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The Francis Imbard affair

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The Francis Imbard case
Francis Imbard en 2001.
Location France
Paris, 16th arrondissement of Paris
DateFebruary 26, 2003
Attack type
Homicide
WeaponFirearm, specifically a Pistol
Deaths1
VictimFrancis Imbard
AccusedMurder
VerdictUnsolved case

The Francis Imbard case is a criminal case that began in Paris, France, on February 26, 2003. On that day, 58-year-old Francis Imbard was shot in the head as he left his home. The 36, quai des Orfèvres crime squad opened a police investigation the same day. The police investigated the circumstances surrounding the homicide.

Francis Imbard, born in 1944 in the Gard region of France, was a nightclub manager in Paris. Once a teacher, he quickly became a businessman, buying up a number of ailing companies at low cost, then making them profitable before selling them on. In the late 1990s, he created Brasil Tropical, a dinner show, and L'Enfer (later renamed Le Red Light), a nightclub. His establishments were very popular in the early 2000s, and became landmarks in the Parisian "night world".

The investigators examined several leads: a crime of passion, a murder committed by a debtor, or a settling of scores, the most likely, but no suspect was identified, leaving the case unsolved. Throughout the investigation, several investigating judges came and went. In 2008, the case was dismissed, before finally being reopened. In 2014, an individual was indicted for complicity and participation in the murder, but this indictment was quashed on procedural grounds. In 2022, two individuals were indicted, one for masterminding the crime, the other for facilitating it.

Context

The Imbard family

Francis Imbard was born on July 16, 1944 in Laudun, Gard.[1] He grew up in Marseille, in a family of industrialists, surrounded by three sisters,[M 1][M 2] and went on to complete a long course of studies, graduating with an agrégation in mathematics. At the University of Aix, he met Dominique,[M 3] whom he married shortly afterwards.[M 1][M 3][M 4][B 1]

Color photograph of people dancing in a nightclub (Brasil Tropical).
People dancing in the Brasil Tropical in 2013, the establishment created by Francis Imbard seventeen years earlier.

Francis Imbard left his teaching career to become a salesman for an American microfilm company,[M 5][M 6] where he met and befriended Yves Bidot, a salesman at Renault. The two men decided to leave their respective companies, join forces and go into business for themselves.[M 7] They bought up a number of ailing companies at low prices, then restored them to good condition before selling them on.[B 1] Between 1980 and 1990, the two men owned around twenty companies, with assets estimated at between 400 and 450 million francs at the time.[M 6][M 8]

In 1987, they bought Telematics France, a Toulouse-based company specializing in minitel and publishing several 3615 gay services. One of their biggest customers was David Girard, a leader in the gay community.[M 9][M 10] When he died in 1990, Francis Imbard bought the company from his heirs, then sold it a few years later for a large capital gain. He became a very wealthy man.[2][3][M 11]

In 1996, Francis Imbard renovated former squash courts under the slab of the Montparnasse Tower, and opened the Brasil Tropical, a 550-cover dinner and show.[M 12] Some time later, he created a nightclub, which he named L'Enfer[M 13] (later renamed the Red Light[M 14]). Both of these establishments did very well, and became landmarks in the Parisian nightlife scene in the early 2000s.[2][4][5][M 15]

The news

Color photograph of a Paris street and buildings.
General view of rue Copernic in Paris (16th arrondissement), Francis Imbard's home at no. 50.

Francis Imbard lived in a large apartment, occupying the entire 5th and top floor of a building at number 50, rue Copernic, in the 16th arrondissement of Paris.[M 16]

On Wednesday February 26, 2003, at around 10 a.m., the apartment's cleaning lady, Malika, climbed the back staircase and began her day's work in the kitchen, where she found Francis Imbard's daughter Julie.[M 16]

At around 10.45 am, Francis Imbard said goodbye to his daughter, then left the apartment. A few seconds later, Malika and Julie hear a thud. Julie rushed to the landing to find her father lying on the floor. She tried to stop the bleeding and asked Malika to call the fire department.[M 17][M 18] When they arrived, Julie told them that her father had been shot in the head, and they began cardiopulmonary resuscitation.[M 19] Lionel, the victim's son, was alerted by telephone and arrived at the scene.[M 20]

Resuscitation was finally stopped, and Francis Imbard, aged 58, was pronounced dead at 11:25 a.m.[4][M 21][M 22]

Investigation

The Paris criminal brigade at 36, quai des Orfèvres was assigned to the investigation.[2][6][M 23][M 24]

Initial findings

Color diagram of the crime scene.
Schematic representation of the crime scene, seen from above (distances not respected).[M 25]

The victim was in a cramped area on the 5th and top floor of the building at 50, rue Copernic. To his right were the building's stairs and elevator. To his left, a condemned grounded-glass window looked out onto the courtyard. The marble floor was covered with a dark red carpet. The victim's body laid on its back across the landing, feet in the apartment doorway, head towards the black iron railing, with a bloodstain. Surrounding the body were all the belongings the victim had been carrying out of the apartment: car keys, a pen, a cell phone and a large red diary (see diagram opposite).[M 26]

The forensic identification technicians looked for a genetic fingerprint on the landing, but given that the stairwell is a semi-open environment and the crime scene was polluted (notably by the intervention of the fire department), no trace was found.[M 27] The entire building was then inspected, and a cigarette butt was found on the first floor. The piece of evidence was sealed, but not used at first. When the investigators decided to look for a DNA trace, the evidence was too old and could no longer be used.[M 28][M 29]

Ballistic and forensic examination

Color photograph of a firearm (a Colt 45).
A Colt 45, the firearm used in the murder.

An impact was found in the back wall of the first floor, 93.5 cm high and 30 cm from the corner of the wall. Just below, the technicians found a deformed projectile. Near the victim's left hand, a case was found with the inscription: "S&B". No DNA traces were found on the case.[M 30] The same analyses determined that only one shot had been fired, with a Colt 45, loaded with 11.43 mm caliber ammunition.[4][M 31] The ammunition, a Sellier & Bellot brand sold in thousands, could not be traced back to the shooter.[M 32]

Francis Imbard's body was taken to the Paris forensic medical institute for autopsy. It was established that his death was caused by the single shot, fired at point-blank range, i.e. that the tip of the gun had hit the victim.[M 33] The bullet entered the body 3 cm below the right eye, and exited behind the left earlobe. The bullet's trajectory was therefore as follows: front to back, right to left and top to bottom. The victim was standing when the shot was fired, before collapsing on his back.[M 34] The shot caused encephalic injuries, bone lesions and damage to the veins.[M 35] There were no signs of violence or struggle, indicating that the murder was rapid, and carried out directly, as soon as the victim left his home.[M 36] These indications were not enough to define with certainty whether the shooter was male or female, and whether he was shorter or taller than the victim.[M 37]

Preliminary questions

The investigators first conducted a neighborhood survey. All those present at the time of the shooting were interviewed. The building housed law firms and consulting firms. All employees, clients, couriers and deliverymen heard the blast, but no one saw anything out of the ordinary.[M 38] The building's electronic lock was activated only after 7 p.m., allowing a steady flow of people throughout the day.[M 39]

However, the building's janitor reported having seen and experienced some unusual events on the morning of the crime:[M 40] 40 minutes before the shooting, she noticed that an EDF agent was in the courtyard, even though she had not been told he was coming. She contacted the building manager, who confirmed that no one was supposed to be in the building at the time. She could not see his face, but described him as a man around 1.76 m tall, weighing 70 kg, with brown hair. The investigation failed to locate the man.[M 41] Then, just as she was about to go upstairs to deliver the mail, a perfume representative came to her door. She said she could not see her face, but described her as a woman of about 1.65 m, 70 kg, with dull hair. When the shot was fired, she left in a hurry.[M 42] The investigators then decided to question the other concierges in the neighborhood, but none of them had received a visit from this representative.[M 43] The investigators then thought that this person might be an accomplice, responsible for keeping the concierge at home, but she could not be identified.[M 44]

Color photograph of a building (the Lebanese Embassy in France).
The Lebanese Embassy, located at no. 42 rue Copernic.

After interviewing the people in the building, the investigators questioned local shopkeepers and residents, but no one had seen anything in particular.[M 45] They then noticed that a few meters away was the Lebanese embassy, a building surrounded by video surveillance cameras. One of these was pointed at the corner of the sidewalk, giving access to the crime scene.[M 46] However, investigators discovered that the cameras were not recording images that day.[M 47][M 48]

Three days after the crime, Julie Imbard went to 36, quai des Orfèvres, to report a testimony she had collected. The day after the murder, while she was at the Brasil Tropical, an employee told her that she had been at the bottom of the building at the time of the shooting, and had thus seen her father's killer.[M 49] The Brazilian woman, named Sueli, confided that she had seen the killer and was sure she knew him.[M 50] She was summoned, but changed her story and said she had seen nothing. A confrontation was organized between her and Julie, but she gave no evidence. She was then released and left, without having given any information, before quickly returning to Brazil.[M 51]

All these investigations failed to establish a description of the shooter.[M 52]

Investigation leads

Although a few days after the murder, the investigators favored the idea of a settling of scores, they were exploring other leads.[3][4]

Lead of a crime of passion

Francis Imbard was described as a "born seducer".[M 53] When he separated from his wife Dominique, he began to have relationships with several women. The investigators looked into the possibility of a crime of passion committed by a jealous mistress.[M 54] Two relationships in particular emerged.

Color photograph of a square and buildings (Place Victor-Hugo).
Sueli was lodged by Francis Imbard, not far from Place Victor-Hugo.

The first is with Sueli, his Brazilian employee. He had a relationship with her, and housed her in an apartment not far from Place Victor-Hugo. The woman's alibi and schedule were analyzed, but it was concluded that she had no reason to want revenge. She was therefore eliminated from the list of suspects.[M 55]

The second relationship was with his official mistress, who was also his lawyer. Testimonies indicate that it was about to end. In addition, the woman had just renewed her shooting license in 2002 and owned a firearm. On the morning of February 26, she was working in her office.[M 56] She was alerted to the case by the cleaning lady, and arrived at the scene of the crime. She grabbed the victim's red diary and left shortly afterwards. On her way downstairs, she stopped at a lawyer's office to make a phone call (not using her personal phone),[M 57] then went to a bank to empty a safe. She was questioned by the investigators, but there was nothing to link her to the case.[M 58]

The cornered debtor lead

Francis Imbard was described as "generous and very wealthy". His habit was to lend large sums of money when asked.[M 59] The investigators then explored the possibility of a debtor with a large debt, who, in order not to have to repay the victim, would have had an interest in killing him. Two people emerged from their investigations.

In 2001, Francis Imbard lent €300,000 to Pierre R., a Parisian property dealer. This sum was never repaid.[M 60] On February 24, 2003, two days before the murder, the two men ate together and Francis Imbard again demanded his money. Once again, Pierre R. deflected the subject. The latter owned a firearm, but it had never been used and was not of the same calibre as the one used in the murder. He was released.[M 61]

In Francis Imbard's telephone records, the investigators found a number that had been called several times in the days leading up to the murder. The man to whom it belonged, a certain Franck W., was taken into custody. He explained that in September 2000, Francis Imbard had lent him 250,000 FRF at the time and that, to repay him, he had written him a bad check. Francis Imbard then got angry, and called him regularly. However, Franck W. denied the murder and said he had stayed at home on the morning of February 26. There was nothing to link him to the murder. He was therefore released[M 62].

Lead of the ex-collaborator seeking revenge

Francis Imbard had revitalized the Paris nightlife scene.[M 63] His establishments were popular, and brought in a lot of money, especially cash.[M 64]

In the months following the opening of the establishments, on December 18, 1996, Imbard's two 19-year-old children, Lionel and Julie, were confined to the family apartment by two armed men and a woman, who demanded the code to the safe.[M 65] When Dominique, their mother, entered the apartment, she agreed to give it to them.[M 66] Francis returned after the assailants had left, got angry[M 67] and decided to lodge a complaint, but to no avail.[M 68] Francis Imbard suspected that the attack had been carried out by a well-informed person, such as one of L'Enfer's security team.[M 69] In fact, the security team, although indispensable in the "night world", was increasingly taking control of the establishment, organizing parties without Francis's consent, controlling money in and out of the cash register, and extorting money from customers.[M 70] Several events in 2001 (fatal overdose, cardiorespiratory arrest), linked to poor security management, led to the administrative closure of the establishment.[5] Francis Imbard decided to fire a large part of the security team, whom he considered responsible,[3][M 71] and reopened the Red Light (the new name given to L'Enfer) in June 2002, with a new team.[4][M 14] However, on July 14, 2002, Francis Imbard was ambushed and assaulted in his establishment when he refused to give the code for the safe.[3] It was not possible to establish a clear link between these assaults and Francis Imbard's murder,[4][M 72] but investigators were looking into the possibility of the former security team, from whom Francis had decided to part company.[M 73]

After the attack in 2002, Francis Imbard took a vacation, and phoned multiple people to tell them that a certain Mohamed[7] was behind it.[M 74] This man, in his thirties, grew up in the Paris region. He met Francis in 1996, when Francis hired him as a bouncer at L'Enfer.[M 75] Over time, he gained Francis' trust and became responsible for the establishment's security.[M 76] He took on more and more responsibility, and became Francis' partner. He bought out Francis' shares in the company.[M 77] However, since Mohamed's entry into the capital, the figures were not as good, as part of the takings disappeared, for which he was sentenced to 4 years' imprisonment.[M 78][8] Francis Imbard decided to lay off Mohamed and part of the team after the events of 2001, and had all the locks changed.[M 79] On August 1, 2002, Mohamed offered to buy back Brasil Tropical and Red Light for a derisory sum. When Francis refused, Mohamed made death threats and sent him fictitious invoices for much higher amounts than the standard services. These bills were never honored.[M 80] The investigators question Mohamed, but he had an alibi. On the day of the murder, his cell phone was transmitting from Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle airport. The people he called confirmed that it was indeed him on the other end of the line. However, a witness reported that Mohamed told him by phone that Francis Imbard had died at 11:30 a.m., just under an hour after the murder, even though the case had not yet been reported in the press. At 12:00, Mohamed changed SIM cards and inserted a prepaid card to make a single call, before reinserting his usual SIM card. At 1:30 p.m., he took off for Brazil, where he was staying for a ten-day vacation.[M 81]

The investigators then set off on the trail of a commissioned crime, since Mohamed, even if he did not fire the gun, was surrounded by loyal men. Two people in particular stood out from the detailed cell phone bills.[M 82]

The first was a man living in Marseille, a former night watchman at Brasil Tropical. On the day of the murder, his cell phone was ringing not far from the crime scene. The time of day and the time of the attack coincided. Questioned by the investigators, he explained that he had moved up to Paris, staying in an apartment in the 16th arrondissement, which explained his presence in the area. This element was suspicious in the eyes of the investigators, since usually, when the man went up to Paris, he stayed in the 12th arrondissement. However, in the absence of sufficient evidence, he was released.[M 83]

Color photograph of a Brazilian immigration stamp on a passport.
The man's passport did not have an entry/exit stamp for Brazil, such as this one.

A second man, a Spanish with a passion for cigarettes and on possession of a firearm, was spotted and questioned by the investigators. On the day of the murder, he had an alibi, since he and his friend Mohamed were traveling to Brazil at the same time, but not on the same plane. However, the people who were supposed to host them in Brazil indicated that they never came, and no photos of the trip were found. In addition, a witness reported seeing the man in Paris on the day of the incident. The investigators discovered that he and his daughter were on the passenger list for the 9.15 a.m. flight, but that at 9.37 a.m., Mohamed had called the manager of one of his companies to tell him that he was with the man.[M 84] The investigators then asked him to show them his passport, in search of Brazilian entry and exit stamps, but found none. His passport had expired in March 2003 (one month after the trip), whereas it must have been valid for at least six months after the date of travel.[M 85] In the end, the man never had to explain such inconsistencies, and was finally released.[M 86]

More details

In February 2004, Mohamed Rabehi, Francis Imbard's ex-partner, was indicted in connection with the financial aspects of the affair. Investigators from the Crim' and the BRIF charged him with "misuse of corporate assets, concealment and bankruptcy". The man was alleged to have diverted large sums of money from L'Enfer's coffers to foreign accounts (in Brazil, Dubai and Hong Kong in particular).[8]

On October 15, 2008, Émilie Petel, the investigating judge in charge of the case, dismissed the case. However, the Imbard family's lawyer, Philippe Valent, asked the Court of Appeal to overturn the dismissal order, order additional information and appoint a new examining magistrate. The investigation was reopened, but Émilie Petel remained the examining magistrate. However, in June 2011, the lawyer obtained the removal of the case from his hands, and the investigation continued with another magistrate.[B 1][M 87][M 88]

In 2011, following the appointment of a new examining magistrate and the broadcast on France 2 on October 2 of an episode of Non élucidé devoted to the case, new DNA analyses were carried out and new police custody orders were issued.[9]

In 2014, a new investigating judge was appointed,[M 89] and in March of the same year, Me Valent told RTL that one of Mohamed's henchmen had been indicted for complicity and participation in the murder.[M 90] However, his indictment was quashed on procedural grounds, as the examining magistrate had not been duly appointed.[M 91][M 92] Subsequently, the same suspect was tried for the rape of his daughter, and released on parole.[M 93]

In January 2017, a new magistrate took over the investigation[M 94] and decided to hear Julie and Lionel, who had never been heard by the previous investigating judges.[M 95]

In December 2021, Sabine Khéris, the investigating judge in charge of the case, indicted Mohamed Rabehi, already named in the case, accused of having ordered the murder, as well as Serge C. (already indicted in 2014) accused of having facilitated it.[10][11]

References

Bibliographic

  1. ^ a b c Willemin 2014, chapter 14

Mediagraphics

  1. ^ a b Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 34' 0".
  2. ^ Pradel 2014, 13' 25".
  3. ^ a b Pradel 2014, 14' 19".
  4. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 34' 30".
  5. ^ Pradel 2014, 13' 56".
  6. ^ a b Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 35' 10".
  7. ^ Pradel 2014, 14' 34".
  8. ^ Pradel 2014, 14' 58".
  9. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 36' 06".
  10. ^ Pradel 2014, 15' 20".
  11. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 36' 47".
  12. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 38' 32".
  13. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 39' 17".
  14. ^ a b Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 1h 05'  13".
  15. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 40' 35".
  16. ^ a b Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 3' 21".
  17. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 4' 38".
  18. ^ Kieffer 2017, 25' 45".
  19. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 6' 17".
  20. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 7' 05".
  21. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 8' 43".
  22. ^ Kieffer 2017, 26' 30".
  23. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 11' 23".
  24. ^ Kieffer 2017, 28' 48".
  25. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 12' 05"
  26. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 11' 46".
  27. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 12' 30".
  28. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 23' 09".
  29. ^ Pradel 2014, 31' 07".
  30. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 13' 31".
  31. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 14' 02".
  32. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 14' 14".
  33. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 15' 40".
  34. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 16' 30".
  35. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 17' 29".
  36. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 17' 46".
  37. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 18' 30".
  38. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 24' 19".
  39. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 25' 12".
  40. ^ Pradel 2014, 20' 05".
  41. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 25' 46".
  42. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 26' 39".
  43. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 27' 25".
  44. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 27' 50".
  45. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 28' 02".
  46. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 28' 19".
  47. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 28' 30".
  48. ^ Pradel 2014, 26' 00".
  49. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 29' 35".
  50. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 30' 15".
  51. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 30' 20".
  52. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 29' 28".
  53. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 43' 48".
  54. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 44' 20".
  55. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 45' 08".
  56. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 46' 32".
  57. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 47' 25".
  58. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 48' 27".
  59. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 51' 15".
  60. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 52' 04".
  61. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 52' 32".
  62. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 53' 34".
  63. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 57' 00".
  64. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 58' 19".
  65. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 58' 46".
  66. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 59' 50".
  67. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 1h 00'  25".
  68. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 1h 00'  50".
  69. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 1h 01'  10".
  70. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 1h 03'  00".
  71. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 1h 04'  40".
  72. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 1h 05'  20".
  73. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 1h 08'  00".
  74. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 1h 09'  30".
  75. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 1h 10'  30".
  76. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 1h 11'  20".
  77. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 1h 12'  05".
  78. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 1h 12'  50".
  79. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 1h 13'  35".
  80. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 1h 15'  02".
  81. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 1h 16'  50".
  82. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 1h 20'  35".
  83. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 1h 21'  55".
  84. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 1h 23'  40".
  85. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 1h 26'  05".
  86. ^ Poivre d'Arvor et Bloch 2011, 1h 27'  08".
  87. ^ Kieffer 2017, 31' 00".
  88. ^ Kieffer 2017, 52' 26".
  89. ^ Kieffer 2017, 31' 08".
  90. ^ Pradel 2014, 28' 36".
  91. ^ Kieffer 2017, 31' 12".
  92. ^ Poivre d'Arvor, Bloch et Haeri 2018, 51' 10".
  93. ^ Poivre d'Arvor, Bloch et Haeri 2018, 52' 52".
  94. ^ Kieffer 2017, 33' 18".
  95. ^ Poivre d'Arvor, Bloch et Haeri 2018, 55' 24".

Other sources

  1. ^ Relevé des fichiers de l'Insee
  2. ^ a b c "Un patron de boîte de nuit exécuté". L'Obs (in French). February 28, 2003.
  3. ^ a b c d Bouchet, Stéphane; Albouy, Stéphane (2003-02-28). "Le patron de la boîte techno victime d'une vengeance". leparisien.fr (in French). Retrieved 2021-01-17.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Tourancheau, Patricia (2003-03-01). "Un patron de boîte tué à Paris". liberation.fr (in French). Retrieved 2021-01-17.
  5. ^ a b Bouchet, Stéphane; Cristofoli, Roberto; Albouy, Stéphane (2003-02-27). "Un roi de la nuit parisienne a été abattu". leparisien.fr (in French). Retrieved 2021-01-17.
  6. ^ "FAITS DIVERS : Francis Imbard, patron de la boîte de nuit 'l'Enfer' a été tué d'une balle en pleine tête". lemonde.fr (in French). February 28, 2003. Retrieved January 17, 2021.
  7. ^ Dumond, Julien; Bouchet, Stéphane (2004-02-12). "L'ex-associé du patron de l'Enfer incarcéré". leparisien.fr (in French). Retrieved 2021-01-17.
  8. ^ a b "L'exécution de Francis Imbard, patron d'une boîte de nuit, sera-t-elle élucidée 20 ans après ?". www.marianne.net (in French). 2023-02-26. Retrieved 2023-06-26.
  9. ^ Samuel, Mikaëla (2013-03-10). "Quand la télé réveille la justice". tvmag.lefigaro.fr (in French). Retrieved 2021-01-17.
  10. ^ Boutry, Timothée (2022-10-24). "Francis Imbard, abattu en 2003 à Paris : l'enquête sur l'assassinat du patron de l'Enfer relancée". leparisien.fr (in French). Retrieved 2023-02-17.
  11. ^ "AFFAIRES OUBLIÉES. L'affaire Francis Imbard, la porte va-t-elle se refermer sur les meurtriers du patron de l'Enfer ?". closermag.fr (in French). 2022-10-29. Retrieved 2023-02-17.

Bibliography

Bibliography

Mediagraphy

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