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Cornelius Tiebout

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Cornelius Tiebout (1773?-1832)[1] was an American copperplate engraver. According to the Library of Congress and many followers, Tiebout was born in 1777.[2] If so, his earliest known engraving was published while he was only eleven years old.[3]

Biography

Tiebout was born to a Dutch Huguenot family, probably in New York.[4] He was apprenticed to New York silversmith John Burger (1747-1828).[5] Tiebout and Burger's son published (probably in 1789) a songbook entitled Amphion.[6]


Trinity Church, New York City

Among young Tiebout's many engravings during 1790-1793 are 47 illustrations in The New York Magazine; or, Literary Repository.[7] His engraving of Trinity Church, New York City, appears in the first issue of this magazine, dated the first day of 1790. Each issue of the Magazine that includes a Tiebout engraving also presents, on the contents page, an announcement about the engraving. The accompanying articles provide details of historic interest. Among the 47 subjects are the Federal Edifice in New York City (March, 1790; now Federal Hall), Columbia College (May, 1790, now Columbia University)), Mount Aetna, (November, 1790, now Mount Gibello, in Sicily), West Point (March, 1791, now United States Military Academy), Plan of the City of Washington (June, 1792, Washington, D.C.), and views of rivers, historic residences, and churches. The publication of these engravings in the New York Magazine was of great importance to Tiebout's early career. The publisher, T. and J. Swords, approved of Tiebout's "costly copperplate engravings", and they published a map by Tiebout in issues of the New York City Directory for the years 1789-1793, 1795, and 1796. These directories and other Tiebout engravings can be viewed online from the New York Public Library: [8].


It seems likely that all published maps engraved by Tiebout appeared before he moved from New York to Philadelphia in 1800. These include separate maps of southern states and northern states in 1789. In view of Tiebout's published engravings before 1790, along with other evidence, it is biographically notable that the year 1777—widely accepted as the year of Tiebout's birth—is less acceptable than the estimate "1773?" given elsewhere.[9] (Another source indicates that Tiebout was born in 1770.[10] His siblings, for whom documentation exists, were born during 1754-1767.[11])


Tiebout engraved the title page, dated 1789, of Survey of the Roads of the United States of America by Christopher Colles, and possibly he engraved some of the maps in the Survey and taught Colles's daughter Eliza how to do so, leading to recognition of Eliza as the earliest female American engraver.[12]


Another boost for Tiebout's early career was the inclusion of 14 of his engravings in a major publication, the Collected Works of Josephus[13]. The frontispiece of this book was engraved, after English artist Conrad Martin Metz (1749-1827), by Tiebout. According to the caption, the engraving shows the 1st-century Jewish historian Josephus holding a book and writing, "inspired by Historic Muse holding Mirror of Truth in the clouds…".


Late in 1793, Tiebout moved to London. According to Tiebout's daughter Caroline, Tiebout resided in the house of Pennsylvania-born artist Benjamin West during 1793-1796.[14] In London, Tiebout engraved five portraits that were published in London.[15] Referring to Tiebout's London portrait of John Jay, Stauffer wrote, "This is probably the first really good portrait engraved by an American-born professional engraver."[16] Stauffer correctly gives the date of this famous portrait as April, 1795.[17] The date April, 1796, given elsewhere, is an error.[18] In August, 1796, Tiebout returned to New York, and in that year the firm of Cornelius and Alexander Tiebout (not Andrew Tiebout, as found in some sources) published an engraving of a painting by West.[19]


According to many accounts, the purpose of Tiebout's three years in London was to study stipple engraving under James Heath.[20]. However, there appears to be no mention of Tiebout in published works about Heath or Tiebout's six London-based engravings. Regarding Tiebout's craftsmanship, Donald O'Brien writes that young Tiebout's work in Josephus is much better than that of the well-established American engraver Amos Doolittle, and that "a cursory examination divulges that Tiebout was a superior craftsman even before studying in London."[21]


The diary of Alexander Anderson provides insights into the lives of his friends Alexander and Cornelius Tiebout. For example, Alexander wrote on 17 October 1794 that he "Stopp't at A. Tiebout's shop and saw 3 engravings done by his brother Cornelius in England." An entry in February 1799 notes that Cornelius was courting Esther Young, daughter of Isaac Young and niece of Thomas Young. Cornelius and Esther were married on 20 April 1799. They named their first child Joseph Young Tiebout (baptized 4 March 1800), after Dr. Joseph Young, another of Esther's uncles.[22]


The year of Tiebout's move from New York to Philadelphia is stated as 1799 in some accounts. It seems likely, however, that the move took place in 1800, as Tiebout sent, from New York, a letter to Mathew Carey, dated 17 December 1799.[23] Genealogical records show that the Tiebouts' son Joseph was born on 4 March 1800 in Philadelphia.


It has been widely stated asserted that Tiebout moved to Kentucky and died there.[24][25] Instead, Tiebout, with daughter Caroline, 20, and son Henry, 5, arrived in New Harmony, Indiana, in October, 1826, and resided there until Tiebout's death.[26] In New Harmony, Tiebout taught in William Maclure's School of Industry and engraved illustrations for Thomas Say's American Entomology, a project which he had begun when both he and Say lived in Philadelphia. Tiebout was still engraving illustrations for Say's American Conchology when he became too ill to continue.[27] According to records in The Working Men's Institute in New Harmony, Cornelius Tiebout died on 24 February 1832 and was buried on the property of George Woods in a graveyard that no longer exists.[28] According to a record in the Posey County, Indiana, Courthouse, dated 29 March 1832, Tiebout's son-in-law, Simon W. Kellogg, was administrator of Tiebout's estate, with Thomas Say as co-signer.[29]

Works

Tiebout's works are held in multiple American museum collections, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art,[30] and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts,[31][32] as well as the Royal Collection Trust in the United Kingdom.[33]

His best-known engravings include portraits of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson,[34] and John Adams, as well as an engraving of the then-New York City Hall[30] and the USS Constitution capturing the Guerriere.[35] However, as is true about many other American copperplate engravers, most of Tiebout's engravings appeared in American editions of books previously published in London during the first three decades after the War for Independence. A selection of these follows.

The Works of Josephus. (mentioned above). The New York 1792 edition followed a London edition published three years earlier. Both editions included 60 engravings. The copper plates used in London were not used in New York. Instead, American engravers made new plates. Most of the London engravings included names of artists, but these were omitted in American editions. Such omissions—in many books—went hand-in-hand with the development of Americanism, and may also have avoided copyright issues. Regarding the 60 illustrations, in 2023, a librarian identified most of the artists in the London edition, hence also the American.[36]. To summarize, it seems likely that Tiebout and other American engravers were instructed to show only their own names on their works.

The Holy Bible. Tiebout's three earliest Bible illustrations were published in 1792, with five more in 1796. During 1801-1816, the Philadelphia publishing magnate Mathew Carey published at least ten Bibles. Counts of illustrations in these Bibles show that the engraver with the greatest number of illustrations was Tiebout. Other copperplate engravers (no doubt known personally to Tiebout through collaboration and competition) having more than 10 illustrations in Carey Bibles were Joseph H. Seymour, Benjamin Tanner, Peter Rushton Maverick, Francis Kearney (Kearny), John Boyd, and Amos Doolittle.[37]

Typical of the reference to a British Bible in the prefatory pages of Carey's Bibles is this phrase: "Printed from the last Oxford edition." However, searches at Oxford University Press, several British university library collections, and the British Library, found no British Bible with illustrations that match those by Tiebout in the Carey Bibles. This leaves open the remarkable possibility that Tiebout was the artist, as well as the engraver.

Among Tiebout's works is a view of the Last Supper [38]. Carey paid Tiebout $75.00 for this engraving, and less than $70 for each of the other biblical engravings itemized in Carey's account. books[39]

Of special interest among Tiebout's biblical engravings is one depicting Joseph revealing himself to his brothers—very special because the actual copper plate for this engraving has survived. It can be admired here:[40]

Mavor's Voyages. William Fordyce Mavor's 25-volume Historical Account of the Most Celebrated Voyages, Travels, and Discoveries from the time of Columbus to the present period was published in London, 1798-1802. The earliest American edition, including 26 engraved illustrations by Tiebout, consists of 24 volumes, published in Philadelphia, 1802-1803.

Rees's New Cyclopedia. These 39 volumes of text and 6 volumes of engraved plates, edited by Abraham Rees, were published serially in London, 1802-1820, and in several American cities as 41 volumes of text and 6 of plates, 1806-1820. Tiebout is one of 22 American engravers whose works appear in the first 5 plate-volumes. He engraved 77 of the signed plates. (In this case and others, Tiebout may have engraved some of the unsigned plates.)

Ferguson's Astronomy and Lectures. James Ferguson wrote two widely influential books published in London and later in America: (1) Astronomy Explained upon Sir Isaac Newton's Principles… and Ferguson's Lectures on Select Subjects: Mechanics…. First American editions of both books were published by Mathew Carey in 1806. The plates were later published separately for Astronomy by Abraham Small, Philadelphia, 1817, and for Lectures by Mathew Carey, 1814. Tiebout signed 23 engravings in Astronomy and 37 in Lectures.

Frontispieces. For use as frontispieces for biographies and other books, Tiebout engraved images of the following people: Hugh Blair, Scottish minister and writer; Ann Eliza Bleecker, American poet; Robert Burns, Scottish poet; John Philpot Curran, Irish orator; Olaudah Equiano, abolitionist and former African slave; Thomas Gray, English poet; John Henry, English/American actor; John Hodgkinson, English/American actor; Frances Brett Hodgkinson, English/American actress; Charlotte Melmoth, English/American actress; Flavius Josephus, Jewish historian; William Fordyce Mavor, Scottish writer; John Milton, English poet; Alexander Pope, English poet; John Stanford, American religious leader; John Wesley, British founder of Methodism; and William White, Presiding Bishop of Episcopal Church of the United States.

Other portraits. Tiebout engraved other portraits as individual prints: U. S. presidents George Washington (4), John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson (3); governors John Jay, Thomas McKean (2), Simon Snyder, and George Clinton; and military leaders Thomas Truxton, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and Horatio Gates.

In 1809, two of Tiebout's engraved portraits appeared as frontispieces in best-selling novels: Charlotte Temple by Susanna Rowson and Elizabeth; or, the Exiles of Siberia, by Sophie Ristaud Cottin. Both novels, having already been published repeatedly in England and France, were published in Philadelphia by Mathew Carey. There appears to be no record of women who sat for these images, so that, here again, possibly Tiebout was not only the engraver, but also the artist.

References

  1. ^ "Cornelius Tiebout". British National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 2023-06-25.
  2. ^ Library of Congress Authorities: Cornelius Tiebout
  3. ^ Cornelius Tiebout Engravings: Part 1: Earliest Engravings (1788-1789)
  4. ^ C. H. Tiebout and Francis V. Morrell, The Ancestry and Posterity of Cornelius Henry Tiebout of Brooklyn, printed for private distribution, 1910, p. 3.
  5. ^ New York State Silversmiths, edited by H. F. Darling, Eggertsville, New York, 1964, p. 176.
  6. ^ Irving Lowens, "Amphion: Another Piracy from Andrew Law?" in Richard S. Hill: Tributes from Friends, compiled and edited by C. J. Bradley and J. B. Coover, Detroit Studies in Music Bibliography, no. 58, Detroit, 1987, p. 195.
  7. ^ Cornelius Tiebout Engravings: Part 2.
  8. ^ https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/search/index?keywords=Cornelius+Tiebout&sort=keyDate_st+asc#/?scroll=56
  9. ^ George C. Groce and David H. Wallace, The New York Historical Society's Dictionary of Artists in America 1564-1860, Yale University Press, 1957, p. 630.
  10. ^ New York State Silversmiths, edited by H. F. Darling, Eggersville, New York, 1964, p. 176.
  11. ^ New York Genealogical and Biographical Society Collections, Vol. 3: Baptisms, Reformed Dutch Church New York 1731-1800.
  12. ^ Walter W. Ristow, "Eliza Colles, America's First Female Map Engraver, The Map Collector vol. 10 (1980), pp. 14-17.
  13. ^ Flavius Josephus, The Whole Genuine and Complete Works of Flavius Josephus, translated by G. Maynard, New York, 1792.
  14. ^ H. Guynes, "The Simon Wattles Kellogg Family of Robertson County, Texas", typescript in The Working Men's Institute, New Harmony, Indiana, undated, p. 2.
  15. ^ David McNeely Stauffer, American Engravers upon Copper and Steel, v. 2, 520-533.
  16. ^ Stauffer. v. 1, pp. 271-272.
  17. ^ Stauffer, v. 1, p. xxvii.
  18. ^ Stauffer, v. 1, p. 271, 272.
  19. ^ Stauffer, v. 2, p. 526-527.
  20. ^ Tiebout and Morrell, p. 30.
  21. ^ Donald C. O'Brien, Amos Doolittle, Engraver of the New Republic, New Castle, Delaware, for The American Historical Print Collectors Society, Farmingdale, New York, 2008, p. 41.
  22. ^ Jane R. Pomeroy, Alexander Anderson's New York City Diary 1793 to 1799 (two volumes), Oak Knoll Press, American Antiquarian Society, 2014, v. 1, pp. 126-127.
  23. ^ Pennsylvania Historical Society, Lea & Febiger Records, Box 16.
  24. ^ Cornelius Henry Tiebout and Francis V. Morrell, The Ancestry and Posterity of Cornelius Henry Tiebout of Brooklyn, printed for private distribution, 1910, p. 30.
  25. ^ Stauffer, v. 2, p. 272.
  26. ^ William Maclure to Reuben Haines, 25 October 1826, Wyck Collection, American Philosophical Society, Box 19, Folder 239.
  27. ^ William Maclure and Marie Duclos Fretageot, Partnership for Posterity, edited by Josephine Mirabella Elliott, Indianapolis Historical Society, Indianapolis, 1994, pages 368, 379, 404, 446, 473, 481, 493, 518, 519, 537, 543, 547, 551, 574, 582, 590, 591, 605, 607, 618, 633, 784, 787, 846, 907, 912, 723, and 962.
  28. ^ Darlene McConnell, Posey County Burials, Windmill Publications, Mt. Vernon, Indiana, 1996, p. 151; also, family records for surnames Tiebout, Woods, and others, Workingmen's Institute, New Harmony, Indiana.
  29. ^ Posey County [Indiana] Order Book Probate, Books C and D, Feb. 1828-May, 1834, p. 239.
  30. ^ a b "Cornelius Tiebout | A Perspective View of the City Hall in New York, Taken from Wall Street". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2023-06-25.
  31. ^ "Cornelius Tiebout, "Now, When the Even Was Come..." (early 19th century)". PAFA - Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. 2014-12-28. Retrieved 2023-06-25.
  32. ^ "Cornelius Tiebout after Ibbetson, "The Death of Captain Walter Raleigh" (early 19th century)". PAFA - Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. 2014-12-28. Retrieved 2023-06-25.
  33. ^ "Cornelius Tiebout (1777?-1830) - Lord Newark". www.rct.uk. Retrieved 2023-06-25.
  34. ^ "Cornelius Tiebout's portrait of Thomas Jefferson". WHHA (en-US). Retrieved 2023-06-25.
  35. ^ "U.S. Frigate Constitution with Commander Isaac Hull". US National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 2023-06-25.
  36. ^ Jenny Ruthven, University of Southampton, in Cornelius Tiebout Engravings: Part 5.
  37. ^ Edmund Baily O'Callaghan, List of Editions of the Holy Scriptures…, in Cornelius Tiebout Engravings: Part 4.
  38. ^ Now when the even was come (The Last Supper), Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts.
  39. ^ Mathew Carey Account Books, American Antiquarian Society; see Cornelius Tiebout Engravings: Part 4.
  40. ^ Cornelius Tiebout Engravings: Introduction.

Further reading

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