Jump to content

Persecution of Amhara people

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Robertsky (talk | contribs) at 17:46, 2 June 2022 (Commenting on submission (AFCH 0.9.1)). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

  • Comment: Masscares by region should be cited using inline citation rather than putting a sentence to say that the citation exists elsewhere in the article. This makes it easier for verfication. – robertsky (talk) 17:46, 2 June 2022 (UTC)


Amhara genocide
Funeral services for the mass murderers of the city of Maikadra[1]
Native name የዐማራው የዘር መጥፋት ጭፍጨፋ በኢትዮጵያ
Date1990 – present
TimeOngoing
DurationOver three decades
LocationEthiopia
TypeEthnic federalism and restructuring
  • Annexation
  • Self determination
  • Ethnically motivated mass violence
  • Northern Ethiopia war
MotiveAnti-Amhara sentiment, anti-Orothodox sentiment, ethnic federalism, ethnic cleansing
Participants
  • Oromo OLF-OLA, Shene, Oneg and Qeerroo youth groups
  • Tigray TPLF, TDF and Samri youth groups
  • Gumuz extremist, others in SNNPR
  • Alleged state collaborators
Outcome
  • Genocide
  • Series of massacres
  • 2 million+ couldn't not be traced: fatalities and enforced disappearances part of this figure[2][3]
  • 11 million+ war attack survivors with critical need, 2 million+ displaced[4][5]
  • Genocidal rape, Weaponized SGBV, Induced infertility
  • Abduction and enslavement
  • Destruction of many villages, towns, cities, harvest, farm animals

The Amhara genocide is an ongoing systematic massacre of ethnic Amhara and Agew people in Ethiopia since 1990.[6][7] Large-scale killings and grave human rights violations followed the implementation of the ethnic-federalist system in the country.[8] In most of the cases, the mass murders were silent with perpetrators from various ethno-militant groups- from Tigray TPLF or TDF,[9] Oromo OLF-OLA[10] which are also known as Shene or Oneg,[11] and the Gumuz[12][13] armed groups.[14][15] Ethnically-motivated attacks[16][17] against the Amhara have been reported[18][19] with mass graves continuously discovered in various locations.[20] Many from the victim side stated that attempts to investigate and to uncovering data expose them to various forms of persecution.[21][22][23] However, the results of two consecutive National Census Analyses[24] and a report by the State revealed that over 2 million Amhara could not be traced. The figure reflects the decades-long massacres and enforced disappearances of the Amhara and Agew people.[25][26] From the ongoing nature of the violence,[27][18][28] the actual number is expected to be higher.[29][30][23]

A report by the CIA, describes the Liberation Front groups that were formed in March 1975 as insurgents committed to independence from the central Ethiopian government- with the TPLF seeking Tigray autonomy or hegemony.[31][32] The TPLF-designed Manifesto[33][34] is criticized for incorporating polarizing contents that Symbolize[35] the Amhara people as the responsible ethnic group for socio-economical, and country-level political and historical issues.[36] Cases of previous resentments between ethnic Tigrean and Amhara rulers were described as rivalries for control of the country, seeking recognition as the legitimate defender of Ethiopian culture, and Christian Orthodoxy. This one-religion, generalizing characterization of both groups[37] is considered a narrative that contradicts historical records.[38][39]

The mass violence against ordinary Amhara, its intellectuals, and civic leaders started in 1990 with the armed groups occupying many parts of the country.[40][41] At the end of the 17 years communist era in 1991, the ethno-nationalist groups controlled full power.[42] The scale and frequency of attacks intensified after this major regime change.[43] The Tigray TPLF groups became the dominant-minority leader[44][45] and ruled the country for twenty-seven years as the EPRDF coalition- a political entity that evolved from the Marxist-Leninist rebels movement. However, the regime collapsed in 2018 with a year-long mass protests, a series of unrests, and election- and administration-related tensions built during its period.[46]

Following the 2018 EPRDF political reform, the Oromo-dominated Prosperity Party secured the position to rule the country,[47] with the exclusion of TPLF.[48] This power conflict led to the November 2020 Tigray War that lasted for about 9 months with alleged atrocities in the region. Reports revealed that the Tigray Samri youth groups massacred the Amhara in the TPLF-annexed town of Mai-Kadra.[49] After the withdrawal of government forces from Tigray, the TPLF or TDF forces invaded Amhara and Afar regions in June 2021,[50][51][52] massacring and causing severe destructions that are reported as serious war crimes against civilians.[53][54] The regime change and events of the war expanded the map and volume of the Amhara mass killings in various places: Oromia, Benishangul-Gumuz & Metekel, Tigray, the southern SNNPR, and the Amhara regions.[55][56]

Background

The Amhara people are the second most populous in the country. Similar to other groups, the Amhara contributed to building the Nation and to the long historical accounts- they live in most parts of Ethiopia[57][58]. Since agriculture is the main source of food in the country, Amhara farmers earn income from producing staples. However, due to the frequent drought occurrence, they are also stricken by poverty. More than 80 percent of them are traditional farmers.[59][60][61] In some instances, Amhara are mis-presented as Orthodox Christians, however, significant proportion of them are Muslims and Jews.[62][39]

The controversial section in the 1994 constitution,[8] ethnic self-determination to secede from the nation,[63] is described by experts as the root cause of ethnic-based violence in the country.[64][65][66] Witness statements disclosed that the perpetrators were generally organized, in some cases they can be identified by the victims, and in others, the attackers were unknown to them. The actors demonstrated mixed motives: ethnic origin, religious origin, or both. The majority of the armed groups mobilize from region to region with alleged collaboration with local government officials.[16][67]

  • The Oromo OLF-OLA perpetrators are also known as Shane or Shene or Oneg. The Qeerroo or Querro youth groups are also accused of collaborating with these groups.[68][69]
  • The Tigray TPLF or TDF and Samri youth groups in the annexed and in various places in Amhara region[70]
  • The Gumuz extremist of the Benishangul-gumuz & Metekel region[71][72]
  • Various actors carried out attacks in the Southern SNNPR region and other places[73][74]

Timeline and Phases

The Amhara genocidal process can be classified into four phases:

  1. The Pre-1991 rebels movement can be characterized as a phase of Manifesto preparation that influenced the ethnic federalist constitution, with campaigns, reprisal, and gorilla wars
  2. The launch of massacres across many regions under the Tigray, TPLF-dominated ruling, between 1991 and 2018
  3. The scaled-up simultaneous mass killings in many regions under the Oromo-dominated Prosperity Party ruling began in 2018, and
  4. Expansion of Amhara mass killings with the Northern Ethiopia war since November 2020

Phase 1. The Manifesto rhetoric and historical accounts

There are over eighty ethnic groups in Ethiopia that have been living together through history. In the 1970s the ethno-nationalist insurgents were created under the TPLF leadership with Marxist–Leninist manifesto[33][75] seeking Autonomy, Self-Rule, and for some, Hegemony.[76][31] The groups were TPLF (Tigray People's Liberation Front), OLF-OLA (Oromo Liberation Front and Oromo Liberation Army), EPLF (Eritrean People's Liberation Front), and WSLF (Western Somalia Liberation Front).[77] The doctrine consists of anti-Amhara rhetoric that portrays the group as the all-time-sole-ruler.[78][79][75] However, the divisive narratives are disapproved by most and taken as the political mechanism used to introduce ethnic sensitivities.[39]

For leadership in the southeastern and southwestern parts of Ethiopia, history reflects that those with Oromo or the assimilated Oromized backgrounds exercised ruling outside of their traditional jurisdictions including in the partial northcentral part of the country where most Amhara and others lived.[80] Records show that the era of Zemene Mesafint and onwards central governance was diverse.[81] The aggression of the Oromo that followed the Islamic invasions in the 16th century and subsequent Oromo settlements[82] to central Ethiopia brought some changes to parts of the historical jurisdictions occupied by others- renaming of lands and rivalry.

The documented Oromo assimilation and expansion mechanisms involve “Mogassa and Gudifecha,”[83][84][85] typically described by the member of the group as methods of adopting other ethnic groups. The assimilating process involves the unbreakable oath: to hate what the group hate; to like what the group like; to fight what the group fight; to go where the group goes; to chase what the group chases.[82][86]

There are over fifty six ethnic constituents who have been living in the southern regions. The groups practice ancient customs to elect their leaders and generally maintained traditions. Historians recorded exceptional cases in which several tribes were assimilated into the Oromo group.[87][88] In general terms, natural ethnic tensions and ruling rivalries occurred in the country throughout history. However, the complex groups developed traditional approaches to coexisting. Despite ethnic differences, intermarriages and collaborative customs between the various groups have been practiced in most instances. Reports show that these constituents united when external threats were projected against the country.[89][39][90]

Phase 2. TPLF ruling and Article 39

In 1991, the TPLF-dominated ruling was established as the EPRDF coalition with a new constitution and subsequent regional demarcations.[91][92] The controversial Article 39, Nations, Nationalist, and People Self-determination is the part of the constitution and grants rights for any ethnic group to secede and form a Nation.[8][93] During this phase, polarizing contents were thought of in schools and promoted through the system.[45][94][95]

Annexations

The Greater Tigray autonomy[45][96][97] that was designed by the TPLF involved the annexation of lands from neighboring Amhara provinces: Gonder and Bethe-Amhara Wollo, with a coastal possession strategy from Eritrea.[98][99] Immediately after TPLF secured governmental power in 1991,[56] the Raya-Alamata[100] and Welkait[101][102][103] Amhara lands were annexed into the Tigray region. These lands have been ruled as southern and western parts of Tigray. Following the November 2020 Northern Ethiopia war, the Amhara fought to regain access to these historical lands- with tension reported in these area. Metekel is also another strategic land from the point of view of accessing the Nile river and annexed to the Benishangul-Gumuz region from Gojjam, Amhara.[104][105] Similarly, the Dera and surrounding lands in Shewa, Amhara region are also forcefully administered under the Oromia region following the Oromo-dominated ruling since 2018.[106][107] These annexations are protested by the Amhara and described as systematic measures taken for accessing various resources in the Amhara region. One instance is the Tana Beles national project which incorporated the Lake Tana, and Beles rivers of the Nile- both in the Amhara region. In addition, the GERD became the largest Nile hydroelectric project with significant geopolitical influence on the Horn of Africa.[108][109] With the ongoing large-scale mass violence against the Amhara who live in the annexed regions, many expressed grave concerns about the lack of political and economic representations and fear for their security.[110]

Massacres and crackdowns

The twenty-seven years long Tigray TPLF ruling[45] has been characterized as a repressive system[111] with many forms of massacres, disappearances, and systematic destructive measures taken against the Amhara,[6][7][112] and other resisting groups. Reports showed that mass killings of the Amhara started in the Assosa zone of the Benishangul-Gumuz & Metekel region in 1990.[113] After the 1991 power control by the TPLF and insurgents, mass violence and crackdowns on Amhara intellectuals and its public figures launched. A political opponent who was also a medical professor and surgeon, Asrat Woldeyes was imprisoned and abused along with other members of the All Amhara People Organization (AAPO) civic group.[114][115][116] The cause of the elderly doctor Asrat’s death is associated with the lack of timely medical treatment following the abuse that he endured during and after his imprisonments.[117][118] TPLF ruled the country for nearly three decades with multiple rigged elections[119][120] that led to mass violence and killings of innocent people in Addis Ababa, abuses, and torture against journalists and public figures in various regions, including in the Amhara region.[121] See Massacres by region for locations of Amhara massacres in various regions.

Phase 3. Transition to the Oromo-dominated Prosperity Party

Reports showed that many hoped for peace when the TPLF-dominated regime was replaced with a new Prime minister, Abiy Ahmed Ali, who was also the 2019 Nobel Peace prize awardee. He came to power[122] from the Oromo Democratic Party (ODP)- that he has been serving as the chairman. Some expressed concerns over his administration[123] include domination of Oromo-based power in his council and ministerial circles, with fear of repressive ruling as in the case of TPLF.[124][125][45]

State Incitements

Oromia reportedly became one of the hostile regions for the Amhara to live in, since the ethno-nationalist insurgents took power in 1991. Aby's governmental decision to bring back the exiled and fully armed OLF-OLA rebels [126][127][128] and controversial diaspora activists was condemned for lack of disarming measures and for subsequent widespread hate speeches against the Amhara.[129][123] This event led to the parallel Amhara mass killings in various locations.[130][131] The OLF-OLA groups carried out similar massacres in the 1990s.[132] In addition, the polarizing and open remarks made at a large Oromo public gathering by the Oromia President, Mr. Shimelis Abdissa heavily criticized. His speech, "We broke the Neftegna or Amhara" was broadcasted on national television.[133][134] Such incitements are believed to be the reasons for the launch of waves of violence against Amhara in many regions, with no obvious punitive measures and the lack of formal acknowledgments from officials.[135][130][131]

The Burayu and Shashemene massacres

These are selected cases from the series of Amhara mass murders in various regions. The references and the Massacres by region provide locations of the massacres across Ethiopia.

The Burayu massacre occurred on the outskirt of Addis Ababa in September 2018. The Oromo Querro youth groups reportedly carried out the mass violence against non-Oromo residents from the Dorzes, Gamos, and other ethnicities including the Amhara. This was one of the first violence that occurred after Abiy took power. [136][137] Reports show that the perpetrators demonstrated mixed motives- ethnic origin, religious origin, or both.

For the 2019 Shashemene massacre in Oromia, witness statements revealed that the attacking mobs were coordinated. Primarily the Amhara,[138][139] and Orthodox Christians from other ethnic groups- from Guraghe, Wolayita, Tigre, Oromo, and others were murdered in this violence.[140][141] Due to these mass killings, Christian religious leaders were abused and killed, churches turned to ashes, and treasures and literary works were destroyed.[142] Similar heinous acts were orchestrated in many regions by the various perpetrators. Statements disclosed that the killers demanded conversion to Islam when executing Orthodox Christians from Amhara.[143] The mass violence started following the assassination of an Oromo singer, Hachalu Hundessa,[144] however, the ethnic origin of the shooter was not disclosed at the time of the attack. As a result of this mass violence, over 200 people were massacred by armed Oromo groups with no clear punitive measures.[145] The government accused the OLF-OLA rebels of these massacres.[146]

Abductions and series of massacres

Another mass murder occurred in Oromia when a controversial political elite, Jawar Mohammed, made a social media call to his supporters, complaining government's decision to remove the personal guards assigned to him.[147] Following his call at night, organized Oromo actors came out and reportedly massacred Amhara- at least 86 people were killed.[130][131] In parallel to the mass killings in Oromia,[148] the abduction of 17 University Amhara students in 2019 by the OLF-OLA armed groups from Dembi Dolo University, and in other places were also reported. The families of these girls communicated that their children never returned.[149] As of May 2022, this case is open with no obvious action from officials. Other forms of abductions include- Amhara kidnapping in Wollega, Oromia, and other OLF-OLA targeted parts of the Amhara region.[150] In addition, a series of mass killings and displacements of Amhara,[151] Agew, and other groups, have been reported in the Benishangul-gumuz & Metekel, and the Southern SNNP regions.[152] These are selected cases from the series of Amhara mass murders in various regions. The references and Massacres by region provide locations of the massacres across Ethiopia.

The Ataye massacre

Multiple attacks have been launched by the OLF-OLA groups with aggression into the Amhara region in Northern Shewa- in Efratana Gidim, and Kewet Weredas. The attacks included door-to-door mass executions in Ataye, Shewarobit, Jebwuha, Senbete, Majete, and the surrounding villages.[153] Ataye was once a vibrant Amhara business and a tourist town before the series of attacks carried out in 2020. The three consecutive mass violence within a short time reportedly ruined the majority of the city.[154][155][156]

Ataye was in the process of recovery from the destruction when the third TPLF-OLF joint attack occurred in 2021.[157][158] Similarly, Majete and the surrounding towns were reportedly pillaged frequently by the OLF-OLA groups. Witness statements revealed that perpetrators were equipped with snipers & artilleries when attacking Amhara.[159][160] Surviving IDPs reported systematic collaborations between the killers and alleged state officials. These frequent attacks in the Northern Shewa are associated with acts of expansion and ethnic cleansing.[161][162]

In April 2021 a series of demonstrations were held in the Amhara region with a lead slogan, Beka or በቃ or NoMore, asking government officials for protective measures- for the waves of Amhara massacres that occurred in many locations. In response to these events, arbitrary detention and abuses were reported[163]. These are selected cases from the series of Amhara mass murders in various regions. The references and the Massacres by region provide locations of the massacres across Ethiopia.

Annexation, ethnic restructuring and violence in Addis Ababa

At the start of the 2018 Prosperity ruling, attacks in and around Addis Ababa, the Capital of Ethiopia, began with the Burayu mass killings of non-Oromo residents, which caused many to flee the area.[164] Forced removal of the Amhara,[165][166][28] property destructions, mass Oromo transfer from other areas with settlement programs,[167] frequent attacks against residents by the Oromo Querro youth,[168] police shootings, murders, and abuses of those turnout to public and religious celebrations, with plain Green-Yellow-Red tri-color cloth or items, are some of the reported violence against citizens.[169] Serious concerns have been expressed against the controversial and aggressive annexation mechanisms towards the Capital Addis Ababa- to annex it to the Oromia region.[166][167] Analyses indicate that the “special interest” claims[170] of the regime is tied with terms agreed upon between some ethno-nationalist groups before coming to power. Some of the actions include the enforcement of new policies and systematic administrative changes to Addis Ababa and its surrounding jurisdictions.[171] These measures have faced resistance from residents, and civil voices- the Balderas Party.[172][173] Previously disclosed annexations following the 1994 TPLF regional demarcation included forceful integrations of Welkait [101][102][103] and Raya-Alamata[100] to Tigray, the Metekel land to Benishangul-Gumuz,[104][105] and the Amhara land in Shewa, also known as Dera, to the Oromia region.[106][107]

Phase 4. The Northern Ethiopia War: Invasions to Amhara and Afar

Reports show that the scale of Amhara mass murders in the high-risk Oromia and Benishangul-Gumuz & Metekel regions intensified with the parallel Northern Ethiopia war that began in November 2020. At the beginning of the war, the Tigray Samri youth attackers reportedly executed between 600 and 1500 Amhara in the town of Mai-Kadra.[174] After 9 months of fighting in the Tigray region and following the withdrawal of government forces, the TPLF forces advanced and invaded Amhara and Afar regions in June 2021- massacring civilians in the occupied areas.[175][176]Reports uncover that villages burned down, various forms of sexual violence committed against women and children, farm animals killed, institutions and service centers ransacked, and harvests burned down.[177] Over 2 million IDPs[178][179] fled to the south but case reports showed that those who stayed behind were gang-raped at gunpoint, looted[180], and abused. Witness accounts also exposed that Tigray rebels coerced Amhara children as frontline war shields.[181][182] The government was criticized for underestimating the Tigray forces, and announcing victory while the attacks continued in both Amhara and Afar regions.[183][184]

Strategic retreat directives

The Amhara resistance groups and those who fought against the Tigray TPLF rebels in the Amhara region stated that they were ambushed with military directives, which led the TPLF or TDF forces to advance.[185][186] Some of the accusations include Oromo extremists' infiltration into key federal military positions. Questionable commands including for fighters to retreat south, leaving weapons and armored vehicles behind, are heavily criticized.[187] In December 2021, numerous international organizations made calls to their citizens for urgent evacuation from Ethiopia, while the TPLF rebels moved towards Addis Ababa.[188] In Bethe-Amhara Wollo, Northern Shewa, and Afar regions, the Tigray TPLF and the Oromo OLF-OLA armed militants carried out joint mass attacks against Afar and Amhara people.[189] With no cost one can put on the lives of many innocent people, recovery from the brutal destructions in both regions is estimated to take years.[190]

Afar and the Southern minorities

Tigray forces shelled the Afar region in July 2021 to control the strategic Djibouti-Ethiopia connecting lines but faced heavy resistance[191][50]. Repeated attacks were launched against Afar pastoralists, civilians mass murdered, towns and villages looted, institutions ransacked, with cases of weapon-induced body burns of children.[192][193][194] Following TPLF's defeat and withdrawal, reports covered that the invaders discarded explosives in public areas- Afar children have been killed and maimed due to these acts.[195][196]

Of the eighty ethnicities in Ethiopia, the Oromo and the Amhara are the most populous groups.[197] However, most ethnic minorities are relatively small in number, and lack representations in the political space and the military structure. Therefore, they remain at risk of silent atrocities and possible cultural genocide.[198][199][200] The Tigray minority, however, dominated government power and ruled the country for twenty-seven years from 1991 to 2018. Reportedly, TPLF committed the 2003 Gambella, the minority Anuak, and the Ogaden mass killings.[201][202] With the new Oromo-dominated regime from 2018 onwards,[203] serious concerns have been expressed for the Amaro or Korre ethnic groups and other southerners[204][205] with violation coercing the minority groups into the Oromo assimilation mechanisms.[206][207][208]

The Alleged crimes against the Amhara

The three decades-long alleged crimes against the Amhara[209] are referenced in the UN Genocide Convention[210] and the ICC Rome Statute[211] articles- Articles 6, 7, and 8.[22][23][212]

I. Genocidal Acts (Article 6 of the Rome Statute)

Across many regions, ethnically motivated [16][56][213] and organized gruesome mass killings have been committed against the Amhara- causing serious bodily[214] and mental harm[215][216] using rape, sexual and gender-based violence, enforced pregnancy, and other forms of attacks.[217] Manner of killings includes dismemberment, immolation, point-blank executions, and enforced miscarriages with lacerations.[218] Targeted cases of population reduction mechanisms involve induced sterilization,[219] and creating deplorable living conditions in the annexed and outside of the Amhara region by preventing them from accessing medical treatments.[220] Other acts include the enforced removal of Amhara[157][4][221][166] through evictions,[28] burning of their homes and their harvest, and looting of farm animals with the destruction of hospitals, schools, and water sources, and necessities.[222][223][224] Additionally, witnesses reported prohibition from speaking and learning their language in the annexed and other regions.[225][226]

II. Crimes Against Humanity (Article 7 of the Rome Statute)

In Mai-Kadra, the Tigray militia ordered the Amhara to stay in the house before they were hacked and looted.[227] Researchers from Gondar University exhumed bodies in thousands in Welkait where the Amhara were annexed for over twenty-seven years by the Tigray TPLF forces.[228] Additional mass graves of the Amhara existed in various regions and awaiting exhumation. In many of the places, survivor statements revealed that perpetrators were organized and brought name lists when carrying out door-to-door executions.[229][16][230] In most of the violence, ethnic Amhara have been separated from other groups and executed- both Muslims and Christians were murdered and buried together against their religious practices.[231][16] In other cases, the perpetrators targeted Orthodox Christians.[141][232] The Amhara are victims of abduction, enforced removal[233][234][28] & disappearance,[150][235] detention, torture, enslavement, and blockades.[18][236][237][238] Rape, sexual violence, and enforced pregnancy & targeted infertility sterilization cases are also reported.[239][219] Deplorable living conditions were created against the group causing preventable death by exposing them to high-risk infectious environments and denying malaria treatments and other critical medical care.[240][241] Other systematic oppressions such as persecution, physical and mental abuses with arbitrary imprisonments are reported.[242]

III. War Crimes (Article 8 of the Rome Statute)

In addition to the Mai-Kadra massacre, Tigray forces invaded Amhara and executed civilians since June 2021.[243] AAA reports disclose that women and children were gang-raped at gunpoint,[244] with cases accompanied by sadistic acts, physical abuse and torture, and verbal abuse or dehumanization including regular use of ethnic slurs and humiliation which inflicted irreparable physical and psychological trauma on survivors. Numerous victims died as a result of this specific violence. In addition, civilian properties were pillaged, and schools and health facilities, villages, towns, cities, farm animals, harvests, and religious institutions were ransacked.[245] Witness accounts also exposed Tigray rebels for coercing Amhara children as frontline war shields.[181][182] The Oromo OLF-OLA armed groups created an alliance with the Tigray TPLF rebels and pillaged many towns. The attacks caused the displacement[4][157] of millions of Amhara, Agew, and Afar people with over 11 million Amhara exposed to urgent needs.[246][247][248] Mass graves of the victims were discovered and exhumed in many shelled towns and villages.[249]

Massacres by region

The Table covers most locations of the mass violence against the Amhara people in Ethiopia. For further review, references are given within this article. Due to the scale and the dynamic nature of the massacre, the list requires updating.

Region or Province Zone, District, or County
Oromia, Hararghe and Western Shewa Wollega: East, West, Horo Gudru, Kelem and others

East Hararghe: Gelemso, Anchar, Daro Lebu, Wefi Dance and others

West Hararghe: Gara Muleta, Asebot Monastery, Gelemso, Bedeno, Weter and others

Arusi or Arsi: Shashemene, Arba Gugu and others

Bale

Jimma

Ambo and its surroundings

Benishangul-Gumuz Assosa

Metekel

Kamashi

Annexed-lands in Tigray Welkait: Mai-Kadra and others
Amhara: War-related and other situations North Shewa: Efratana Gidim, Kewet, Antsokiya Gemzu, and others

Gonder: Gonder city, North and South Gonder

Gojjam: Bahir Dar city and others

Bethe-Amhara Wollo: North and South Wollo

Southern SNNPR Gura Ferda: Bench–Sheko and others
Others In Afar and Amhara boarder: Abay Negeso and Zone 5

Gambela

Somali

National and international reactions

Reports of the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission are generally taken as credible with some questions of independence.[250][251] On the other hand, the state-owned media are criticized for selectively covering atrocities of the Tigray forces while excluding the massacres by the Oromo and Gumuz perpetrators.[252][253][254] Other independent voices that expose the mass violence by all perpetrator groups are frequently arrested and persecuted.[18][21] In previous cases, general coverages were given by international groups on the 1990s OLA-OLF atrocities against the Amhara people in Arba Gugu, Harer, and across the Oromia region.[255] However, recent situations received generally low coverage and inadequate preventative campaigns with delayed responses for Amhara and Afar IDP cases.[4][256] Related to the Northern Ethiopia war, major international media and rights groups were expelled from the country. Government accusations include disinformation and misleading social media propaganda.[257][258] In addition, war and other reports of the Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch groups on the war have been criticized for quality and reportedly biased statements released in favor of the Tigray rebels.[259][260] In some cases, international reports with unverified information were released.[261][262]

In another case, social media censorship and account suspensions with organized reporting brought challenges to several activists. However, similar platforms were used for hate incitements-[263] One of the 2019 mass killings of the Amhara in the Oromia region was triggered after a social media call made by an Oromo activist, Jawar Mohammed. Following his post at night, organized actors stormed out and reportedly murdered at least 86 people.[264][265]

The NoMore campaign

In April 2021, the Amhara human rights demonstrations took place in the region using a social movement slogan, Beka or በቃ or NoMore.[266] In late 2021, the same slogan has been used by Pan-African activists to campaign against Western measures on the ruling Prosperity Party- protesting the HR 6600 and other United States resolutions and bills.[267][268] However, the victim side criticized the movement as a state funded, politically motivated, selective campaign that neglected the mass violence and abuses against the Amhara in the country. This movement reportedly reduced its effort following the release of high-profile Tigray TPLF or TDF and Oromo OLF-OLA political prisoners with amnesty in January 2021- with possible peace negotiation.[269][270][271]

Calls from various voices

Preventative measures and early warning efforts are expected to limit further ethnic-based destructions against targeted ethnic groups.[272][273][274] The diasporas and others in the country made calls to the rights, humanitarian, accountability, and other influential groups to take action. Although the Amhara massacres have been going on for over thirty years, many expressed that the case has not received adequate campaign and media coverage.[275][276][277] However, due to the scale and frequency of the attacks, progress is observed in the number of reports. Despite political interest or country profile, such "marginalized" human rights cases require timely root cause assessment for the implementation of preventative measures, accountability mechanisms, and providing humanitarian needs.[278][279]

References

  1. ^ Amhara Massacre in Mai Kadra: A Report on the Deadliest Civilian Massacre Ethiopia https://www.amharaamerica.org/_files/ugd/e494ca_f345f8b8b49047b689d09c8c0a3e6c6a.pdf
  2. ^ "Three Million Amara are Missing: An Analysis based on the 1994 and the 2007 Ethiopian Population Censuses." Berhanu Abegaz, 2015. https://docplayer.net/102353958-Three-million-amara-are-missing-an-analysis-based-on-the-1994-and-the-2007-ethiopian-population-censuses.html
  3. ^ [Must Watch] Genocide of Amharas. Retrieved 2022-05-10 – via YouTube.
  4. ^ a b c d "Ethiopia: More Than 11 Million People in Amhara State in Need of Food Assistance, Region Hosting 263,000 IDPs". allAfrica.com. 2022-03-21. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
  5. ^ "Internally Displaced People exceeding to 2 million in Amhara Region". Addis Insight. 2021-11-12. Retrieved 2022-05-30.
  6. ^ a b For Genocide report until 2015, see Moresh Wegenie Amara Organization, Genocide Committed against the Amara (Amhara) in Ethiopia, specifically the Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State, Metekel Zone, Special Report on Genocide against the Amara (Amhara), August 18, 2015, accessed June 1, 2018.https://www.amharawaag.org/_files/ugd/96099a_0644dfc3b4854773adbdeeb965af26fc.pdf More details in the Amharic book: ምጽአተ ዐማራ Mitsaete Amhara, Moresh Wogene Amhara Organization, ISBN: 978-0-578-18351-0, Signature Book Printing, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 2007.
  7. ^ a b Transnational Advocacy: Genocide or Terrorism? Terrence Lyons George Mason University https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1702&context=gsp.
  8. ^ a b c "Ethiopia's Constitution of 1994" (PDF). Constitute Project.
  9. ^ Amhara Massacre in Mai Kadra: A Report on the Deadliest Civilian Massacre Ethiopia. Amhara Association of America. November 2021 https://www.amharaamerica.org/_files/ugd/e494ca_f345f8b8b49047b689d09c8c0a3e6c6a.pdf
  10. ^ "Armed group attacked village killing ethnic Amharas, destroying homes". Amnesty International. 2020-11-02. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
  11. ^ "Ethiopia to designate TPLF, OLF-Shene as 'terror' groups". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2022-05-24.
  12. ^ "Ethnic Cleansing in Ethiopia". Harvard Political Review. 2021-04-19. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
  13. ^ "Ethiopia: At least 100 dead surge of violence against ethnic minorities". Amnesty International. 2020-12-23. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
  14. ^ "Ethiopia: Events of 2020". Human Rights Watch. 2020-12-23. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
  15. ^ ETHIOPIA 2020 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT
  16. ^ a b c d e በምዕራብ ወለጋ ዞን ባቦ ጋምቤል ወረዳ በተፈፀመ የዘር ማጥፋት.. መጋቢት 22 2013 አ/ም. Retrieved 2022-05-28.
  17. ^ ወለጋ ውስጥ ዛሬ ከተገደሉት 186 አማሮች ውስጥ 72ቱ ህፃናት ናቸው ከቦታው የደረስንን ስሙት. Retrieved 2022-05-28.
  18. ^ a b c d Reuters (2022-05-23). "Ethiopia arrests 4,000 in Amhara region crackdown, local state media report". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-05-26. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  19. ^ "Ethiopia: Information on the All Amhara People's Organisation (AAPO) including its leaders, name of president since 1985, whether the office in Dire Dawa is open, procedure for membership, whether AAPO issues identity cards and maintains membership lists, address, phone and fax numbers of office in Addis Ababa". Refworld. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
  20. ^ "Ethiopian Region Claims 7,000 Civilians Killed by Tigray Forces". Bloomberg.com. 2022-05-14. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
  21. ^ a b "Journalists, general, militiamen arrested in Ethiopia's Amhara". Reuters. 2022-05-20. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  22. ^ a b "Genocide & the Politics of Numbers - Center for Holocaust & Genocide Studies". The Society Pages. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
  23. ^ a b c Stone, Lewi. "Quantifying the Holocaust: Measuring murder rates during the Nazi genocide". The Conversation. Retrieved 2022-05-24.
  24. ^ DEMOCRACY UNDER THREAT IN ETHIOPIA HEARING, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,ONE HUNDRED FIFTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION MARCH 9, 2017 Serial No. 115-9. Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Affairs.https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-115hhrg24585/html/CHRG-115hhrg24585.htm.
  25. ^ "Three Million Amara are Missing: An Analysis based on the 1994 and the 2007 Ethiopian Population Censuses." Berhanu Abegaz, 2015. https://docplayer.net/102353958-Three-million-amara-are-missing-an-analysis-based-on-the-1994-and-the-2007-ethiopian-population-censuses.html
  26. ^ [Must Watch] Genocide of Amharas. Retrieved 2022-05-10 – via YouTube.
  27. ^ Between April 18th and 19th, 2022, at least 12 Amhara civilians were killed, an additional 22 were injured and 125 houses were burned by Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) paramilitary forces in Efratana Gidim andKewetWoredas of North Shewa Zone in Ethiopia’s Amhara Region.https://www.amharaamerica.org/_files/ugd/e494ca_d4080679272e4066bcff015097ae5109.pdf
  28. ^ a b c d Annual Human Right Report, May 2022. https://www.amharaamerica.org/_files/ugd/e494ca_0403f104b0584c18b351291d33cfea45.pdf. https://www.amharaamerica.org/_files/ugd/e494ca_fa7e943efd9b41419fb5fcddcf6ed215.pdf.
  29. ^ "Ethiopian Region Claims 7,000 Civilians Killed by Tigray Forces". Bloomberg.com. 2022-05-14. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
  30. ^ "Genocide & the Politics of Numbers - Center for Holocaust & Genocide Studies". The Society Pages. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
  31. ^ a b ETHIOPIA: THE TIGREAN INSURGENCY https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp85t00287r000500100001-7
  32. ^ Ethiopian Opposition Political Parties and Rebel Fronts: Past and Present https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265468743_Ethiopian_Opposition_Political_Parties_and_Rebel_Fronts_Past_and_Present
  33. ^ a b PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC PROGRAMME TIGRAY PEOPLE'S LIBERATION FRONT (TPLF) Adopted by the Second Organizational Congress of the TPLF May 1983 (earlier version is 1976) https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ethiopia/tigray-program.pdf
  34. ^ A political history of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (1975-1991) Berhe, A. 2008, VU Research Portal.https://research.vu.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/77594968/abstract+english.pdf
  35. ^ THE EIGHT STAGES OF GENOCIDE By Dr. Gregory H. Stanton, President, Genocide Watch https://www.keene.edu/academics/ah/cchgs/resources/educational-handouts/the-eight-stages-of-genocide/download/
  36. ^ "The 1976 TPLF Manifesto and Political instability in Amhara Region, Ethiopia". RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary. 4 (1): 300–303. doi:10.5281/zenodo.2544650.https://zenodo.org/record/2544650#.YnzXcPPMJ-U
  37. ^ ETHIOPIA: THE TIGREAN INSURGENCY https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp85t00287r000500100001-7
  38. ^ Ethiopia: a country study. Federal Research Division. Library of Congress Edited by Thomas P. Ofcansky and LaVerle Berry Research Completed July 1991. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/frd/frdcstdy/et/ethiopiacountrys00ofca_0/ethiopiacountrys00ofca_0.pdf
  39. ^ a b c d MISTAKEN IDENTITY OF THE AMHARA PEOPLE AND THE QUEST FOR ORGANIZED RESISTANCE AGAINST TPLF ATROCITIES By Abinet Hunegnaw http://ethiopatriots.com/pdf/amhara-people-mistaken-identity20170129.pdf.
  40. ^ "It should be remembered that the EPLF along with the OLF forces was instrumental in the genocide of 300 innocent AMHARAS in Assosa in January 1990." http://www.ethiopians.com/arsima.html
  41. ^ EVIL DAYS 30 YEARS OF WAR AND FAMINE IN ETHIOPIA An Africa Watch Report September 1991. https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/Ethiopia919.pdf
  42. ^ Krauss, Clifford (1991-05-28). "ETHIOPIAN REBELS STORM THE CAPITAL AND SEIZE CONTROL". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  43. ^ Moresh Wegenie Amara Organization, Genocide Committed against the Amara (Amhara) in Ethiopia, specifically the Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State, Metekel Zone, Special Report on Genocide against the Amara (Amhara), August 18, 2015, accessed June 1, 2018. https://www.amharawaag.org/_files/ugd/96099a_0644dfc3b4854773adbdeeb965af26fc.pdf ምጽአተ ዐማራ Mitsaete Amhara, Moresh Wogene Amhara Organization, ISBN: 978-0-578-18351-0, Signature Book Printing, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 2007.
  44. ^ "'These changes are unprecedented': how Abiy is upending Ethiopian politics". The Guardian. 2018-07-08. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  45. ^ a b c d e House of Commons Library Ethiopia: Situation in Tigray Published on 25 February 2021 commonslibrary.parliament.uk. https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-9147/CBP-9147.pdf.
  46. ^ "Rise and fall of Ethiopia's TPLF – from rebels to rulers and back". The Guardian. 2020-11-25. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  47. ^ The Origins of the EPRDF and the Prospects for the Prosperity Party Terrence Lyons, August 2, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/00219096211007658
  48. ^ "Analysis | Ethiopia's prime minister wants to change the ruling coalition. Who's getting left out?". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  49. ^ Amhara Massacre in Mai Kadra: A Report on the Deadliest Civilian Massacre Ethiopia https://www.amharaamerica.org/_files/ugd/e494ca_f345f8b8b49047b689d09c8c0a3e6c6a.pdf
  50. ^ a b Hub, Eritrea (2022-02-07). "Tigray accused of launching an attack into Afar to sever links to Djibouti". Eritrea Hub. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  51. ^ Ababa, Agence France-Presse in Addis (2020-11-14). "Ethiopia: leaders of Tigray region admit they attacked neighbouring Amhara". The Guardian. Retrieved 2022-05-28.
  52. ^ "Ethiopia: Tigray Forces Summarily Execute Civilians". Human Rights Watch. 2021-12-09. Retrieved 2022-05-28.
  53. ^ "Ethiopia: Tigray Forces Summarily Execute Civilians". Human Rights Watch. 2021-12-09. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  54. ^ Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Article 8, War crimes. https://legal.un.org/icc/statute/99_corr/cstatute.htm
  55. ^ AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL REPORT 2020/21 THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S HUMAN RIGHTS. See the Ethiopia section. https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/English.pdf
  56. ^ a b c DEMOCRACY UNDER THREAT IN ETHIOPIA HEARING, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, ONE HUNDRED FIFTEENTH CONGRESS.FIRST SESSION MARCH 9, 2017 Serial No. 115-9. Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-115hhrg24585/html/CHRG-115hhrg24585.htm
  57. ^ "Welcome to Amhara Region Culture and Tourism Bureau Official Website". Visit Amhara. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  58. ^ Walker, Samuel C. (2019-04-23). "Revealing Barara—the long-lost African medieval city". Ethiopia Insight. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  59. ^ Determinants of Poverty in Rural Ethiopia: Evidence from Tenta Woreda (District), Amhara Region https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Determinants-of-Poverty-in-Rural-Ethiopia%3A-Evidence-Merid-Bekele/f0fe3cbc6a71ac2d62c2123159e07caa001e41aa
  60. ^ UNICEF Budget Brief, Amhara Regional State 2007/08 – 2015/16 https://www.unicef.org/esa/sites/unicef.org.esa/files/2019-05/UNICEF-Ethiopia-2018-Amhara-Regional-State-Budget-Brief.pdf
  61. ^ "Ethiopian farmers struggle to scratch a living in warming highlands". Reuters. 2019-04-12. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  62. ^ "All Ethiopian Jews must be brought home to Israel". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2022-05-30.
  63. ^ The United Nations, Self-Determination, State Failure and Secession Ed Brown. May 29 2020. https://www.e-ir.info/2020/05/29/the-united-nations-self-determination-state-failure-and-secession/
  64. ^ McCracken, Matthew (2004). "Abusing Self-Determination and Democracy: How the TPLF Is Looting Ethiopia". Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law (JIL). 36 Issue 1, Article 8: 183 – via scholarly commons law. https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1390&context=jil
  65. ^ Ethiopia's “Leap in the Dark”: Federalism and Self-Determination in the New constitution. Paul H. Brietzke Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 July 2009 Journal of African Law, Volume 39, Issue 1, Spring 1995, pp. 19 - 38 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021855300005866 https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-law/article/abs/ethiopias-leap-in-the-dark-federalism-and-selfdetermination-in-the-new-constitution/A05454ABA30C4C79F78DD7397FF91BED
  66. ^ "Genocide starts with the rhetoric of hate, and we can't forget that on Holocaust Memorial Day". The Independent. 2018-01-27. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  67. ^ The Shashemene Massacre: The attackers had a list of people to be attacked and their properties to be destroyed. https://borkena.com/2020/07/05/ethiopiaoromo-region-police-confirm-death-toll-from-attack-reached-166/
  68. ^ "More than 210 killed in violence in western Ethiopia: Commission". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  69. ^ "Ethiopia : The People who are being slaughtered for no reason". Borkena Ethiopian News. 2020-08-11. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  70. ^ "Over 120 killed in Ethiopia's Amhara region, officials say". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  71. ^ "Ambush and reprisals in western Ethiopia kill 64 – rights body". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  72. ^ "Explaining Metekel Syndrome: Revisiting the Prolonged Ethnic Violence – Center for Advancement of Rights and Democracy (CARD)". Center for Advancement of Rights and Democracy. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  73. ^ "Bench Sheko Gura Farda massacre:at least 31 innocent civilians killed". Borkena Ethiopian News. 2020-10-23. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  74. ^ APANEWS. "Unknown number of Amhara people killed in ethnically motivated attacks in Southern Ethiopia". apanews.net. Retrieved 2022-06-01.
  75. ^ a b "The 1976 TPLF Manifesto and Political instability in Amhara Region, Ethiopia". RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary. 4 (1): 300–303. doi:10.5281/zenodo.2544650.https://zenodo.org/record/2544650#.YnzXcPPMJ-U
  76. ^ Mead, Walter Russell (2020-11-16). "Opinion | 'Tribalism' Isn't Going Anywhere". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
  77. ^ EVIL DAYS 30 YEARS OF WAR AND FAMINE IN ETHIOPIA An Africa Watch Report September 1991. https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/Ethiopia919.pdf
  78. ^ Ethiopian Opposition Political Parties and Rebel Fronts: Past and Present https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265468743_Ethiopian_Opposition_Political_Parties_and_Rebel_Fronts_Past_and_Present
  79. ^ "Genocide starts with the rhetoric of hate, and we can't forget that on Holocaust Memorial Day". The Independent. 2018-01-27. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  80. ^ Gedle Abune Zena Markos.Geez & Amharic 2nd Edition, 2012, Addis Ababa. Birhan Ena Selam Printing Press
  81. ^ Tebeje, Alyou (2020-09-03). "Abiy Ahmed: The 7th Oromo Prime Minister of Ethiopia | EthioPoint | Ethiopia | Research & Analysis | Point of View %". Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  82. ^ a b IDENTITY IN ETHIOPIA: THE OROMO FROM THE 16TH TO THE 19TH CENTURY, A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History, Cherri Reni Wemlinger, Washington State University, Department of History, August 2008 http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2008/c_wemlinger_080108.pdf
  83. ^ Jalata, Asafa (2010-03-02). "Oromo Peoplehood: Historical and Cultural Overview". Sociology Publications and Other Works. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_socopubs/6/
  84. ^ The Oromo of Ethiopia, 1500-1850: With special emphasis on the Gibe region. Mohammed Hassen, 1983. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Oromo-of-Ethiopia%2C-1500-1850%3A-With-special-on-Hassen/21aeaf9dab93bd7da7263f8b9922479e06fde9e0
  85. ^ Adopting an Ambiguous position: Oromo Relationships with Strangers, Being and Becoming Oromo: Historical and Anthropological Enquiries. Hector Blackhurst, Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1996), p. 243 http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A277262&dswid=-6114
  86. ^ Adopting an Ambiguous position: Oromo Relationships with Strangers, Being and Becoming Oromo: Historical and Anthropological Enquiries. Hector Blackhurst, Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1996), p. 243 http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A277262&dswid=-1324
  87. ^ Hussein, J. W. (2006). "A Critical Review of the Political and Stereotypical Portrayals of the Oromo in the Ethiopian Historiography" https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-Critical-Review-of-the-Political-and-Portrayals-Hussein/2fcd5e77b80c3f843977ad756fd784fe5ddb3a99
  88. ^ Adopting an Ambiguous position: Oromo Relationships with Strangers, Being and Becoming Oromo: Historical and Anthropological Enquiries. Hector Blackhurst, Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1996), p. 243 http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A277262&dswid=-1324
  89. ^ Hoh, Anchi (2020-03-31). "Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia and the Battle of Adwa: A Pictorial History | 4 Corners of the World: International Collections and Studies at the Library of Congress". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2022-05-25.
  90. ^ The Battle For The Battle of Adwa: Collective Identity and NationBuilding Joseph A. Steward, CUNY City College. Master of Art Thesis, 2020. https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1898&context=cc_etds_theses
  91. ^ Krauss, Clifford (1991-05-28). "ETHIOPIAN REBELS STORM THE CAPITAL AND SEIZE CONTROL". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  92. ^ "Rise and fall of Ethiopia's TPLF – from rebels to rulers and back". The Guardian. 2020-11-25. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  93. ^ The United Nations, Self-Determination, State Failure and Secession Ed Brown. May 29 2020. https://www.e-ir.info/2020/05/29/the-united-nations-self-determination-state-failure-and-secession/
  94. ^ 'Ethiopia's “Leap in the Dark”: Federalism and Self-Determination in the New constitution. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-law/article/abs/ethiopias-leap-in-the-dark-federalism-and-selfdetermination-in-the-new-constitution/A05454ABA30C4C79F78DD7397FF91BED
  95. ^ "Genocide starts with the rhetoric of hate, and we can't forget that on Holocaust Memorial Day". The Independent. 2018-01-27. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  96. ^ ETHIOPIA: THE TIGREAN INSURGENCY https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp85t00287r000500100001-7
  97. ^ "Rise and fall of Ethiopia's TPLF – from rebels to rulers and back". The Guardian. 2020-11-25. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  98. ^ "The politics of ports in the Horn: War, peace and Red Sea rivalries | African Arguments". 2018-07-18. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  99. ^ "Eritrea-Ethiopia: IRIN Focus on Assab, 5 June 2000 - Eritrea". UNHCR. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  100. ^ a b "Ethiopia's Tigray conflict revives bitter disputes over land". France 24. 2020-12-30. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  101. ^ a b "Ethiopia: After a year of protests, time to address grave human rights concerns". Amnesty International. 2016-11-09. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  102. ^ a b "Dozens killed as police use excessive force against peaceful protesters in Ethiopia". Amnesty International USA. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  103. ^ a b "Ethiopia: protestors in Maikadra, Alamata demand justice". Borkena Ethiopian News. 2020-12-07. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  104. ^ a b HRW Report: 12. RESETTLEMENT "The site of Metekel in Gojjam was picked by President Mengistu during a helicopter tour, and proved to be highly unsuitable""We come from Gojjam Metekel resettlement area."https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/d2resett.pdf
  105. ^ a b Birhanu, Tsegaye (2020-12-29). "The murky politics behind the Metekel massacres". Ethiopia Insight. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
  106. ^ a b "Ethiopia: Understanding Oromia's mayhem after Hachalu's murder". The Africa Report.com. 2021-01-11. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  107. ^ a b The University of Nottingham, Human Rights Law Centre. Ethiopia Situation Report, August 2020. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/hrlc/documents/fmu-policy-brief/ethiopia-situation-report-august-2020.pdf
  108. ^ "Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Project, Benishangul-Gumuz". www.water-technology.net. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  109. ^ "The Second Filling of the GERD Reservoir". Wilson Center. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  110. ^ "Metekel Conflict". Ethiopia Peace Observatory. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
  111. ^ "UN: Atrocities Fuel Worsening Crisis in Horn of Africa". Human Rights Watch. 2007-12-03. Retrieved 2022-05-08.
  112. ^ "In the campaign for the June local and regional elections, the Islamic Front for the Liberation of Oromia was linked to numerous, gruesome, politically motivated killings. Credible allegations spread in May and June that the Oromo People's Democratic Organization, an affiliate of the EPRDF, was responsible for the massacre of Amhara nationals in Arbagugu and in other towns in May and June." https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1008303.html
  113. ^ "It should be remembered that the EPLF along with the OLF forces was instrumental in the genocide of 300 innocent AMHARAS in Assosa in January 1990. http://www.ethiopians.com/arsima.html
  114. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Ethiopia: Information on the All Amhara People's Organisation (AAPO) including its leaders, name of president since 1985, whether the office in Dire Dawa is open, procedure for membership, whether AAPO issues identity cards and maintains membership lists, address, phone and fax numbers of office in Addis Ababa". UNHCR. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
  115. ^ "Asrat Woldeyes – UncoverED". Retrieved 2022-05-15.
  116. ^ "Asrat Woldeyes (1928 – 1999)". The University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
  117. ^ "Physician Asrat Woldeyes Dies". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2022-05-29.
  118. ^ Barder, Brian (1999-05-25). "Asrat Woldeyes". The Guardian. Retrieved 2022-05-29.
  119. ^ "Dispatches: Alarm Bells for Ethiopia's 100% Election Victory". Human Rights Watch. 2015-06-23. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
  120. ^ "Ethiopia: Crackdown Spreads Beyond Capital". Human Rights Watch. 2005-06-15. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
  121. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Ethiopia: A Sociopolitical Assessment". UNHCR. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
  122. ^ Tom Gardner; Charlie Rosser (2018-09-25). "'Abiy Ahmed is our miracle': Ethiopia's democratic awakening". The Guardian. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  123. ^ a b Lashitew, Addisu. "Ethiopia Will Explode if It Doesn't Move Beyond Ethnic-Based Politics". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  124. ^ "Council | FDRE Office of the Prime Ministers". www.pmo.gov.et. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  125. ^ Halakhe, Abdullahi Boru. "Abiy's efforts to unify Ethiopia could lead to its disintegration". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  126. ^ "Country policy and information note: Oromos, the Oromo Liberation Front and the Oromo Liberation Army, Ethiopia, March 2022 (accessible)". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  127. ^ "Exiled rebel leader returns home to Ethiopia to 'play a role in the reconstruction of the country'". The World from PRX. Retrieved 2022-05-25.
  128. ^ "Exiled leader of Ethiopian rebel group returns home amid reforms". Reuters. 2018-09-15. Retrieved 2022-05-25.
  129. ^ Speech by Jawar: "Where i came from 99% of us are Muslim Oromo. So, we are feared by others, and no other group can look at us. If they do, we take machete and slaughter them." Youtube Video, Nov 15, 2016, Nile Tube, የጃዋር መሐመድ አወዛጋቢው ንግግር Jawar Mohammed's Controversial speech on Christianity caught on tape. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_q_1uIh9l0
  130. ^ a b c "Ethiopia: Justice Needed for Deadly October Violence". Human Rights Watch. 2020-04-01. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  131. ^ a b c "Justice, not repressions, will break Ethiopia's waves of violence". Amnesty International. 2020-11-09. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  132. ^ "Afw". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  133. ^ "Ethiopia : The People who are being slaughtered for no reason". Borkena Ethiopian News. 2020-08-11. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  134. ^ "The Controversy Surrounding Shimelis Abdisa Speech". ezega.com. Retrieved 2022-05-29.
  135. ^ Alemayehu, Hewan (2020-07-13). "Despair following violent ethnic based killings in some parts of Oromia, Ethiopia". Addis Zeybe. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  136. ^ "Ethiopia: Abiy's First Year as Prime Minister, Review of Freedom of Assembly". Human Rights Watch. 2019-04-02. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  137. ^ "Toll from Ethiopia bloodshed at least 58: rights group, source". France 24. 2018-09-19. Retrieved 2022-05-30.
  138. ^ "Ethnic Amharas Massacred in Ethiopia". Torture Abolition And Survivors Support Coalition International. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  139. ^ "'We have nothing': Ethiopia's ethnic unrest leaves destruction in its wake". France 24. 2020-07-16. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  140. ^ Fantahun, Arefaynie (2020-07-06). "Ethnically-motivated attacks in Shashemene and elsewhere". Ethiopia Observer. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  141. ^ a b የነፍጠኛ ልጅ የአማራ ልጅ እኛ መሬት ላይ አይወለድም ብለው የ9ወር ነፍሰጡር ባለቤቴን በልጆቸ ፊት. Retrieved 2022-05-25.
  142. ^ "እያለቀስኩ ብለምናቸው ብለምናቸው ጡቴን መሬት ላይ . . . !"በሀረር እና በአለማያ የደረሰ ዘግናኝ ግድያ እና ቃጠሎ!. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  143. ^ Watch from minute 5:30 'No Amhara child will be born" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CdzKyiZIs5w
  144. ^ "How a musician's death unleashed violence and death in Ethiopia". The Guardian. 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  145. ^ Collins, Sam P. K. (2020-07-15). "Ethnic Attacks in Ethiopia Spark Global Criticism". The Washington Informer. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  146. ^ "Ethiopian Rebel Group Denies Role in Singer's Death". VOA. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  147. ^ Lashitew, Addisu. "Ethiopia Will Explode if It Doesn't Move Beyond Ethnic-Based Politics". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  148. ^ "Armed group attacked village killing ethnic Amharas, destroying homes". Amnesty International. 2020-11-02. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
  149. ^ "Ethiopia universities close as whereabouts of 17 Amhara students remain unknown". Amnesty International. 2020-03-25. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
  150. ^ a b Marks, Simon; Dahir, Abdi Latif (2020-01-30). "Abduction of Ethiopian Students Fuels Anger at the Government". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
  151. ^ St, Addis; ard (2022-02-21). "In-depth analysis: Displaced by months-long violence, hundreds of Amhara community members from western Oromia seek refuge in Addis Abeba and Arsi zone". Addis Standard. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
  152. ^ "Bench Sheko Gura Farda massacre:at least 31 innocent civilians killed". Borkena Ethiopian News. 2020-10-23. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  153. ^ At least 194 Amharas killed, 212 wounded in 'deadliest' OLF attack on North Shewa Zone of the Amhara Region, Ethiopia. https://www.amharaamerica.org/_files/ugd/e494ca_e105cafe7f2f402ca7dd138e02085f73.pdf.
  154. ^ "Amhara Genocide : Ataye hit hard as Oromo radical forces launch attack". Borkena Ethiopian News. 2021-04-17. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  155. ^ "Death toll from violence in Ethiopia's Amhara 'may be 200'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  156. ^ "EPO Weekly: 16-22 April 2022". Ethiopia Peace Observatory. 2022-04-26. Retrieved 2022-05-24.
  157. ^ a b c The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian report. Humanitarian Bulletin Ethiopia Issue #6 26 April– 10 May 2021.
  158. ^ "Over 1.5 Billion Birr Needed To Rebuild Ataye Town And Environs: Committee" https://www.fanabc.com/english/over-1-5-billion-birr-needed-to-rebuild-ataye-town-and-environs-committee/
  159. ^ "OLF-Shene, TPLF Should be Labeled as Terrorists, MPs Ask – Ethiopian Monitor". Retrieved 2022-05-10.
  160. ^ Residents say OLF soldiers kill several in Majete, Ataye and Kemise, Engidu Woldie, ESAT News (April 8, 2019). https://ethsat.com/2019/04/residents-say-olf-soldiers-kill-several-in-majete-ataye-and-kemise/
  161. ^ More than 287 ethnic Amharas were brutally massacred in two major Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) terror attacks in the North Shewa Zone of the Amhara Region. https://www.amharaamerica.org/_files/ugd/e494ca_30a8a8b97e6e4104bd6c2df3128e58e2.pdf.
  162. ^ "Recent violence in Ethiopia's Oromia region shows hallmark signs of ethnic cleansing, says MRG". Minority Rights Group. 2020-07-22. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
  163. ^ St, Addis; ard (2021-04-20). "News: Protests happening in multiple cities in Amhara region denouncing reports of targeted attacks against Amhara community". Addis Standard. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  164. ^ "Toll from Ethiopia bloodshed at least 58: rights group, source". France 24. 2018-09-19. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  165. ^ Ethnically motivated evictions in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: “We are evicted because of our Amhara identity’’https://www.amharaamerica.org/_files/ugd/e494ca_452a2469df644161a4aaceba949d8db3.pdf
  166. ^ a b c "Massive informal settlements reported in Addis Ababa, radicalized Oromo youth disrupt meeting in Koye Feche". Borkena Ethiopian News. 2019-10-21. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  167. ^ a b ACCORD - Austrian Centre for Country of Origin & Asylum Research and Documentation Ethiopia: COI Compilation, November 2019https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2021013/ACCORD_Ethiopia_COI_Compilation_November_2019.pdf.
  168. ^ "Massive informal settlements reported in Addis Ababa, radicalized Oromo youth disrupt meeting in Koye Feche". Borkena Ethiopian News. 2019-10-21. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
  169. ^ St, Addis; ard (2022-01-22). "News: Oromia Police shot dead two, injure several others at Timket festival over flag controversy". Addis Standard. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  170. ^ Staff, OPride (2017-07-01). "Oromia Special Interest Law: Who owns Addis Ababa?". OPride.com. Retrieved 2022-05-25.
  171. ^ "Ethiopia : The People who are being slaughtered for no reason". Borkena Ethiopian News. 2020-08-11. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  172. ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken)https://open-pilot.overheid.nl/repository/ronl-fa20e9c7-2732-42e2-b540-0e6997ea07c0/1/pdf/general%20country%20of%20origin%20information%20report%20ethiopia%202021.pdf
  173. ^ "Ethiopia must account for all people arrested since killing of Hachalu Hundesa". Amnesty International. 2020-07-18. Retrieved 2022-05-25.
  174. ^ CNN, Eoin McSweeney, Bethlehem Feleke and Schams Elwazer. "At least 600 civilians were killed in northern Ethiopia massacre, rights commission says". CNN. Retrieved 2022-05-20. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  175. ^ "10 Conflicts to Worry About in 2022: Ethiopia". ACLED. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  176. ^ "750 civilians killed in Amhara in half of 2021: Rights body". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
  177. ^ "Armed group attacked village killing ethnic Amharas, destroying homes". Amnesty International. 2020-11-02. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
  178. ^ "UNHCR IDP Response Scale Up-Amhara Fact Sheet November 2021". UNHCR Operational Data Portal (ODP). Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  179. ^ "Internally Displaced People exceeding to 2 million in Amhara Region". Addis Insight. 2021-11-12. Retrieved 2022-05-30.
  180. ^ "Ethiopia: Survivors of TPLF attack in Amhara describe gang rape, looting and physical assaults". Amnesty International. 2021-11-09. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  181. ^ a b Journalist statement from IDP interviews: Minutes 25:30 to 29.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hY1xAptUE40 "So what was happening is the TPLF is taking Amhara boys basically kidnapping them giving them minimal training and forcing them to walk out in front of their advancing troops as human shields. Some holding weapons fake weapons some carrying nothing at all."
  182. ^ a b Journalist statement from IDP interviews: "The TPLF was taking Amhara youth as young as 10 years of age from conquered territories, giving them brief military training and forcing them to march in front of their advancing forces as human shields in front of seasoned troops as they engaged Ethiopian Government forces."https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/henok-awaju-a-10-year-old-resident-of-sekota-in-the-wag-news-photo/1345597944
  183. ^ Felbab-Brown, Vanda (2022-02-01). "Still far from peace in Ethiopia". Brookings. Retrieved 2022-05-25.
  184. ^ Interview: "Has the Ethiopian government underestimated the strength of the Tigray People’s Liberation Front as clashes between regional forces and those of the federal government led to fears that a major African country could slide into civil war? Senior analyst at the International Crisis Group William Davison explains." TRT World Now. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6agRUgw-Tg.
  185. ^ "Ethiopian forces retreat from strategic town: residents". France 24. 2021-10-30. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  186. ^ Mersie, Ayenat; Fick, Maggie (2021-07-13). "Ethiopia: Tigray forces push south as Amhara militias mobilise". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  187. ^ Ethio 360 Zare Min Ale " ስልታዊ ማፈግፈግ ወይንስ...?" Tuesday July 27, 2021. Retrieved 2022-05-21.Minute 1:17min
  188. ^ Walsh, Declan; Marks, Simon (2021-11-02). "Ethiopia Declares State of Emergency as Rebels Advance Toward Capital". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  189. ^ Hamza, Marishet Mohammed (2021-09-02). "TPLF–OLA alliance is a prelude to Tigray's secession". Ethiopia Insight. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  190. ^ "Ethiopia's Amhara region shattered after weeks of war". Frontline. Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  191. ^ "'Afar has been raided': Suffering stalks Ethiopia's forgotten front". France 24. 2022-02-17. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  192. ^ "Inside the conflict in Ethiopia's Afar region". The New Humanitarian. 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  193. ^ Reuters (2022-02-09). "Fighting in Ethiopia's Afar region displaces 300,000, aid blocked to Tigray". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-05-21. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  194. ^ "Ethiopia: Afar region the new front in the civil war as Tigray violence subsides". The Africa Report.com. 2022-02-25. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  195. ^ Paravicini, Giulia (2022-04-27). "Children are being killed and maimed by discarded explosives in Ethiopia". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  196. ^ "Children are being killed and maimed by discarded explosives in Ethiopia". Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  197. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Core document forming the initial part of the reports of States parties : International human rights instruments : Ethiopia". UNHCR. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  198. ^ "Ethiopia: Land, Water Grabs Devastate Communities". Human Rights Watch. 2014-02-18. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  199. ^ "Ethiopia: No Justice in Somali Region Killings". Human Rights Watch. 2017-04-05. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  200. ^ "Ethiopia: Army Commits Executions, Torture, and Rape in Ogaden". Human Rights Watch. 2008-06-12. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  201. ^ "Ethiopia: Crimes Against Humanity in Gambella Region". Human Rights Watch. 2005-03-23. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  202. ^ "Ethiopia: Targeting the Anuak: The December 2003 Massacre". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  203. ^ "Ethnic violence fuels cycles of displacement in Ethiopia". Doctors Without Borders - USA. Retrieved 2022-05-29.
  204. ^ St, Addis; ard (2022-02-10). "Analysis: "Hundreds" killed, thousands displaced in recurring armed attacks in Amaro Special Wereda, Southern region; latest attack leaves three dead, four injured". Addis Standard. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  205. ^ Thesis: "THE KORE OF ETHIOPIA: A HISTORICAL SURVEY" Awoke Amzaye Assoma, Hawassa University, 1985. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308549924_THE_KORE_OF_ETHIOPIA_A_HISTORICAL_SURVEY
  206. ^ "West Guji Conflict". Ethiopia Peace Observatory. Retrieved 2022-05-24.
  207. ^ awasaguardian (2021-05-13). "Oromo gunmen invade more Koore districts in Ethiopia's south". Awasa Guardian. Retrieved 2022-05-24.
  208. ^ Hussein, J. W. (2006). "A Critical Review of the Political and Stereotypical Portrayals of the Oromo in the Ethiopian Historiography"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-Critical-Review-of-the-Political-and-Portrayals-Hussein/2fcd5e77b80c3f843977ad756fd784fe5ddb3a99
  209. ^ DEMOCRACY UNDER THREAT IN ETHIOPIA HEARING, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,ONE HUNDRED FIFTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION MARCH 9, 2017 Serial No. 115-9. Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-115hhrg24585/html/CHRG-115hhrg24585.htm.
  210. ^ CONVENTION ON THE PREVENTION AND PUNISHMENT OF THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/cppcg/cppcg_ph_e.pdf
  211. ^ International Criminal Court, International Criminal Court (2011). Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (in ICC-PIOS-LT-03-002/15_Eng) ISBN 92-9227-232-2. https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/RS-Eng.pdf
  212. ^ "How do you define genocide?". BBC News. 2022-04-04. Retrieved 2022-05-24.
  213. ^ Moresh Wegenie Amara Organization, Genocide Committed against the Amara (Amhara) in Ethiopia, specifically the Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State, Metekel Zone, Special Report on Genocide against the Amara (Amhara), August 18, 2015, accessed June 1, 2018. https://www.amharawaag.org/_files/ugd/96099a_0644dfc3b4854773adbdeeb965af26fc.pdf More details in the Amharic book: ምጽአተ ዐማራ Mitsaete Amhara, Moresh Wogene Amhara Organization, ISBN: 978-0-578-18351-0, Signature Book Printing, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 2007.
  214. ^ Collins, Sam P. K. (2020-07-15). "Ethnic Attacks in Ethiopia Spark Global Criticism". The Washington Informer. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
  215. ^ APANEWS. "Unknown number of Amhara people killed in ethnically motivated attacks in Southern Ethiopia". apanews.net. Retrieved 2022-06-01.
  216. ^ Amharas in Maikadra traumatized by massacre. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
  217. ^ "Ethiopia: Summary killings, rape and looting by Tigrayan forces in Amhara". Amnesty International. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
  218. ^ "At least 150 members of the force were housed at Dera’s stadium, minutes away, as the carnage unfolded."https://www.theafricareport.com/57957/ethiopia-understanding-oromias-mayhem-after-hachalus-murder/ "
  219. ^ a b For witness statements on sterilization and deplorable living conditions, see #Amhara Genocide #sterilization Amhara People. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
  220. ^ Jr, Donald G. McNeil (2017-05-13). "Candidate to Lead the W.H.O. Accused of Covering Up Epidemics". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
  221. ^ Ethnic Cleansing in Ethiopia Bekalu Atnafu Taye Journal of Peace Research 50(I):77-104, 2018 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326741000_Ethnic_Cleansing_in_Ethiopia
  222. ^ Fantahun, Arefaynie (2020-07-06). "Ethnically-motivated attacks in Shashemene and elsewhere". Ethiopia Observer. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
  223. ^ "Armed group attacked village killing ethnic Amharas, destroying homes". Amnesty International. 2020-11-02. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
  224. ^ "Ethnic Cleansing in Ethiopia". Harvard Political Review. 2021-04-19. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
  225. ^ Moresh Wegenie Amara Organization, Genocide Committed against the Amara (Amhara) in Ethiopia, specifically the Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State, Metekel Zone, Special Report on Genocide against the Amara (Amhara), August 18, 2015, accessed June 1, 2018. https://www.amharawaag.org/_files/ugd/96099a_0644dfc3b4854773adbdeeb965af26fc.pdf More details in the Amharic book: ምጽአተ ዐማራ Mitsaete Amhara, Moresh Wogene Amhara Organization, ISBN: 978-0-578-18351-0, Signature Book Printing, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 2007.
  226. ^ UNTOLD MASSACRES AGAINST ETHNIC AMHARAS IN ETHIOPIA https://www.amharaamerica.org/_files/ugd/e494ca_c8535287d983405daf12513c3e128b4b.pdf
  227. ^ Amhara Massacre in Mai Kadra: A Report on the Deadliest Civilian Massacre Ethiopia https://www.amharaamerica.org/_files/ugd/e494ca_f345f8b8b49047b689d09c8c0a3e6c6a.pdf
  228. ^ "Ethiopian Region Claims 7,000 Civilians Killed by Tigray Forces". Bloomberg.com. 2022-05-14. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
  229. ^ "Ethiopia,Oromo region: police confirm death toll from attack reached 166". Borkena Ethiopian News. 2020-07-06. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
  230. ^ APANEWS. "207 killed in latest Ethiopia massacre - Ombudsman". www.apanews.net. Retrieved 2022-05-28.
  231. ^ At least 194 Amharas killed, 212 wounded in 'deadliest' OLF attack on North Shewa Zone of the Amhara Region, Ethiopia, https://www.amharaamerica.org/_files/ugd/e494ca_e105cafe7f2f402ca7dd138e02085f73.pdf.
  232. ^ "Archbishop Henok speaks out about massacre of Orthodox Christians". Borkena Ethiopian News. 2020-07-13. Retrieved 2022-05-29.
  233. ^ "Internally Displaced People exceeding to 2 million in Amhara Region". Addis Insight. 2021-11-12. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
  234. ^ Reuters (2021-08-03). "Fighting displaces 200,000 in Ethiopia's Amhara region -U.N. aid chief". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-05-26. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  235. ^ St, Addis; ard (2022-02-22). "In-depth analysis: Attacks by armed group from Amhara state continue to displace thousands in Western Oromia". Addis Standard. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
  236. ^ Ethnic Cleansing in Ethiopia Bekalu Atnafu Taye Journal of Peace Research 50(I):77-104, 2018
    • For torture against Amhara leaders and intellectuals, seehttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/326741000_Ethnic_Cleansing_in_Ethiopia
    • For blockage in Oromia, see For Immediate Release Call for Accountability and Justice Monday, February 14, 2022. "According to survivor accounts, up to 5 million Amharas are facing an active siege and blockade in the Wollega area alone. Although there have been numerous attempts to assist the civilians under siege, the area is blockaded by OLA/F militants and Oromia special forces which has prevented any efforts to reduce the human suffering." https://www.ambapu.org/node/53
  237. ^ "Civil rights activists in Welkait give hope for peace and democracy in Ethiopia" https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2021/09/13/civil-rights-activists-welkait-tplf-peace-democracy-ethiopia-pp-abiy-ahmed/
  238. ^ Zelalem, Zecharias. "Worsening violence in western Ethiopia forcing civilians to flee". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
  239. ^ "Ethiopia: Summary killings, rape and looting by Tigrayan forces in Amhara". Amnesty International. Retrieved 2022-05-10. https://www.amharaamerica.org/_files/ugd/e494ca_c0eb5a01ec29489fbf9ffefcebd8ec0b.pdf
  240. ^ Dahir, Abdi Latif. "The lead candidate for the world's top health job is being accused of covering up deadly epidemics". Quartz. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
  241. ^ Moresh Wegenie Amara Organization, Genocide Committed against the Amara (Amhara) in Ethiopia, specifically the Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State, Metekel Zone, Special Report on Genocide against the Amara (Amhara), August 18, 2015, accessed June 1, 2018. https://www.amharawaag.org/_files/ugd/96099a_0644dfc3b4854773adbdeeb965af26fc.pdf ምጽአተ ዐማራ Mitsaete Amhara, Moresh Wogene Amhara Organization, ISBN: 978-0-578-18351-0, Signature Book Printing, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 2007.
  242. ^ "Ethnic Amharas Massacred in Ethiopia". Torture Abolition And Survivors Support Coalition International. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
    • For torture, see Amhara massacre, see "Ethnic Amharas Massacred in Ethiopia". Torture Abolition And Survivors Support Coalition International. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
    • For repression and human rights violations, see EU should not tolerate Ethiopia's repression". Human Rights Watch. 2009-02-18. Retrieved 2022-05-08.
    • For abuses and human rights violations, see "One Hundred Ways of Putting Pressure": Violations of Freedom of Expression and Association in Ethiopia". 2010-03-24.
    • For human right violations report, see DIVIDE, DEVELOP, AND RULE: HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN ETHIOPIA.CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW & ADVOCACY.UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING COLLEGE OF LAW, June 2018. https://www.uwyo.edu/law/_files/docs/International%20Human%20Rights/Reports/ethiopia-human-rights-report-2-july18.pdf
  243. ^ "Summary of Atrocities Committed by Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) Forces Occupying Amhara Region" (PDF).
  244. ^ "Ethiopia: Tigrayan forces murder, rape and pillage in attacks on civilians in Amhara towns". Amnesty International. 2022-02-16. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  245. ^ War crimes of TPLF forces in North Wollo Zone in Ethiopia’s Amhara Region. Amhara Association of America, February 2022. https://www.amharaamerica.org/_files/ugd/e494ca_48630fb03fb2421ab4528c8e91fa5d10.pdf.
  246. ^ Humanitarian Situation Update on Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) Genocidal War waged on the Amhara People: August 3rd, 2021. https://www.amharaamerica.org/reports.
  247. ^ "Ethiopia - Northern Ethiopia Humanitarian Update Situation Report, 9 Dec 2021 - Ethiopia". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
  248. ^ "UN leadership in Ethiopia visits IDPs in Amhara Region". UNSDG. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
  249. ^ "Ethiopian Region Claims 7,000 Civilians Killed by Tigray Forces". Bloomberg.com. 2022-05-14. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
  250. ^ "Is the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission Independent? – Prime Media". Ethiopian Human Rights Commission - EHRC. 2022-04-12. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  251. ^ "Independent watchdog of human rights is emerging in Ethiopia". The Danish Institute for Human Rights. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  252. ^ Tamiru, Getachew (2020-09-10). "How a musician's killing exposed the media in Ethiopia". Ethiopia Insight. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  253. ^ Report Reveals as TPLF Executes Mai Kadra Massacre |url=https://waltainfo.com/int-report-reveals-as-tplf-executes-mai-kadra-massacre/ |access-date=2022-05-21 |language=en-AU}}
  254. ^ "Ethiopia Government Clamps Down on War Coverage". Voice of America. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  255. ^ "Oromo People's Democratic Organization, an affiliate of the EPRDF, was responsible for the massacre of Amhara nationals in Arbagugu and in other towns in May and June."https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1008303.html.
  256. ^ McFall, Caitlin (2021-05-20). "Ethiopia's Amhara ethnic group accuses Biden of ignoring atrocities". Fox News. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  257. ^ York, Geoffrey (2021-04-01). "Tigray conflict sparks a war of fake tweets and intense propaganda". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  258. ^ "Ethiopian Media Authority Issues Warning Letters to CNN, BBC, AP & Reuters for Reporting False News, Defamation". allAfrica.com. 2021-11-20. Retrieved 2022-05-28.
  259. ^ St, Addis; ard (2022-04-11). "News: Amhara State rejects rights groups report detailing crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansing in Western Tigray". Addis Standard. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  260. ^ Ndebele, Lenin. "What Ethiopian govt thinks about Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International report". News24. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  261. ^ Abera, Birhanu (2021-11-03). "Int. Report Reveals as TPLF Executes Mai Kadra Massacre". Retrieved 2022-05-24.
  262. ^ "Fact Check-Screenshot of alleged tweet from Ethiopia's rebel spokesman is fake". Reuters. 2021-11-05. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  263. ^ CNN, Eliza Mackintosh. "Facebook knew it was being used to incite violence in Ethiopia. It did little to stop the spread, documents show". CNN. Retrieved 2022-05-28. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  264. ^ Lashitew, Addisu. "Ethiopia Will Explode if It Doesn't Move Beyond Ethnic-Based Politics". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  265. ^ "Ethiopia: Justice Needed for Deadly October Violence". Human Rights Watch. 2020-04-01. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  266. ^ St, Addis; ard (2021-04-20). "News: Protests happening in multiple cities in Amhara region denouncing reports of targeted attacks against Amhara community". Addis Standard. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  267. ^ "#NoMore - Global movement of solidarity for the Horn of Africa". #NoMore - Global movement of solidarity for the Horn of Africa. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  268. ^ Felbab-Brown, Vanda (2022-02-01). "Still far from peace in Ethiopia". Brookings. Retrieved 2022-05-24.
  269. ^ "Press Release: #NoMore Movement Denounces Release of TPLF Prisoners". #NoMore - Global movement of solidarity for the Horn of Africa. 2022-01-13. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
  270. ^ "Ethiopia announces pardons for high-profile political prisoners". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  271. ^ "Ethiopia releases high profile political prisoners". Deutsche Welle. 14 February 2018. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  272. ^ "Risk of Genocide and other Mass Atrocities in Ethiopia". www.ushmm.org. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
  273. ^ "Early Warning Project". earlywarningproject.ushmm.org. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
  274. ^ "Secretary-General's remarks to the Security Council on Ethiopia". United Nations Secretary-General. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
  275. ^ "Calgarians hold rally for Amhara people of Ethiopia - Calgary". Global News. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
  276. ^ Reuters (2021-04-20). "Death toll from clashes between Ethiopian Amhara, Oromo groups rises to 50 -residents". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-05-26. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  277. ^ APANEWS. "Tens of thousands protest in Ethiopia's Amhara State". apanews.net. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
  278. ^ "Human Rights Council Hears from 21 Dignitaries as it Continues High-Level Segment, with Speakers Condemning Russia's Military Aggression against Ukraine". OHCHR. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
  279. ^ "The top 10 crises the world can't ignore in 2022". International Rescue Committee (IRC). 2021-12-15. Retrieved 2022-05-26.


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persecution_of_Amhara_people&oldid=1091179592"