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Donotknow
Folk tale
NameDonotknow
Also known asNeznaiko
Aarne–Thompson grouping
  • AaTh 532, "I Don't Know" (The Helpful Horse)
  • ATU 314, "Goldener"
RegionRussia
Published inRussian Fairy Tales by Alexandr Afanasyev

Donotknow (Russian: Незнайко, romanized: Neznaiko) is a Russian fairy tale (skazka) collected by folklorist Alexandr Afanasyev in his three-volume compilation Russian Fairy Tales. The tale was also translated as "Know Not" by Jack V. Haney.[1]

Summary

A widowed rich merchant has a son, Ivan, and marries a new wife. When he is ready to go on a business trip, Ivan asks his father to find him his "luck". The merchant finds a scabby foal, and buys it. He brings it home and gives it to Ivan, who takes care of the horse and works at his father's counter.

Meanwhile, Ivan's stepmother begins to hate her stepson, and plots with "a wise old woman" to kill him: first, she puts poison under the house threshold. Ivan leaves his father's shop and goes home, but enters the stables to check on the foal and finds him crying. He questions the animal the reason why and the foal, in tears, tells Ivan that his stepmother has placed poison under the threshold, and he should let his dog enter the house first. Ivan follows the horse's warnings: the dog crosses teh threshold and "it [is] torn into small atoms" (in Leonard Magnus's translation).

The stepmother's second attempt involves giving Ivan a cup of poisoned wine. Once again, the foal cries in the stables and warns Ivan of the next attempt. The boy simply throws the liquid out of the window. On her third attempt, the stepmother gives Ivan a shirt that will strangle him. With the horse's warnings, Ivan gives the shirt to a servant to wear, and he falls to the ground as if he is dead. Ivan takes off the shirt fromt he boy and throws it in the oven; the boy servant returns to life and the oven breaks apart in small pieces.

Failing all attempts to kill her stepson, the woman turns her attentions to the foal. After her husband returns from the journey, she pretends to be ill and tells her husband she had a dream that, if the foal's throat is slit and its liver rubbed on her body, she may regain her health. Ivan's father tells him of his intentions: the foal is to be killed to restore his stepmother's health. Ivan cries over his father's decision and goes to the stables. The horse is aware of his planned fate, and begs Ivan to save it, just as it saved Ivan, by having the boy ask hsi father to take one last ride on it.

Ivan follows the horse's instructions and flees with the horse to another kingdom, leaving a goodbye letter to his father explaining his reasons to leave. At a safe distance, the foal tells Ivan to pluck three hairs of its mane to summon it, and advises him to kill a bull, dress in its hdie, put a bladder on his head as a cap, and only repeat the words "Idonotknow". The horse then vanishes. Ivan sails with a crew and only repeats "Idonotknow" to the sailor. Finally, Ivan reaches a kingdom, where the king hires him as a scarecrow for his gardens.

The king has three daughters, the third the most beautiful of the lot. A foreign Arab prince tells her father he wants her, either by choice or by force, but the king refuses to surrender her to the Arab prince and he moves his armies to invade the kingdom. Ivan learns of this and summons his loyal horse by burning one of its hairs. The horse appears at once, and takes Ivan to the battlefield. Ivan vanquishes several soldiers, steals a helmet to conceal his face, and leaves only the Arab prince and a few soldiers alive, then goes back to the gardener, dismisses the horse, and resumes his menial work.

Some time later, the Arab prince sends another letter asking for the king's third princess, and is still denied, so he prepares another attack. Ivan Donotknow ditches his shabby disguise, summons the horse and rides again to battle, where he fights every Arab knight, leaving some alive to tell the tale. Ivan, however, is injured in his hand by one of the Arab soldiers, and the princess, seeing his wound, takes a kerchief and wraps it around Ivan's hand.

Time passes, and the king decides to marry his two elder daughters to famous Tsarevichi. During the celebrations, the guest take notice of Donotknow as he works in the garden, and inquire about his presence there. The king explains that the man at garden is Donotknow and works as a scarecrow. However, the third princess recognizes her kerchief wrapped around his hand. After a while, she begins to visit the garden to be next to him, and eventually asks her father to wed them both. The king then marries his daughter to Donotknow.

Finally, the Arab prince sends another letter asking for the princess, but the king writes him back that she is bethroted to Donotknow, and invites him to come see it for himself. The Arab prince comes and, seeing the strange man Donotknow, summons him to a mortal combat. Ivan Donotknow once again shirks his shabby disguise, summons the horse and rides into the open field to fight the Arab prince. After a long fight, Ivan kills the Arab prince, and his father-in-law, the king, recognizes Ivan not as the lowly gardener, but as a brave knight. Ivan marries the princess, brings his merchant father to live with him, and punishes his traitorous stepmother.[2]

Analysis

Tale type

The tale is classified - and gives its name - to the East Slavic type SUS 532, Russian: Незнайка, romanized: Neznaika, lit. 'I Don't Know', of the East Slavic Folktale Classification (Russian: СУС, romanized: SUS): a hero is banished with his horse by his stepmother and, to protect himself, he is advised by the horse to always say "не знаю" (Russian for "I do not know"); the hero finds work as a gardener to another king, and, through heroic deeds, marries a princess.[3]

The East Slavic type corresponds, in the international Aarne-Thompson Index (henceforth, AaTh), as tale type AaTh 532, "I Don't Know (The Helpful Horse)".[4] However, folklorist Stith Thompson, in his work The Folktale, doubted the existence of the story as an independent tale type, since, barring a different introduction, its main narrative becomes "the same as in the Goldener tale [tale type 314]". This prompted him to suppose the tale type was a "variety" of "Goldener".[5] In addition, German folklorist Hans-Jörg Uther, in his 2004 revision of the international tale type index (henceforth, ATU), subsumed type AaTh 532 under a new tale type, ATU 314, "Goldener", due to "its similar structure and content".[6]

A similar notion is shared by Greek folklorists Anna Angelopoulou, Marianthi Kapanoglou and Emmanuela Katrinaki, editors of the Greek Folktale Catalogue: although they classified the Greek variants under type 532, they still recognized that they should be indexed as type 314, since their only difference seems to lie in the introductory episodes.[7]

Distribution

Stith Thompson supposed that this tale type was "essentially a Russian development", with variants also found in Hungary, Finland and the Baltic Countries.[8] In the same vein, Hungarian-American scholar Linda Dégh stated that the type was "particularly widespread" in the Central and Eastern regions of Europe.[9]

Variants

Europe

Russia

Predecessors

One of the oldest attestations of the tale type in Russia is the tale "Сказка о тридесяти трёх летнем сидне Иване-крестьянском сыне" ("Fairy Tale about 33-years-old Ivan, the Peasant's Son"), dated to 1788.[10] In this tale, the titular Ivan, the Peasant's Son, is the son of a peasant couple, but suffers from not moving his legs for years, until he is 33 years old. At this age, a old beggar man pays a visit to Ivan's parents' house and somehow cures Ivan. His parents celebrate, but Ivan wants to travel the world. In his wanderings, he goes to another kingdom, where, at the request of the king, stops "a great noise". In return, Ivan summons a retinue of workers and they excavate a spot on the ground: they find a large vault with a large iron door with a copper ring. Inside, Ivan finds a horse and armor. The horse can talk and tells Ivan it was hidden in the vault by hero Lukoper, but it has been waiting for Ivan as its new rider. Ivan takes the horse with him and rides to "Китайское" (Russian language: "China"), where he places a cap on his head and only answers "Не знаю" ("I don't know"). He finds work as the Chinese emperor's gardener, and draws the attention - and love - of the youngest princess. Some time later, the emperor asks his three daughters to be married: the elder two, Dauzo and Siaoyu, choose noble princes, while the youngest, Lotaoyu (Loatoa, in another spelling), wants to marry the gardener. Despite the emperor's protests, she is adamant in her choice, and their father sends messages to their potential husbands. However, a spurred prince named Polkan decides to attack the kingdom to take princess Loatoa by force. Ivan, the Peasant's Son, summons his horse (called "Sivko-Burko" in the story), and fights the enemy army three times as a mysterious knight. After the third time, Loatoa notices the knight's injured hand and bandages it. Ivan, the Peasant's Son, returns to the gardener's hut and, exhausted due to the war, lies in bed for three days. His wife, princess Loatoa, enters his hut and recognizes the handkerchief on him.[11]

As part of his work A Russian garland of Fairy Tales, medievalist Robert Steele translated the tale as Story of Ivan, the Peasant's Son, wherein the Chinese emperor is named Chinese Tsar, and the princesses Duasa, Skao and Lotao.[12] In the preface to his book, Steele stated that the work contained translations of Russian "peasant Chap-books" from the first half of the 19th century.[13] Sinologist Boris L. Riftin [ru] suggested that the names of the princesses and the setting of this tale (China) may indicate that the story was adapted from an Eastern source, either from Central Asia or the Middle East.[14]

Regional tales

In a Russian tale translated as Ivan Kruchina, Kruchina is an old merchant, and Ivan (or Ivanushka) is his young son. One day, he marries a young woman, and goes away on business. While Kruchina is away, his second wife begins to receive "visitors", which she explains to her step-son are her relations. Ivan says he will tell his father when he comes back, and his stepmother, warned by a servant, tries to kill him: first, by giving him poisoned wine; next, by giving him a poisoned cake. Ivan is warned of the danger by a talking horse his father kept in the stables. The stepmother's servant reveals to her mistress the horse was guarding the boy, and tries to take it to drink a pail of poisoned water. Ivan arrives just in time to stop the deed. Failin all attempts, the stepmother feign illness and tells her husband, recently returned, that she needs the horse's gall as cure. Kruchina makes preparations to kill the horse, but his son Ivan asks to feed it and ride it one lasti time. The horse drops Ivan and kicks him three times, increasing the boy's strength, and telling him to ask for a last ride. Kruchina indulges his son, and Ivan gallops away with the horse anywhere else. He meets an old lady on the road and lifts her cart. In thanks, the old lady, who is Death herself, kills him, which scares off his horse. A falcon flying overhead, which was carrying a vial of water of life and water of death, sees Ivan's dead body and flies down to revive him with the vials. Ivan is resurrected and told by the falcon his horse fled to a city surrounded by walls of crystal and marble. Ivan tries to enter the city, but is captured and taken to the city's king, who inquires Ivan about his identity. Ivan only answers "I don't know". The king supposes Ivan is putting up an act, but decices to hire him as keeper of the treasury. He is given the keys to the treasury, and opens a door; inside, the talking horse, chained to the a wall. The horse urges Ivan to release it, take a brush and a glove, and ride away from the city in a "Magical Flight" sequence: Ivan throws the objects to delay their pursuers (the glove creates a dense forest and the brush a mountain). Ivan reaches another kingdom, where he finds work as a czar's gardener. The czar's third princess, still unmarried, unlike her elder sisters, falls in love with the gardener and wraps her handkerchief around his finger when a thorn prickles his skin. Later, the kingdom is attacked by an enemy army, and Ivan rides into battle on the talking horse. After the second battle, the princess recognizes her handkerchief on the knight, who lifts his helmet to show the czar his face: Ivan, the gardener.[15]

Croatia

In a Croatian language tale from Istria, collected by folklorist Maja Bošković-Stulli with the title Đovanin i konjić ("Dovanin and the Little Horse"), Dovanin is given a little horse. One day, while he in the stables, the horse cries and warns the boy that his aunt intends to kill him by giving him cookies laced with poison, and later poisoned tea. With the horse's warnings, he avoids both dangers, and they both flee from home. At a distance, the horse advises the boy to answer everything only with the sentence "ne znan" ("I don't know"), and gives him its bridle which can summon it in case the boy needs any help. Dovanin goes to a nearby city and looks for a job with the king. The king's daughter, seeing his beauty, convinces her father to hire him as their gardener. While he is at work, the youth summons the horse and tramples the entire royal garden. The king learns of this and threatens to kill him, but, once again, the princess intervenes on his behalf. Some time later, the king summons his daughters' potential husbands, Dovanin included, and asks the latter to wait behind a door, while the two elder princesses gift their husbands, two princes, a golden apple and a silken ribbon. The youngest princess also gives has golden apple and silk ribbon to Dovanin. Later, the king summons his three sons-in-law to hunt some fowl in the woods. Dovanin rides behind his brothers-in-law on a lame horse, but, when he is out of sight, he summons his loyal horse and hunts fowl all around the woods. Soon after, the two princes find him and the large set of game. Without recognizing him and their brother-in-law, they ask the stranger to share some of the game; Dovanin agrees to a trade: some of the fowl in exchange for their golden apples. The princes return to the castle, and Dovanin not far behind, but with the best fowl. Some time later, war breaks out, and the king orders his sons-in-law to fight for the kingdom. Dovanin is given another lame horse - and is expected to die in battle, but ditches the shabby mount and summons his horse again. He rides into battle and defeats the enemy army, but is injured in his right leg. The princes bandage his injury, and Dovanin retutns back to the lame ride, while the princes go directly to the castle for a celebratory feast. The two princes claim that Dovanin died in battle, but he soon enters the feast.[16]

Albania

Slavicist André Mazon [fr], in his study on Balkan folklore, collected an Albanian language tale he translated as Le Poulain-Magique ("The Magic Colt"), from a teller named Poliksena Kuneškova. In this tale, a king and a queen have a son. Soon after, the queen dies and the king remarries, but his new wife hates her step-son and plans to kill him: first, by mixing poison in his food; next, putting poison on the stairs. The prince is warned of the attempts on his life by his friend, the colt. Later, the stepmother feigns illness and asks for the heart of a magic colt as a cure. The horse tells the prince of his stepmother's plan: she will have the horse killed first, then the boy himself, but they can escape; the boy is to ask his father for a silver armour, a sack of money, and for one last ride on the animal before it is executed. Their plan works without a hitch, and the prince flees on the horse away from his kingdom. They reach the outskirts of a city; the horse says it will keep the money they brought with them, and advises the prince to find a job, and gives him three hairs which can summon it. The prince enters the city, buys from a shepherd his clothes, and begins to wander the city shouting "bylmem!" ("Je ne sais", in Mazon's translation. English: "I don't know"). Some time later, the local king sets a suitor selection test for his three daughters: every available suitor shall pass by the palace door, and the princesses are to throw a golden apple to her husbands of choice. The two elder princesses throws theirs, but the youngest withholds hers until the shepherd passes by the castle and she throws her golden apple. The king refuses to accept a lowly man as his son-in-law, but the princess insists on her choice, so the king marries them off and places them in a room at the back of the castle. Later, war breaks out with a neighbouring king, and the shepherd rides into battle on his horse and defeats the enemy army, taking the banners of war as proof of victory. The princess's father rejoices in their victory, but notices that the banners from the enemy army are missing. The youngest princess, following her husband's request, goes to her mother and pretends that her husband is gravelly ill, and begs her mother to accompany her to their room: the queen sees the shepherd in silver armour - the same armour the knight wore at the battlefield. The king recognizes the worth of his son-in-law and nonimates him as his successor.[17]

Czech Republic

Author Bozena Nemcova wrote down a version named Prince Bayaya, which Parker Fillmore commented that it is "a mosaic of two or three simpler stories". In the story, twin princes are born to a king and queen. The king asks the queen for his favourite son to inherit the throne. Owing to that, the other brother journeys on his own, in the company of his faithful horse. The horse speaks to him and recommends his prince disguises himself as a peasant with a speech impediment (he should only respond with "I don't know" when asked).[18]

Georgia

East Slavic tale type 532 is reported in the Georgian Folktale Index, numbered 532, "I Don't Know": the hero is banished from home, but, with the help of a horse, arrives at another kingdom, where he finds work as the king's gardener and only answers "I don't know".[19]

Finland

In a Finnish tale titled Das kluge Pferde ("The Clever Horse"), a king dies. His son, the prince, has a talking horse he inherited from his father. One day, the horse warns the prince that his brother's widow is trying to kill him: first, by poisoning an egg and his food, then lacing his clothes with poison. With the horse's warning, the prince avoid the danger, until the horse advises them to take some clothes and flee to another kingdom. They do. When they reach another kingdom, the horse advises the prince to trade his fine garments for shabby ones, buy a pig's bladder and wear it as a cap, and always utter the words "miesnai, miesnai". The prince follows his words, and goes to the king's castle, where he shouts "miesnai", so the people think he is a dumb person. The king decides to hire him as a pig-keeper, which he excels at. Some time later, the king announces that his daughter shall marry the one who can hunt him a golden-feathered black grouse, a golden-feathered hazel grouse, and a golden-furred squirrel. The prince joins in the hunt by ditching his pig-keeper disguise, and summons the horse to hunt the golden animals. The princess's other suitor finds him in the forest and asks if he can sell him the animals. The prince - whom the suitor does not recognize as the pig-keeper - agrees to sell him, in exchange for his little fingers. The suitor takes the animals to the princess and the wedding date is set. The princess visits the pig-keeper and questions him about his origins. The pig-keeper tells her everything and how he found the golden animals. The princess then convinces him to be her true husband. During the wedding, the prince comes with his horse and proves the suitor's deception by showing the little fingers. He then marries the princess.[20]

Southern Europe

In a tale from Mentone with the title The Little Mare, a widowed peasant has a mare he asks his son to take care of. He also remarries, and his new wife hates her step-son she plans to kill him: first by giving him some fritters laced with poison, then a cake. The boy's little mare warns the boy on both attempts, and is seen by the stepmother. She then plots with her doctor to feign illness and ask to be wrapped in the skin of a mare as her cure. The peasant's son escapes with the mare to another city, and the animal advises him to hide his golden hair under a kerchief and always utter the words "Bismé" to anything the people say. Bismé, as how he begins to be called, finds work as the royal gardener's assistant, and fashions beautiful bouquets for the king's three daughters, the youngest gaining the most exquisite of them. Later, the mare advises Bismé to take off the kerchief at midnight near the youngest princess's window, so she can see his bright golden hair shining in the distance. It happens thus, and the youngest princess falls in love with the gardener Bismé. She longs for him, and chooses him as her husband. The king agrees to their union, but banishes her from the castle to live a poor gardener's life, unlike her sisters, who married princes. Later, war breaks out, and the king's sons-in-law join in the fray, the two princes in fine horses and Bismé on a lame mule. When he is out of sight, the little mare appears before Bismé and they ride to battle, defeat the enemy army and take the banners of war with them. Next, the two princes go on a hunt fo catch some game, and meet Bismé in fine clothes, but do not recognize him. They ask for some game, and Bismé agrees, as long as they give him their wedding rings. The next day, the princes ask again for more game, and Bismé agrees, as long as they allow to be branded on their rumps. Finally, the king prepares a grand feast to celebrate the kingdom's victory, and the two princes boast about their prowess in war and in the hunt. Bismé then talks about how he got the banners of war, and the price he asked of his brothers-in-law for the game. The king banishes the two princes from the kingdom and names Bismé his heir.[21]

Greece

Greek scholar Marianthi Kaplanoglou states that the tale type AaTh 532, "I Don't Know" ("Bilmem", according to the national Greek Folktale Catalogue), is an "example" of "widely known stories (...) in the repertoires of Greek refugees from Asia Minor".[22] According to Richard MacGillivray Dawkins, the hero's name "Bilmem" ("O Bilimes" and variations thereof) derives from the Turkish bilmem, meaning 'I do not know'.[23]

Bashkir people

In a tale from the Bashkirs titled "Незнай" ("Don't-Know"), [24]

Chuvash people

In a tale from the Chuvash people titled "ИВАН" ("Ivan"), an old couple have, in their old age, a son they name Ivan. Soon after, the mother dies and the old man remarries, fathering three girls with his second wife. Ivan's stepmother begins to hate her step-son and plots to kill him: first, by giving him cake laced with poison; next, she hangs an axe over the door to fall on Ivan when he comes in. With his friendly horse's advice, he survives both attempts, but sacrifices his dog to the second attempt. The stepmother consults with a healer on how to get rid of the boy, and she is advised to kill Ivan's horse. The horse warns Ivan about the stepmother's plan, and plots with Ivan to have the boy ask for one last ride on the animal, and both can seize the opportunity to flee. It happens thus. They escape to the wilderness; the horse advises Ivan to buy a pigskin from a shepherd and fashion a cap. Later, they ride to another city and stop by its gates; the horse tells Ivan to find work as gardener to the local king, and that he should but whistle and the horse will come in a flash. Ivan finds work with as the king's gardener, and only answers "Не могу знать" ("I cannot know"). Time passes. The king's daughters are being taken to be sacrificed to a dragon, and the monarch promises to marry them to whoever can save them. Hearing this, Ivan summons his faithful horse, rushes to the lake and kill the dragon to save the eldest daughter. The same happens to the middle daughter. False heroes try to get the credit for the deed and are set to marry the elder princesses. At last, Ivan and the horse save the third princess, and ride back to the hut. A third false hero claims to her saviour and is also set to marry her. During the wedding feast for the three princesses, the king orders his knights to bring Ivan to the feast, since the entire kingdom is celebrating. Ivan rides the horse again and, entering the royal court, takes off his cap and shows his golden hair. The youngest princess then recognizes Ivan as her true saviour; the false hero is punished, and Ivan marries the youngest princess.[25]

Asia

Kazakhstan

In a Kazakh tale translated into Russian as "Незнайка" ("I Don't Know"), a khan notices that his white mare is missing. His herdsman finds the mare on the lake shore next to tulpar, and brings the animal home. Some time later, the mare gives birth to a foal, which the khan's son takes great interest in, knowing of the foal's parentage. Later, when the khan goes on a hunt, his wife, the khansha is approached by a lover and convinced to kill her own son. First, they try to poison his surpa dish; then, try to give him roasted meat laced with poison. The khan's son is warned against the danger by the horse. Knowing that the horse is helping him, the khansha's lover convinces her to feign illness and ask for meat of a tulpar - which just happens to be pedigree of the khan's son's pet horse. The horse tells the khan's son of his mother's plot, and says it will neigh three times the next day to alert the boy. It happens so: the next day, the khan's son stops the execution and asks for on last ride on the horse. He mounts it and gallops away from his homeland. At a safe distance, the boy takes a hair from his tulpar horse, doffs his fine garments and wears a shepherd's disguise. He then reaches a city gates, and, when inquired by the guards, always utters the words "ne znayu" ("I do not know") to anything people ask of him. He is brought to the king and keeps repeating the sentence to him, to great annoyance. The king orders his executio, but the viziers convince him to spare the stranger and employ him as the gardener. Neznaika - his new appellation - begins to work in the garden: he utters a magic word to raze the garden to the ground, then utters the same spell to plant beautiful trees. Later, the king's three daughters bring melons to their father as analogy to their marriagebility, so the king sets a suitor selection test: the princesses are to climb up a minaret and throw an apple to their husbands of choice among the jigits and other people. The elder two throw theirs, while the youngest withdraws hers until Neznaika is brought to the assemblage, and she finally throws hers. The king feels insulted by her choice and banishes his youngest daughter and Neznaika to a donkey pen. Later, the king orders his elder sons-in-law to hunt him some meat from a mountain goat. Neznaika joins in the hunt riding on a lame horse, but, when he is out of sight, he summons his tulpar horse, dons fine clothes and rides to the steppe and hunts a mountain goat. With the magic command, the boy curses the goat's meat to be bitter-tasting, but the entrails very sweet. The sons-in-law find him and ask him for the meat. Three days later, the sons-in-law hunt again; Neznaika rides before them and, uttering a magic word, materializes a cattle pen. Neznaika's brothers-in-law come to the cattle and ask him for some goat meat. Neznaika - which they don't recognize - agrees to give them some, in exchange for them haivng a "tamga" (a mark, a sign)[26] on their backs. At the end of the tale, Neznaika appears to his father-in-law as the khan's son he is, and demands his two slaves, his brothers-in-law.[27]

See also

References

  1. ^ Haney, Jack V. The Complete Folktales of A. N. Afanas'ev. Volume II: Black Art and the Neo-Ancestral Impulse. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. 2015. pp. 444-458. muse.jhu.edu/book/42506.
  2. ^ Magnus, Leonard. Russian Folk-Tales. New York: E. P. Dutton & Company, 1916. pp. 234-242.
  3. ^ Barag, Lev. "Сравнительный указатель сюжетов. Восточнославянская сказка". Leningrad: НАУКА, 1979. pp. 153.
  4. ^ Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1961. p. 191.
  5. ^ Thompson, Stith (1977). The Folktale. University of California Press. p. 61. ISBN 0-520-03537-2.
  6. ^ Uther, Hans-Jörg (2004). The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography, Based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson. Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Academia Scientiarum Fennica. p. 199. ISBN 978-951-41-0963-8.
  7. ^ Angelopoulou, Anna; Kapanoglou, Marianthi; Katrinaki, Emmanuela. "ΚΑΤΑΛΟΓΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΩΝ ΠΑΡΑΜΥΘΙΩΝ-4: ΕΠΕΞΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ ΤΥΠΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΠΑΡΑΛΛΑΓΩΝ AT 500-559". Athena: ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΝΕΟΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΩΝ ΕΡΕΥΝΩΝ, 2004. pp. 389-390. ISBN 960-7138-35-Χ Parameter error in {{ISBN}}: invalid character.
  8. ^ Thompson, Stith (1977). The Folktale. University of California Press. p. 61. ISBN 0-520-03537-2.
  9. ^ Dégh, Linda (1996). Hungarian Folktales: The Art of Zsuzsanna Palkó. New York and London: Garland Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 0-8153-1337-3.
  10. ^ 'Старая погудка на новый лад: Русская сказка в изданиях конца XVIII века". Б-ка Рос. акад. наук. СПб.: Тропа Троянова, 2003. p. 362. Полное собрание русских сказок; Тom 8.
  11. ^ Astakhova, Anna Astakhova. "Былины в записях и пересказах XVII-XVIII веков". Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1960. pp. 238ff.
  12. ^ Steele, Robert. The Russian garland: being Russian folk tales. London: A.M. Philpot. [1916?] pp. 39-49.
  13. ^ Steele, Robert. The Russian garland: being Russian folk tales. London: A.M. Philpot. [1916?] p. vii.
  14. ^ "Дунганские народные сказки и предания" [Dungan Folktales and Legends]. Составители [Compilers]: Махмуд Хасанов, Ильяс Юсупов. Moskva: Главная редакция восточной литературы издательства «Наука», 1977. p. 443.
  15. ^ Naaké, John T. Slavonic Fairy Tales. London: Henry S. King & Co, 1874. pp. 117.
  16. ^ Bošković-Stulli, Maja. Istarske narodne priče. Zagreb: Institut za narodnu umjetnost, 1959. pp. 61-63.
  17. ^ Mazon, André. Documents, Contes et Chansons Slaves de l'Albanie du Sud. Bibliothéque d'Études Balkaniques – V. Paris: Librarie Droz. 1936. pp. 344-351.
  18. ^ Fillmore, Parker. Czechoslovak Fairy Tales. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. 1919. pp. vii and 77-98.
  19. ^ Kʻurdovaniże, Tʻeimuraz et al. The index of Georgian folktale plot types: systematic directory, according to the system of Aarne - Thompson. Tbilisi: Merani, 2000. p. 53.
  20. ^ Simonsuuri, Lauri; Rausmaa, Pirkko-Liisa. Finnische Volkserzählungen. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1968. pp. 79-82 (Tale nr. 52), 361. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110818123
  21. ^ Andrews, J. B. "Stories from Mentone". In: The Folk-Lore Record Vol. 3, Part I. 1880. pp. 44-46.
  22. ^ Kaplanoglou, Marianthi. "Two Storytellers from the Greek-Orthodox Communities of Ottoman Asia Minor. Analyzing Some Micro-data in Comparative Folklore". In: Fabula 51, no. 3-4 (2010): 253. https://doi.org/10.1515/fabl.2010.024
  23. ^ Dawkins, Richard McGillivray. Modern Greek folktales. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1953. p. 249.
  24. ^ "Башкирское народное творчество [ru]". Tom 4: Волшебные сказки. Сказки о животных [Vol. 4: Tales of Magic and Animal Tales]. Сост. Н.Т. Зарипов. Вступ. ст., коммент. Л.Г. Барага и Н.Т. Зарипова. Уфа [Ufa]: Башкирское книжное изд-во, 1989. pp. 41-51. ISBN 9785295002939.
  25. ^ "Чувашские легенды и сказки" [Chuvash legends and fairy tales]. Chuvashskoe knizh. izd-vo, 1979. pp. 108-112.
  26. ^ Tavkul, Ufuk (2002). "THE SOCIO-LINGUISTIC ASPECT OF CULTURAL INTERACTION AMONG THE PEOPLES OF THE CAUCASUS". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 55 (4): 361, 364, 368. JSTOR 23658237. Accessed 4 Jan. 2023.
  27. ^ "Казахские сказки" [Kazakh Fairt Tales]. Alma-Ata: Казахское государственное издательство художественной литературы, 1959. pp. 49-56.

Category:Russian fairy tales Category:Horses in literature Category:Horses in culture Category:ATU 300-399 Category:ATU 500-559

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