White-headed fruit dove
| White-headed fruit dove | |
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| A 1893 illustration of the species by John Gerrard Keulemans | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Columbiformes |
| Family: | Columbidae |
| Genus: | Ptilinopus |
| Species: | P. eugeniae
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| Binomial name | |
| Ptilinopus eugeniae (Gould, 1856)
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| Synonyms[2] | |
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The white-headed fruit dove (Ptilinopus eugeniae) is a species of bird in the pigeon family Columbidae. It was described by the English ornithologist John Gould in 1856, and the specific name eugeniae honours the French empress Eugénie de Montijo. Adults of the species have white heads, a purplish-red breast patch, a grey shoulder patch, olive-green upperparts, greenish underparts with a blue tinge, and a yellowish vent. Juveniles have green heads with the white restricted to the forehead and upper throat, a much smaller grey shoulder patch, and the red breast patch restricted to the center of the breast.
The species is endemic to Makira and the nearby islands of Ugi and Malaupaina in the Solomon Islands. It inhabits lowland, hill, and ridge forest, along with neighboring agricultural areas, and is especially common in foothills. Its diet consists of small-seeded fruits and berries. The International Union for Conservation of Nature considers it near-threatened. Although it can adapt to disturbed habitat, it is threatened by deforestation and habitat loss.
Taxonomy and systematics
The white-headed fruit dove was originally described as Iotreron eugeniae by the English ornithologist John Gould in 1856 based on specimens from the Solomon Islands archipelago.[3] It was then moved to the fruit dove genus Ptilinopus by the English zoologist George Robert Gray in the same year.[4] The species' generic name comes from the Ancient Greek ptilon (feather) and pous (foot), while the specific name eugeniae is in honour of Eugénie de Montijo, wife of Napoleon III.[5] White-headed fruit dove is the official common name designated by the International Ornithologists' Union (IOU).[6] Another name for the species is Eugenie's fruit dove.[7]
The white-headed fruit dove is one of over 50 species of pigeon in the fruit dove genus Ptilinopus, which is found throughout Southeast Asia and Oceania.[6] Within the genus, it is most closely related to the claret-breasted fruit dove (Ptilinopus viridis), with which its taxonomy is unclear. Some authorities have treated the two as being conspecific (of the same species), while others treat them as different species but treat P. v. vicinus and P. v. lewisii as subspecies of the white-headed fruit dove.[8] The IOU currently treats the white-breasted fruit dove has having no subspecies.[6]
A 2014 study of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA by Alice Cibois and colleagues found that the white-headed fruit dove was nested inside a population of the lewisii subspecies of the claret-breasted fruit dove, which may either support transferring the subspecies vicinus and lewisii to the white-headed fruit dove, or may have been caused by incomplete lineage sorting. The same study also found that the white-headed and claret-breasted fruit dove were together sister (most closely related) to the orange-bellied fruit dove, and that these species are together sister to a clade (group of all the descendants of a common ancestor) formed by the grey-headed, pink-spotted, Wallace's, orange-fronted, and ornate fruit doves. The most basal species in the group is the Tanna fruit dove. The following cladogram shows the relationships of the white-headed fruit dove with other species in its group based on the 2014 study:[9][10]
| tannensis group |
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Description
The white-headed fruit dove is a small, plump, and short-tailed species of fruit dove, with a length of 18–22 cm (7.1–8.7 in). The entire head and upper throat are snowy white, while the back of the neck is white with a pale yellow tinge. The rest of the upperparts are mainly olive green, with the neck, mantle and scapulars having a coppery luster and the wing being darker green with a bluish gloss. The marginal coverts are pale grey and form a well-defined shoulder patch and there are also small grey spots on the coverts and tertials. The breast is rich purplish-red with a dark purple border. The underparts are duller green, with a bluish or greyish tinge, while the vent is pale yellow to white. The bill is dull maroon at the base and turns yellowish at the tip, while the legs are purplish-red with a bluish tinge. The iris is orange-red, with the skin around the eye being blue-grey to dark green. Both sexes look similar. Juveniles have green heads with white restricted to the forehead and upper throat, a much smaller grey shoulder patch, and the red breast patch restricted to the center of the breast. They also have smaller grey spots on the tertials and greener underparts lacking a bluish tinge.[10][11]
The yellow-bibbed fruit dove may be confused with the white-headed fruit dove, but males of the former species can be easily told apart by their bright yellow breastband. Females and juveniles are more similar, but lack the grey shoulder patch and have brighter yellow vents. The white-headed fruit dove can also be told apart from other species of pigeons that occur in its range by its snowy-white head and red breast patch.[11]
Vocalisations
The advertising call of the species is a soft two-note hu..whoOo given at intervals of 3–6 seconds. The first note is short and weak, while the second note is longer (around 0.5 seconds long) and more emphasised. The phrase is occasionally repeated a few times.[10][11]
Distribution and habitat
The white-headed fruit dove is endemic to the Solomon Islands, where it is found on the islands of Makira, Ugi, and Malaupaina. It inhabits lowland, hill, and ridge forest, along with neighboring agricultural areas, up to elevations of 700 m (2,300 ft). It is especially numerous in foothills and may prefer hill forest.[10][11] It also shows the ability to adapt to disturbed habitat, with a 2015 survey of Makira showing that it appeared to prefer human-modified areas like secondary forest, gardens, and cocoa plantations.[12]
Behaviour and ecology
The white-headed fruit dove is usually seen in ones or pairs, though small groups may form at large fruiting trees, where it forms mixed-species foraging flocks with the silver-capped fruit dove and chestnut-bellied imperial pigeon. The species' flight is fast and straight and it will often fly over open areas where it is more visible than in forest.[11]
Feeding
The species is frugivorous, feeding on small-seeded fruit and berries. It sometimes feeds on solitary trees away from forest.[11]
Breeding
Little is known about the white-headed fruit dove's breeding habits, but a juvenile was recorded in September.[11]
Status
The white-headed fruit dove is considered near-threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) on the IUCN Red List due to its smaller range and population, along with logging on the islands it inhabits. It is fairly common in its range, especially in foothills. Although it appears to be able to adapt to disturbed habitat, deforestation and habitat loss may be a threat to it.[1][10]
References
- ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Ptilinopus eugeniae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22691524A93315322. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691524A93315322.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ^ "Ptilinopus eugeniae (White-headed Fruit-Dove)". Avibase. Retrieved 2022-01-23.
- ^ Gould, John (1856). "On some birds collected by Mr. John MacGillivray, the naturalist attached to H. M. surveying ship Rattlesnake, and lately sent home by Capt. Denham, the commander of the expedition". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. London: Academic Press: 137–138.
- ^ British Museum of Natural History; Gray, George Robert (1893). Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Vol. 21. London. pp. 153–154.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 152, 322. ISBN 978-1-4081-3326-2.
- ^ a b c Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela (eds.). "Pigeons « IOC World Bird List". www.worldbirdnames.org. Retrieved 2022-01-21.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Ptilinopus eugeniae (White-headed Fruit-Dove)". Avibase. Retrieved 2022-01-21.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Cottrell, G. William; Greenway, James C.; Mayr, Ernst; Paynter, Raymond A.; Peters, James Lee; Traylor, Melvin A.; University, Harvard (1937). Check-list of birds of the world. Vol. 3. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 36.
- ^ Cibois, Alice; Thibault, Jean-Claude; Bonillo, Céline; Filardi, Christopher E.; Watling, Dick; Pasquet, Eric (2014). "Phylogeny and biogeography of the fruit doves (Aves: Columbidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 70: 442–453. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.08.019.
- ^ a b c d e Baptista, Luis F.; Trail, Pepper W.; Horblit, H.M.; Boesman, Peter F. D.; Garcia, Ernest (2020-03-04). Billerman, Shawn M.; Keeney, Brooke K.; Rodewald, Paul G.; Schulenberg, Thomas S. (eds.). "White-headed Fruit-Dove (Ptilinopus eugeniae)". Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.whfdov2.01. Retrieved 2022-01-21.
- ^ a b c d e f g Gibbs, David; Barnes, Eustace; Cox, John (2001). Pigeons and Doves: A Guide to the Pigeons and Doves of the World. Pica Press. pp. 508–509. ISBN 978-1-8734-0360-0. OCLC 701718514.
- ^ Davies, Tammy E.; Clarke, Rohan H.; Ewen, John G.; Fazey, Ioan R. A.; Pettorelli, Nathalie; Cresswell, Will (2015). "The effects of land-use change on the endemic avifauna of Makira, Solomon Islands: endemics avoid monoculture". Emu - Austral Ornithology. 115 (3): 199–213. doi:10.1071/MU14108. ISSN 0158-4197.