximately 88%) was ADHD and anxiety. "

Theory of mind

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Cognitive rigidity

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While cognitive rigidity (low levels of cognitive flexibility) is often associated with ASD (as a symptom in the RRB domain), it is not a unique symptom to ASD and also occurs in other disorders and "typical" individuals:

Social motivation

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Miscellaneous

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